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3g Wireless Networks to 4g Networks

3g Wireless Networks to 4g Networks

CIS 500

Assignment #2 4G Wireless Networks

Strayer University

Introduction

3G is the generic abbreviation for 3rd generation. It is the wireless technology that initially enabled Internet browsing over wireless networks. An example of 3G technologies is EV-DO. 4G is the generic abbreviation for 4th generation. It is the wireless technology that was designed to optimize data over wireless networks, improving the speed and efficiency of data delivery. LTE is one of the technologies that can be used to build a 4G network. This research will compare contrast 3G wireless networks to 4G networks.

Compare and contrast 3G wireless networks to 4G networks in terms of

3G Wide Brand Wireless Network is used with which the clarity increases and gives the perfection as like that of a real conversation. The data are sent through the technology called Packet Switching. Voice calls are interpreted through Circuit Switching. It is a highly sophisticated form of communication that has come up in the last decade. In addition to verbal communication it includes data services, access to television/video, categorizing it into triple play service. 3G operates at a range of 2100MHz and has a bandwidth of 15-20MHz. High speed internet service, video chatting are the assets of 3G.

With the help of 3G, we can access many new services such as GLOBAL ROAMING. Another thing to be noted in case of 3G is that Wide Band Voice Channel that is by this the world has been contracted to a little village because a person can contact with other person located in any part of the world and can even send messages too. Then the point to be noted is that 3G gives clarity of voice as well can talk with out any disturbance. Not only these but also have entertainments such as Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc are also available with 3G phones.

The Internet speed of 4G mobile services is 100MBPS (21 MB per second), when compared to the low speed of 21MBPS in 3G mobiles. 4G promise a downloading speed of 100Mbps and are yet to shower its wonders on. Then with the case of Fourth Generation that is 4G in addition to that of the services of 3G some additional features such as Multi-Media Newspapers, also to watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an ordinary T.V. In addition, we can send Data much faster than that of the previous generations.

The convenience of a faster Internet browsing is the main benefit of 4G when compared to 3G mobiles. In 4G mobiles, videos and other things can be downloaded at a speed that is four times as greater. Nowadays, many wireless carriers use different technologies that they call “4G”. There is Verizon has LTE, Sprint has WiMax, T-Mobile and AT&T have HSPA+, although AT&T plans to switch to LTE at some point this summeLTE, WiMax and HSPA+ are very different networks. In a recent past, HSPA+ was still considered as a 3.5G network. Somewhere along the way, carriers using it felt the pressure from competitors using the term “4G”, and decided to promote HSPA+ to “4G” status. That was an easy upgrade.

WiMax was the first network to be called “4G” in the USA. When it was introduced it was clearly faster, with downloads speeds of 5Mbps.

Forthcoming 4G networks will enable users to freely roam across different communication systems. This implies that formerly independent wireless and wired technologies will be integrated to deliver transparent access to a plethora of mobile services and applications. This will also involve changes in the user’s experience mainly derived from (1) mobility across heterogeneous technologies, (2) drastic changes in the underlying link conditions, and (3) continuous adaptation of applications, e.g. flexible coding schemes. This chapter presents a detailed study of these so far unknown phenomena arising in the context of 4G networks.

Current instrumental models employed to estimate user perception, such as PESQ (ITU-T Rec. P.862, 2001) for predicting the quality of transmitted speech, were designed to measure conditions that are common in today’s wireless and wired systems. However, it is expected that new conditions encountered in 4G networks are not going to be accurately handled by today’s models. Thus, they need to be adjusted, or new models should be proposed in order to predict the perceptual influence of new phenomena such as the three aspects aforementioned. The authors undertook this task and designed a novel methodology and experimental setup to measure user perception in future 4G networks.

Distinguish between the 4G LTE, 4G WiMax, and 4G WiBro networks

The introduction of 4G networks has given us a variety of network choices: 4G LTE, 4G WiMax, and 4G WiBro. The 4G LTE network stands for 4G Long Term Evolution. This is the 4G technology used by Verizon Wireless. It supports data rate exchanges at speeds of 100 Mbps for downloads and 50 Mbps for uploads. Users that are really taking advantage of the advancements seem happy with the 4G LTE services offered today, but there have been some reports of poor connectivity and sometimes no connectivity at all. Most of the problems are away from the metropolitan areas where there are fewer 4G cell sites. With time this will be resolved.

