Ethical Research

Ethical Research
Due to significant violations of federal and institutional rules and regulations, ethical issues in human participant research have received
increasing attention over the past 50 years. While it might seem obvious that respect, integrity, fidelity, and justice should serve as the ethical foundation for all research activities, this has not always been the case for research involving human participation.
Instructions:
After reviewing Standard 8: Research and Publication of the APA Ethics Code, select three of the substandards and discuss their importance
with respect to research activities.
The 15 sub-standards include:
Section 1: Resolving Ethical Issues
Section 2: Competence
Section 3: Human Relations
Section 4: Privacy and Confidentiality
Section 5: Advertising and Other Public Statements
Section 6: Record Keeping and Fees
Section 7: Education and Training
Section 8: Research and Publication
8.01 Institutional ApprovalWhen institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. They conduct the research in accordance with the approved research protocol.

8.02 Informed Consent to Research

(a) When obtaining informed consent as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform participants about

(1) the purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures;

(2) their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun;

(3) the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing;

(4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects;

(5) any prospective research benefits;

(6) limits of confidentiality;

(7) incentives for participation; and

(8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants’ rights. They provide opportunity for the prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers.
(b) Psychologists conducting intervention research involving the use of experimental treatments clarify to participants at the outset of the
research

(1) the experimental nature of the treatment;

(2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate;

(3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made;

(4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun; and

(5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought.
8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in ResearchPsychologists obtain informed consent from research participants prior to recording their voices or images for data collection unless

(1) the research consists solely of naturalistic observations in public places, and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm, or

(2) the research design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing.
8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants

(a) When psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, psychologists take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation.
(b) When research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.
8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for ResearchPsychologists may dispense with informed consent only

(1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves

(a) the study of normal educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings;

(b) only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; or

(c) the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational settings for which there is no risk to participants’ employability, and confidentiality is protected or

(2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations.

8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation

(a) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation.
(b) When offering professional services as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations.
8.07 Deception in Research

(a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.
(b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe
emotional distress.
(c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is
feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data.
8.08 Debriefing

(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.
(b) If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.
(c) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.
8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research

(a) Psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards.
(b) Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment.
(c) Psychologists ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role.
(d) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects.
(e) Psychologists use a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress, or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value.
(f) Psychologists perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery.
(g) When it is appropriate that an animal’s life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures.
8.10 Reporting Research Results

(a) Psychologists do not fabricate data.
(b) If psychologists discover significant errors in their published data, they take reasonable steps to correct such errors in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means.
8.11 PlagiarismPsychologists do not present portions of another’s work or data as their own, even if the other work or data source is cited
occasionally.
8.12 Publication Credit

(a) Psychologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed. (See also Standard
(b) Principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status. Mere possession of an institutional position, such as department chair, does not justify authorship credit. Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are acknowledged appropriately, such as in footnotes or in an introductory statement.
(c) Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student’s doctoral dissertation. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as feasible and throughout the research  and publication process as appropriate. (See also Standard
8.13 Duplicate Publication of DataPsychologists do not publish, as original data, data that have been previously published. This does not
preclude republishing data when they are accompanied by proper acknowledgment.
8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification

(a) After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their
conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release. This does not preclude psychologists from requiring that such individuals or groups be responsible for costs associated with the provision of such information.
(b) Psychologists who request data from other psychologists to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis may use shared data only for the declared purpose. Requesting psychologists obtain prior written agreement for all other uses of the data.
8.15 ReviewersPsychologists who review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal review respect the confidentiality of and the proprietary rights in such information of those who submitted it.
Required Source Reference from above: American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct: 2010 amendment. Standard 8: Research and Publication. Available at http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
**Consider a proposed research study that interests you and discuss how these standards would apply during the research process, including how you might ensure the protection of human subjects in a study on your topic.**
APA Format
Size 12 font
Times New Roman
Double Spaced
3 sources (one already provided, can choose of choice of 2 scholarly source)
Locate at least 2 scholarly references to support your discussion. Your paper should be 550 words in length (not counting the title and
References pages).