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1898 marked a major turning point in America
1898 marked a major “turning point” in AmericaStudent’s Name
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1898 marked a major “turning point” in the history of the United States and its position in the world. What factors caused this change in American’s attitudes toward American power (Berger, 1995). The gradual changes resulted in the change of the way of life in America and the political leadership in America. The period is characterized by several militaries explores and later led to a break of the first world war in America (Berger, 1995). At the end of the nineteenth century, the American foreign policy followed the guidelines set by George Washington to improve commercial relations with foreign nations and have very minimal political interactions.
Several factors caused this change in American’s attitudes toward American power that include political factors. Many countries wanted to become superior to others through patriotism and developing imperial power. Becoming superior is associated with national pride, security, and prestige. Empires prepared easy ways of accessing the navy and the armies globally. The other factor that led to a change in the attitude toward American power was economic factors (Berger, 1995). The imperial government wanted to expand economically and it was possible through maximizing the profits, availability of cheap labor, and access to power and control of markets in the world. After industrial colonies established industries and provided them with raw materials for the products they required in the markets. They also developed the transport infrastructure over the important ports and markets. They competed against each about the best quality products and the market for the products (Berger, 1995). Exploratory is another factor that made people change their attitude towards American power. America wanted its citizens to explore the world and new territories. Although some people had a sense of adventure, medical and scientific reaches were the most common reason for exploring new territories in America. America also wanted to show the world that their culture is more superior to others (Berger, 1995). They wanted to change the cultures of the inferior people and introduce their culture for them to adapt to the new culture. They also believed that their race is superior to others and they should civilize them using their culture.
`There are specific changes that occurred to affect the changes during the fight for American power. There was a geographical division of New York City into five boroughs. America also engaged in war Spanish people and they signed treaties to end the war (Berger, 1995). The United States blocked the Cuban ports and declared war on them. The random wars caused many deaths of men. The USS Maine explodes in Havana harbor caused the death of 266 men.
REFERENCES
Berger, M. T. (1995). Under northern eyes: Latin American studies and US hegemony in the Americas, 1898-1990. Indiana University Press
In dual federalism the federal government and state governments share equal powers and exercise the powers in different juris
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In dual federalism the federal government and state governments share equal powers and exercise the powers in different jurisdictions (Ablavsky, 2018). On the other hand, in a cooperative federalism the federal and state governments share equal powers an exercise the powers within the same sphere. Secondly, in dual federalism some of the powers of the state governments are equal to those of the federal government whereas, in a cooperative federalism, the powers of the state governments may be less than those of the federal government (Ablavsky, 2018). Thirdly, in dual federalism, the US Constitution gives powers limited powers to the federal government leaving the rest of the powers to be exercised by the state governments; thus, reducing workload for the federal government, and making the exercise of power more efficient (Ablavsky, 2018). Additionally, in dual federalism, state governments are empowered to make their own state laws without the interference by the central government. On the other hand, state governments are denied the independent power and all laws must be made through the intervention of both central and state governments. Lastly, dual federalism motivates radical ideologies whereas, in cooperate federalism there is an associated risk of disputes between the ruling parties of the state governments and the central government (Ablavsky, 2018).
Dual federalism is a superior way of governments working together because although the powers are equally shared by the federal and state governments, the states are allowed to amend their own laws independently, and only make those which are aligned with the central government laws (Ablavsky, 2018). By doing so, the risk of conflicts between the federal government and state governments is very minimal, unlike in cooperative federalism were states are denied independence for amending their laws. Furthermore, the power and responsibility of both federal and state governments is equally shared which results in enhanced efficiency through division of power. The desire for efficiency can be appreciated when the job of any government to be a difficult one; such that, a government is responsible for enforcing its own laws, providing services like education and health, maintaining security, ensuring civil rights and ensuring social welfare. Dual federalism makes it easier from the federal government to have its responsibilities shared with the state governments which have power to ensure the responsibilities are met (Ablavsky, 2018). As a result, the federal and state governments are able to easily work together without conflict. Also, dual federation is able to ensure that all the powers are divided into a more accurate sphere of power and responsibility by creating a complex system. Recalling the role of federalism in providing rules to the other governments, it can be seen that dual federalism is able to provide good coordination between all the governments. Coordination in cooperative federalism may not be as good as in dual federalism because states are not allowed to exercise their powers freely, and they are forced to rely on partnership with the central government (Ablavsky, 2018). This denies the states freedom for power exercise although they have an equal power as the central government. Also, when the state governments provide services to the local people, they will not have state government responsibility over them; thus, creating a loss of efficiency (Ablavsky, 2018). On the other hand, in dual federalism, the states are able to provide services like education and health care which may be not be efficiently provided by the central government on a much larger scale. Thus, this kind of federalism is a better way to work together as it is able to bring efficiency through cooperation of both governments.