It is common knowledge that in order to access a 4G network a user must be equipped with a 4G network enabled device. Devices have some limits with compatibility of networks when going for 3G to 4G but the real issue is backward compatibility. There is backward compatibility of LTE-Advanced with LTE. This basically means that an LTE terminal should be able to work in an LTE-Advanced Network and the same in reverse. This is because LTE was designed to be backward compatible with GSM and HSPA. Because of this design, if a piece of mobile equipment travels beyond the range of an LTE network, it can fall back on a 3G network if it has the required radio technologies.

As of April 19th, 2012 Verizon’s 4G LTE network coverage maps showed their service covered two-thirds of the U.S Population. This coverage provides service to 230 markets in the United States with expectations of that coverage increasing to 400 markets and 260 million people by the end of 2012. With benefits like security, customer address control, enhanced customer experience and services for diverse uses it will no doubt reach its projected goals.

The 4G WiMax network stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and is a different standard (802.16). This technology is also the current standard of wireless broadband devices in the United States. Sprint uses this technology for its 4G network. This type of 4G network was designed to provide broadband wireless access in on open Internet Architecture. Its cost to performance ratio exceeds all other technology and for that reason has already brought access to millions of users. Most data exchange rates show this technology to have a data rate of 70 Mbps. Reports have shown Fixed WiMax can provide speeds of up to 75 Mbps and Mobile WiMax offering speeds of up to 30 Mbps. When WiMax standard of 802.16d (fixed WiMax) was upgraded to 802.16e (Mobile WiMax) it was made to be backwards compatible with its previous version. Like LTE, WiMax is also backward compatible with 3G technologies. The Service availability for WiMax is limited in that it only allows so many users on the standard and will cut off any additional users trying to use the connection. For non-line of sight the network can reach up to 25 – 30 square miles, but for line of site between the transmission point and the receiving antenna, the range increases to 2,800 square miles. This Wireless Metropolitan Area Network can offer voice and data services without the high expense of cable or the limitations DSL has with distance.

The WiBro 4G network technology stands for Wireless Broadband. This is offered as an alternative to WiMax. It is a radio service for broadband, mobile access designed in Korea for the purpose of maintaining connectivity on the go. There are similarities between WiBro and WiMax in that the transmission speeds for both are same. However, WiBro has the ability to mark out a receiver that is stirring from one location to another location at speeds of up to 74 miles per hour. WiMax avoids this because it requires a stationary antenna for receiving the signal. The rate of exchange has data rates of 30 – 50 Mbps.

Identify why the competition between the 4G LTE carriers has been so fierce and describe

benefits of this competition to the subscribers.

One of the driving factors causing competition between carriers is the customers increase in choices but there are several other factors that are causing more interest in mobile technology today that is also driving such fierce competition. One of those factors is the availability of mobile broadband speeds that are directly competing with fixed line access technologies. If an individual can be on the move and have the same level of connection speed as they do at their home or office, their productivity levels increase dramatically. Another big factor are the businesses with remote branch offices that want to adopt a cellular enabled business plan that adopt cellular-enabled business gateways as either primary or back up WAN connections.

One of the many other factors causing this competition is governments of undeveloped countries wanting to take advantage of global services by using the technology to increase telephone access to rural areas unable to be served by wired telephone infrastructures. The ability to offer 4G LTE network technology has taken the competition to a whole new level with accompanying benefits for the user. Prices are being driven down by having more than one carrier offer the service. Data plans have more competitive pricing and the desire to be the order winner is causing carrier to make improvements to their systems daily. The race to increase coverage areas is driving the competition along and spreading the benefits to each new market it reaches.

In January 2012, Verizon stated that 4G LTE is available in 190 cities covering 200 million American subscribers. According to AT&T’s Website, they had plans for covering 20 million Americans in 15 markets by end of 2011. Conclude why Verizon is able to cover more markets than AT&T. Verizon was the first carrier in the United States to offer a 4G LTE network. This gave them a full year’s competitive advantage to develop their coverage areas. AT&T just launched their network in September of last year and is trying to catch up. Verizon achieved this lead partly by offering unlimited service plans and popular data-equipped handsets. Verizon also obtained another 17 million people in their customer base by delivering wholesale access through third party resellers.