Las Vegas has an unusually high crime rate in the recent years compared to the previous years. In 2013, the Nevada Attorney General’s Office reported an estimated 28 murders in the past year alone; this is up from one murder for every 200,000 residents in 2010 (James, 2018). The crime rates are expected to continue on this trend and many people have considered moving away from Las Vegas due to safety concerns. Various factors that have contributed to the increased crime rate in Las Vegas include drug trafficking, prostitution, and gambling (James, 2018). The emergence of gangs not only from within the city itself, but also from Los Angeles and other states as well has also contributed to increased crime rate in the city. Gangs have attracted young people with drug trafficking and are a major cause for the higher-than-predicted crime rates in Las Vegas (James, 2018). The gang violence has led to a lockdown on several randomly dangerous locations such as shopping malls and gas stations; thus, making them unsafe for people living in the community. Statistics from the FBI paint a picture of overall crime in the city; from 2013 to 2021, crime rate has risen 7% as well as with violent crime, which has increased by 61%. The reported rape rate for the same time period was 13.5%, this is up from an average of 5% in previous years (James, 2018). There are relatively few studies known to have been conducted on why crime rates in Las Vegas have escalated so much and what factors contribute to it, and the major reason for this surge in crime can be attributed to drug trafficking.
To: Madam Jacky Rosen,
The senator of Nevada state
RE: Reasons why it is critical to work immediately to solve the issue of increased crime rate in Las Vegas.
The Las Vegas metropolitan area is one of the most dangerous cities in the country as far as drug trafficking is concerned. The proximity to the Mexican border and a nearby international airport has made Las Vegas an ideal point of entry into the United States for drugs and illegal aliens, which is only one major reason why drug trafficking persists in this city (Shafiq et al., 2022). Additionally, the massive expansion of the casino industry in Las Vegas since 1990s has also contributed to elevated crime rates caused by organized crime rings that deal with prostitution, gambling and illicit drug sales. In fact, it is estimated that at least half of all crimes in Las Vegas are linked to drug trafficking, many associated with interstate criminal gangs like La Cosa Nostra, Sureños and Norteños (Shafiq et al., 2022). The increased crime rate in the city has resulted in a number of severe effects which include reduced safety for the community members, disrupted social order, chaos and mistrust amongst the members living in the community, economic costs on the people and the government at large, as well as reduced quality of life amongst others. Considering the severe effects of increased crime rate in Las Vegas, it is crucial to immediately address the issue and develop strategic solutions for the problem.
First of all, crime prevention is the initial step of exercising justice; thus, it is important to work immediately to solve the problem (Shafiq et al., 2022). Delayed intervention by the state government of Nevada will be unjust for the people of Las Vegas, since the government has the important responsibility of curbing the crime rate, and maintaining safety for the community. Immediate intervention will also help to enhance quality of life of the citizens because they will not exposed to the threat of the dangerous crime activities. Thus, there needs to be an increased level of resources and effective commitment by the state government, law enforcement agencies in Las Vegas and their respective leaders to address crime rate in the city (Shafiq et al., 2022).
The state government has a responsibility of maintaining order within its jurisdiction and it is crucial for the local officials to work with the residents so that they can prevent crime from occurring. Instead of penalizing the criminals, more attention should be placed on finding out why people commit crimes in the first place and how to stop people from being lured into this criminal network. The law enforcement agencies must also ensure that they do not compromise evidence when resolving crimes because it may encourage even more crime in the city.
Also, early intervention will help reduce the costs associated with the criminal justice system as well as the social costs which are incurred through ensuring that the community members are not psychologically affected by the crime (Shafiq et al., 2022). If people do not feel safe in the community, then they are more likely to stay away from law enforcement agencies, which will translate into cost savings on policing services and other related costs. Also, early rehabilitation of criminals through a treatment program for first-time offenders will also contribute to prevent further recidivism. This also helps reduce costs on the people because it will help to prevent them from being re-arrested after being released from jail.