Conclusion

One only has to sit and watch television for a brief amount of time and he/she will see the advances in technology. Commercials for smart-phones abound and the technology accompanying them is showing the world the capabilities of mobile technology. Advancements from 3G wireless networks to 4G networks are just the next step in mobile technologies evolutionary process. I can’t wait to see what is next.

References

Turban / Volonino (2011) Information Technology for Management: Improving Strategic and Operational Performance 8th Edition, Class Text

Segan, S. (2012) 3G vs. 4G: What’s the Difference?, PCMag.com, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399984,00.asp

Viswanahan, P. (2012) 3G Vs 4G – Which is Better? Pros and Cons of the 3G and 4G Networks, http://mobiledevices.about.com/od/carrierfaq/a/3g-Vs-4g-Which-Is-Better.htm

GoingWimax.com (2009) What is the Difference Between WiMax and LTE?, http://www.goingwimax.com/what-is-the-difference-between-wimax-and-lte-4155/

Conjecture Corporation (2012) What Are the Differences between WiFi, WiMax and WiBro?, www.wisegeek.com, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-differences-between-wifi-wimax-and-wibro.htm

Tech-Faq.com (2012) WiBro, http://www.tech-faq.com/wibro.html

Verizon Wireless (2011) News Center LTE Information Center, http://news.verizonwireless.com/LTE/Overview.html

Cisco.com (2012) Managed 4G LTE WAN: Provide Cost-Effective Wireless Broadband Service, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns849/solution_overview_c22-686343.html

Frank, R. (2012) Verizon: A Strong Play for Profits Now, http://seekingalpha.com/article/475501-verizon-a-strong-play-for-profits-now

FINAL RESEARCH PROJECT EXPLAINED

FINAL RESEARCH PROJECT EXPLAINED

This is what will become your portfolio, along with a short reflective essay that we will also go over later. The first two essay you did in this class ARE NOT PART OF THE FINAL PORTFOLIO but you may go back to the content of those essays and likely incorporate some of that information into your essay.

HERE IS A GENERAL REVIEW OF WHAT WE HAVE DONE SO FAR:

REMEMBER Your Final Essay Must Address CLIMATE JUSTICE. Now, if you don’t know what that is exactly, it is up to you to find out and communicate the information to your audience. It is actually a vast topic and you will have to narrow it down. Prior to break you did a one page freewrite immediately after listening and reflecting on what information was more powerful to you, and what do you want to know more about.  

Greta Thunberg TEDtalk (10 minutes)

https://www.ted.com/talks/greta_thunberg_the_disarming_case_to_act_right_now_on_climate_change?language=en 

Also, do the same after reviewing this site:

 

NAACP Climate and Environmental Justice

https://www.naacp.org/issues/environmental-justice/ 

Now, for Tuesday I want you ALSO to do some preliminary research and find FIVE topics related to climate justice on Galileo and then copy their MLA format and create a word document with the five sources. Based on those five sources (I will be checking them) and what you discovered in the podcast and the website, make a list of three possible subtopic under climate justice you might want to explore. For example, food waste is related to climate justice, reduced access to climate control amidst global warming has to do with Climate Justice (poor elderly people suffer the most in heat waves), etc. etc.

 

NOW HERE ARE THE SPECIFICS:

Final Essay in THREE PHASES (Note that this essay will go in the Final Portfolio with a Reflective essay and it will all be worth 300 points)

Ultimately, what you turn in to your portfolio will be a 5-7 page research paper containing AT LEAST 5 sources, two of which should be multimedia sources. The portfolio itself will include the final essay plus a reflective letter detailing your research process. 

FIRST PHASE: 50 points Annotated Bibliography.SECOND PHASE: 50 points Topic summary and Introduction, 3 sample body paragraphs with direct quotation, paraphrase, and a summary. 