Lastly, early interventions for crime prevention will not only reduce crime activities and victimization but also enhance sustainable development of the city, and the whole of Nevada (Safiq et al., 2022). It is crucial for the state government to provide stable funding through allocating more resources to the police, judiciary and prison sectors. The local police need the state government support to maintain law and order in the city. If there is a high crime rate in Las Vegas, then it will have negative effects on economic development of the city and thus this will further reduce quality of life for residents and also increase costs to business operations within the city. Also, individuals are more likely to leave their homes in order to stay away from dangerous criminal activities (Shafiq et al., 2022). They are also more likely to struggle with emotional stress when they are living in fear of becoming victims of crime. Also, with regards to early crime prevention, it is imperative for the state government to focus on building an effective crime reduction program that is capable of reducing the number of crimes occurring within the city. The program must also be able to effectively mitigate the ongoing issue of homelessness and poverty that has risen in Las Vegas due to high rate of poverty within in Nevada. This can be achieved through adequate provision of social programs and services (Shafiq et al., 2022). It is also crucial for state governments to work with local agencies in order to develop effective early crime prevention strategies. From a national perspective, the government can pursue policies that nurture education and prevent domestic violence within communities. For instance, federal funding for police training programs must focus on reducing domestic and sexual violence against women and children.
All these reasons explain why it is critical to ensure immediate interventions that would help to prevent crime and reduce its rate in Las Vegas. Delayed interventions will not help to achieve quality outcomes as compared to earlier interventions; thus, it is important to consider this issue as an emergency problem that requires urgent solution. Otherwise, the state will worsen, and the crime activities would grow to not only affect Las Vegas, but Nevada State as a whole.
References
Ablavsky, G. (2018). Empire states: The coming of dual Federalism. Yale LJ, 128, 1792. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/ylr128§ion=40James, N. (2018). Recent violent crime trends in the United States. Congressional Research Service, 45236. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45236.pdfKincaid, J. (2019). The Three Shades of American Federalism. 50 Shades of Federalism. http://50shadesoffederalism.com/case-studies/the-three-shades-of-american-federalism/Shafiq, N. B., & Ali, D. H. A. (2022). The Economic Determinants of Crime Rate in 7 Selected Countries: A Panel Data Analysis Approach. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 12(1), 44-53. https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5004/article/view/4439
Internal Building Security
Internal Building Security
Security protects any individual from threats of loss and criminal activity. Security should be given more and more importance in residential places and office areas. Safety, reliability and continuity are three important concepts associated with the concept of security. In corporate world IT security, physical security and fraud prevention are given due importance.
Some of the threats and risks a building is prone to are trespassing, insider threats, explosive threats and information security threats. Optimal design of a structure can be obtained by co ordination of the protective designer and the structural engineer. To protect the residents of the building from intruder’s, video or CCTV surveillance, alarms and detection services should be installed at proper places. Personal identification systems like access control, finger prints, ID cards, primary and secondary credential systems should be implemented for the internal security of the building. One of the serious threats may be posed from the people who have gained access into the building. In order to mitigate this kind of internal threat personnel reliability programs, internal verification checks should be done regularly. Due care should be taken for integrating security and sustainability and the designing for the fire protection systems within the building. Development and training on occupant emergency plans is an important step towards providing security in buildings. The emergency plan should contain clear guidelines of the individual responsibilities and the modes of communications. In case of housing securities, successful and balanced designs should be done by the co-ordination of the project or design workers. Secure fire safe designs should be used on every floors of the multi-storied buildings. CCTV, fire and burglar alarm system should also be present. Seismic and blast resistant designs are crucially important as it takes care of the functionality, occupancy and the designs of the buildings. Protection of information and data are extremely crucial in case of office properties and they are done by acoustic shielding, computer screen shields and also securing access to equipments, networks and also satellites and different information systems.
Nowadays finger scanning technology is used to identify people within the office premises. These types of finger scanners are usually implemented near the reception in order to limit access to unidentified visitors. More recently finger scanning technology is installed in computers so that any body can not use the private data loaded onto computers.
Biometrics security system have gained popularity at an alarming rate in offices as it can indentify its user by their finger prints, tone of voice, retina of the eye and other biological characteristic features. The appropriate biometric security systems should be chosen carefully and based on its application also. Signature biometric checks the signature of the user and also it measures the speed and pressure used by the person. Voice based biometric system notes the voice of the user and it is stored for further references. The finger prints of every user are loaded into the system and the person can gain access only after his fingerprints have been matched by the machine. Digital cameras are sometimes used to develop the images of the individuals and iris based technology usually identifies its user on the presence of color based tissue surrounding the pupil.
Access control is the modern security system used in offices by which authorized people can use their installations. Mixed systems are more preferred in which machines can quickly check the identity of the person but a human is also present in case of machine failures or emergencies.
Identification, authentication and auditing are the three major steps used in access control security system. The entire processes deal with the recognition of the original user and processing the information stored in computers to check for the mistakes. Finger key is the most commonly used biometric control system and it is used in case of high or very low flow of traffic. Due to the rapid advancement of technology id scanners are now used in office premises. With the help of these scanners the security personnel can quickly identify a fake id from an original one. The id scanners can easily determine if the bar codes, hidden holograms, series of letters or numbers that are present in those cards are wrong or tampered. It quickly sends out alerts to the security personnel thus providing security to the office.
Video surveillance system is the most appropriate device to prevent crime. This security system easily records the criminal activities or any thefts taking place in banks or business houses. The valuable components of video surveillance system are video cameras, internet monitoring device and monitors. Office personnel can easily view the recording and the timings to monitor the activities taking place in the offices and thus it provides an important identification method. But due respect should be maintained about the employees privacy while using the video recordings system. Night vision security systems are used sometimes to prevent any wrong doing or criminal activities during the night.
In times of technological progress, door alarm systems should be used at entry points in home and offices to prevent trespassing of intruders. It has a magnetic field and it emits a loud sound when any one crosses that point. Metal detectors are the most effective device to spy upon concealed metal objects in the premises. They quickly detect any metals that may pose a threat. The other kinds of detectors that are also used are glass break detector, counterfeit money detectors, and phone bug detectors. Access security systems include electromagnetic lock, door access control system and multiple door access controllers. Multi-doors controller has usually 9999 cards with a mere 5000 capacity of storing records whereas in case of multiple door access control reader it has many alarm controlling features like expiry dates for clubs, automatic activation, interlock between zones and activity reports. It is also helpful to generate activity reports when the controllers are transferred to the computers. Each controller of the machine has its own individual databases systems and they work without each other interference. Single door access control systems are easy to use in homes or offices and can are ready to open the door without password. Fire alarm systems include wireless fire alarm systems, smoke detectors, wireless smoke detector and manual call points. It easily detects any fire in the atmosphere. They are used for indoor or outdoor purposes. Building automation system comprises of wire and wireless alarm panel, monitoring camera unit, hand held metal detector, and door frame type. Smoke detectors can easily detect any fire hazards and they are easy to install. Manual call points become activated when the keys are pressed or the handle is pulled down. Hooters are present in a multiple of dimensions and their pitch can also be adjusted according to the needs. Conventional control panel consist of fire alarm systems and they are placed in loops inside the office or building premises.
Businesses depend on valuable storage on data so it is more vulnerable to information and cyber security threats. Qualified security and blast professional should be appointed in buildings or offices. Plans for suicide bombers should be made.
However private sector organizations and government agencies have developed security design criteria to be followed by big stories buildings and housing properties. The Interagency Security Committee (ISC) provides guidelines for a risk based approach and it consists of multiple documents. Based on different factors like the facilities and the occupancies, the Facility Security Level (FSL) consists of the procedures for attaining that security level. The physical security criteria level contains the entire description of the threat and the risk assessment level. The committee is mainly responsible for addressing the issues related to facility related security issues and the different methods in order to combat them successfully. Physical security explores different issues like prevention of collapse, rescue and recovery systems. The Department of Defense (DoD) is responsible for minimizing terrorists attacks. The American Society of Civil Engineers has taken up the task of setting up minimum planning, construction of the buildings, imposing threat parameters and different test procedures. It also includes introduction of threat parameters, loadings and test methods in order to protect the buildings from the explosions or any other natural calamities. It is usually recommended that in spite of the correct design plan, appropriate countermeasures should be implemented in order to delay, detect and deny the different attacks that it is exposed to. “Onion Philosophy” is the concept on which the countermeasure policies are based on. It states that the level of security should be increased from the outer areas towards the inner site.
In conclusion, security related problems should be given importance in buildings and offices and proper measures should be implemented in order to fight against the threats beforehand rather than facing it.
References: HYPERLINK “http://www.officearmor.com/” t “_blank” http://www.officearmor.com/
HYPERLINK “http://www.securitysystemspune.com/” t “_blank” http://www.securitysystemspune.com/