THIRD PHASE: 50 points COMPLETE ROUGH DRAFT FOR WORKSHOPPING: 

  It should be 5–7 pages (1,200–1600 words) in length (not including References pages)

  Incorporate feedback from others and professor with revised writing.  

  Assemble your essay in the following format:  

Title page  

The opening paragraph that includes your claim (thesis statement)  and an attention getter

6 body paragraphs that include AT LEAST the following (with properly formatted MLA in-text citations):  

1 quote  

1 summarization  

1 paraphrase 

5 sources, with 2 being Multimedia sources (cited as needed)  

The counter-argument paragraph(s)  

The strong conclusion  that does not simply restate the thesis

Properly formatted MLA Work Cited page

50 points for coming to grading conference as well! 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS

 

The essay should be at least 5 content pages plus a work cited page.

Perfect MLA double-spaced

Must have at least 5 outside sources with 2 being multimedia. This would include a graph or picture also. SOURCE MUST BE PERFECTLY FORMATTED IN MLA AND EACH SOURCE IN THE WORK CITED MUST BE USED AND CITED IN THE PAPER.

 

This is a general measure of what you need for each paragraph. Now, REMEMBER, you need to have turned in your annotated bibliography and now we are moving on from that. You should have adequate knowledge of your topic now. It is time to move forward with the rest of the essay.

 

Graded Parts:

1. Annotated bibliography 50 points Dropbox !2. Introduction and three body paragraphs 50 points

3. Rough Draft printed out with three copies 50 points

4. Conference bring NEWLY REVISED FULL Draft to conference points (no class that week) 50

5. FINAL ESSAY w/reflective essay (portfolio) 200 points Turned in online

 

Notice the entire project is worth a combined 400 points. 200 of these points could be an A just by sticking to the dates! 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

 

Should be 1-2 paragraphs  with the following:

 

-You must have a direct quotation, and I suggest a possible story, question, or other topic of interest. A HOOK! WRITE THE PAPER THAT YOU WOULD WANT TO READ!

 

-State what the problem is (your “why” question.) Why should we care about the topic? Think about this question throughout and keep reminding your audience.

 

-Is there some background/history we need to know?

 

SPECIFIC Thesis statement

 

BODY PARAGRAPHS/sections (Sometimes these paragraphs may actually be 2-3 paragraphs working together in what I call a section)

 

Each body paragraph/section should have at least the following progression:

Topic sentence

Make your point and summarize support

Provide support in the form of either a direct quotation, summary, or paraphrase. Remember, YOU MUST HAVE AN IN-TEXT CITATION IF THE AUTHOR ISN’T MENTIONED IN THE SENTENCE. YOU MIGHT ALSO WANT TO COMMENT ON WHO THE AUTHOR IS AND WHERE THE INFORMATION CAME FROM FOR FURTHER CREDIBILITY.

Build a bridge between your point and the support and explain the connection

Conclude AND provide a transition to the next paragraph by, again, building a “content” bridge that mentions or alludes to the next thing you will talk about.

You should have at least three of these paragraphs/sections.

 

COUNTERARGUMENT

One paragraph/section (it can be anywhere in the body-you decide what is most effective) should address the other side of the issue. Basically, think about it this way… If I feel this way, why do the other feel the opposite? Acknowledge an understand of their view, but then explain that even though you understand, here is why you still hold true to your thesis.

 

CONCLUSION/section 1-2 paragraphs

 

-Return to your main points  AND again, offer a powerful quotation/attention getter that makes a lasting impression.

– end with one or two of the following: A call to action; speculate on the future; is your topic part of a larger issue or concern that needs to be addressed?; 

Here is actually a handout from Harvard on conclusions:

 

https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/ending-essay-conclusions 

WORK CITED

 

You need to have at least 5 sources in perfectly formatted MLA. If you only have a web address you will lose a lot of points!  Each source must appear in your essay and have an in-text citation. TWO of these sources should be multimedia.

 

 

 

 

Sample MLA Annotation

Lamott, Anne. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life. Anchor Books, 1995.

            Lamott’s book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott’s book are wry and anecdotal and offer advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one’s own internal critic.

            In the process, Lamott includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and struggling with one’s own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach.

            Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students’ own drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom writing exercises. Students should find Lamott’s style both engaging and enjoyable.

In the sample annotation above, the writer includes three paragraphs: a summary, an evaluation of the text, and a reflection on its applicability to his/her own research, respectively.

Importance of Unions and collective bargaining in the current economic condition

Employment Relationships

Name:

Professor

Institution

Course:

Date:

Importance of Unions and collective bargaining in the current economic condition

Collective bargaining refers to a tool or mechanism in industrial relations, which is used for the purpose of negotiation. It is a vital aspect in any employment relationship, in an organization. Unions have a role to play in collective bargaining as well as in negotiating. The latter represents the collective interest of all its members at the work place. Often, there is a public interest in matters concerning negotiations, as this is related to labor laws. Governments have a role to play in collective bargaining as they are responsible for workers in their country. According to the International Labor Organization, collective bargaining refers to voluntary negotiation, which exists in organizations, and it involves employers and their employees. They must all be aware that there are certain conditions and terms, which exist during this process. Furthermore, both parties should strive towards reaching an agreement (Susseles & Magid, 2005).

According to the unitary view, the employee and the employer must have an interesting identity. In case, there are any conflicts it is due to mischief or misunderstanding by the parties involved. Most times those in managerial positions over look this view as they believe that the employees share the same goals as them (Hogler, 2005). This means that it is associated with the approach that focuses on traditional human relations. Before, this approach was viewed as being unrealistic as well as old fashioned. This view has currently been done away with as it does not bring desirable advantages to organizations. Most managers used to deal with the employees directly and did not want any union members to be present during negotiations.

A system, which is political, should exist among various pressure groups, and this is according to an outlook, which is pluralistic. Some of these pressure groups include; political parties, unions, religious groups and business associations. Concessions can be made by the government in order to arrive at a compromise through effective dialogue. Pluralism advocates for there to be an intermediary during the process of negotiation. Democracy is achieved when the various groups are involved in collective bargaining (McDonald, 2000). It ensures that checks and balances exist, and this is extremely desirable. This means that, in organizations, which are pluralist, stability is brought about by collective bargaining. The latter is viewed as a tool, which is fundamental, in the process of negotiation. Moreover, unions and collective bargaining enhance freedom among employees. They will work well knowing that, in case of any work related problems, they will be represented.

Settlement is easily achieved through consensus and dialogue when collective bargaining is used during employee relations. This is far off better than using the approach of confrontation and conflict, which has a negative impact. Organizations, which do not use collective bargaining often, leave solutions to be determined by third parties. In collective bargaining, it is the party members who make decisions regarding their problems. In such economic times, making appropriate decisions and in a timely manner is needed. When all the parties are happy, work will resume, and this will be advantageous to the organization (Palokangas, 2000).

Collective bargaining leads to dialogue and in turn, brings about institutionalized settlement. Various methods of collective bargaining ensure that a decision will be made easily. It helps in forecasting whether there is a chance that an agreement will be achieved. In turn, disagreements will exist in the organization, and this will lead to more problems. When employers and employees are involved in collective bargaining, it enhances participation (Tyler, 2005). The union members and the employees all decide on what should be done about the situation at hand. Furthermore, it is a method of ensuring that power and rule making is shared. Before, matters concerning making rules were a function of those in top management. The latter were the only ones responsible for factors such as modernization, redundancy, transfer promotions and discipline. However, in some countries, like Malaysia and Singapore, some work functions are not accepted by law. They include; layoffs, promotions, transfers, retrenchments and promotions, among others.

Through the use of collective bargaining, disputes are settled through the actions of trade unions. In turn, industrial peace is easily achieved as the agreements guarantee it. In this modern time when there are many economic problems, this is extremely desirable. When peace prevails, workers focus their attention on working and this increases productivity. On the other hand, when workers are not at peace they will not focus on their jobs. The result is that the organization may lose out on profits, which it would be making (Armstrong & Goodman, 2009). Labor relations in many organizations are striving because of the social partnerships, which have been brought about by collective bargaining. This means that there will be mutually beneficial relationships between organized labor institutions and employer institutions. In turn, in case any disputes arise the employees and employees will be prepared. Collective bargaining leads to the maintenance of process of negotiation, which is non-confrontational.

The relationship, which exists between the parties benefits through by- products obtained from collective bargaining. Trust is created and enhanced due to the dealings that are considered being bona fide and successful. Furthermore, union members, employees and employers have a relationship, which is mutual. This means that it will lead to solving problems, rather than attacking the various party members. Union membership is stabilized through consequent bargains and collective bargaining. It will ensure that employees and employers do not keep on changing their union loyalties. When employees keep on changing their union membership, it affects the organization as it is expensive. Disputes, which exist between various unions, might lead to rivalry. Thus, union loyalty is a vital aspect of the process of collective bargaining (Wajcman, 2000).

Collective bargaining usually takes place at three levels, and these are enterprise, industry and national levels (Forth & Millward, 2000). No country in the world where it places exclusively on one level. In the United States, most collective bargains procedures take place at the enterprise level. It occurs in all other areas except for industries such as construction, trucking, steel and coal. According to research, it has been found out that performance of employees is enhanced when there is bargaining at the industry level. Employees believe that they have security, which is in the form of trade unions to offer them support. It is a common site in the media to hear that workers are striking, and they are not worried about losing their jobs.

The European Union is fully aware about the role, which unions and collective bargains play in this economic crisis. This means that its member countries will have to come up with standardized policies, which focus on collective bargaining. The European Monetary Union seeks to ensure that unions benefit from adjustments of exchange rates. As a member of the European Union, it will be easy to benefit from issues that affect organizations that are unionized. Furthermore, organizations will now be competitive and know how to balance off inequalities (Glassner & Watt, 2010). Moreover, there is a need for organizations to adjust the wages of their employees in order to meet the expectations of the European Union. Organizations were worried that the money regime, which exists, would make want to stop working. Fortunately, Europeans organizations have come up with effective instruments, which are known as wage formulas. In the public sector, many of the employees have had their salaries drastically reduced. Organizations in, which employees are in unions, are the ones which have not been affected as much by this crisis. They have actively negotiated with their employees. It has even reached a point whereby, some employees are given counter offers, so as not to go and work in the United States. It must be known that, in the future, such unions will be the ones, which will run matters concerning employee relationships.

In conclusion, the pluralist approach should be used by employers who are in managerial positions, in various organizations. It has been found out in various studies that employment relationships are strengthened through the process of collective bargaining. Most employees are now fully aware of their rights, and that is why they have joined various unions. The economy crisis affecting the world has made negotiations, and collective bargaining become hard to deal with. Fortunately, organizations have found ways to be constructive and gain from collective bargaining and becoming unionized.

References

Glassner, Vera. & Watt, Andrew. (2010). The Current Crisis reveals both : the importance and the limitations of the transnational coordination of collective bargaining policies. Social Europe Journal. 15, 45-78.

Forth, J. & Millward, N. (2000) High involvement management, unions and pay, mimeo,

National Institute of Social and Economic Research

Palokangas, T. (2000) Labour Unions, Public Policy and Economic Growth, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press

Wajcman, J. (2000) Feminism Facing Industrial Relations in Britain’, British Journal of IndustrialRelations, 38, 2, 183-202.

Ackers, P. (2002) .Reframing employment relations: the case for neo-pluralism, Industrial

Relations Journal, 33, 1, 2–19.

Armstrong, P. & Goodman, J. (2009). Managerial and supervisory custom and

practice, Industrial Relations Journal, 10, 3, 12–24.

McDonald, Kathlene. (2000). Same goals, but another way of getting there.

Social Policy, 30, 4, 23.

Susseles, Elliot. & Magid, Marcia. (2005). “Pay for Performance in the Public Sector.” Benefits & Compensation Digest. 42, 1, 32-35.

Hogler, R. (2005). “The Changing Role of Unions: New Forms of Representation.” Choice, 42, 7, 1273

Tyler, Kathryn. (2005). Good-Faith Bargaining.” HR Focus, 50, 1, 8-53.

Freeman, Richard. (2005). What Do Unions Do? Journal of Labor Research, 26, 4,641-668.

Collective Bargaining Outlook: Expect a Hard Line on Benefits. HR Focus. 82, 4, 9.