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How Has The Gay Rights Movement America Evolved Since The 1960s
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How Has The Gay Rights Movement America Evolved Since The 1960s?
In the past, gays were looked down upon as insane or outcasts because majority of the people did not want to be associated with gays. As a result, the gay community lived secluded from the society like people suffering from leprosy. The United States has in the recent past accepted gays as part of the community, but in order to be recognized the community has to persevere or endure a number of challenges.
The documentary video titled “American Experience: Stonewall Uprising,” brings out clearly the struggles that the gay people had to undergo in order to be recognized. The documentary brings out the events that led to riots at the Stonewall Inn in the City of New York in the year 1969. In the 1960s, being a gay was not only illegal but was regarded as a sign of insanity. The documentary shows that the police were aware of the gay community, but they were paid to leave them alone.
The police would carry out raids early in the day, but on that particular night, things were different as a large crowd confronted the police the following night. The aftermath of the confrontation was that the gay community came out in public for the first time ever. One year later, the first ever-gay parade was held to defuse the notion that gays were insane people.
In the elections that took place in the 1970s, a man by the name Harvey Milk, became the first ever open gay to be elected to a political office. He was elected to serve at the San Francisco Board of supervisors. Unfortunately, he was assassinated by a former rival who was later arrested and brought to justice; an event which was as historic as his election. Individuals who were never brought to book had murdered many African Americans during the civil rights movement; that was a signal that people were starting to take the gay movement seriously.
The early 1980s was another milestone for the gay community because the AIDS epidemic had just started during this era. Many gay people felt that they were not given any health care services. This compelled them to hold rallies in a bid to sensitize their members about the disease. In the year 1987, the gay community added another feather on their hat: a congressional representative by the name of Barney Frank came out and stated that he was gay. This was an achievement because the gay community had one of their own serving in the House of Representatives.
The early 1990s saw a rise in gay unions, thus opening a door for gay marriages. This era was not smooth sailing for the gay community because a policy known as “the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” was put in place. The law banned gays from serving in the military. As a result, majority of the gay community had to hide their identity. The policy was however repealed by the Obama Administration on July of the year 2011. This meant that after 20th September 2011, gay people were now confident of revealing their identity without fear of discrimination.
In the year 2012, Congresswoman by the name of Tammy Baldwin successfully clinched the title of the first ever openly female gay in the United States House of Representatives after convincingly defeating the former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thomson in the 2012 elections. This made her the first ever openly gay person male or female to be elected senator.
Conclusion
The gay rights movement has undergone tremendous changes since the 1960s. The gay community is no longer regarded as a bunch of insane people. Their rights are now being respected and the community has learned to accept them as part of them. Gay people can now marry and live their lives just like as other couples. They can have access to health services without fear of victimization. Laws that were against the rights of the gays no longer dominate the world because those that protect the gay community thrive all over the world.
IMPERIALISM, COLONIALISM, AND LIBERTY
IMPERIALISM, COLONIALISM, AND LIBERTY
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Imperialism, Colonialism, and Liberty
Colonialism, liberty, and imperialism are among the essential components of the world’s history as it influenced many nations during the late 19th century and early 20th century. At this period they were the forces at work where the American Imperialism was significantly felt as well as many African nations experiencing direct colonization from the European superpowers. At this era, slavery has been abolished in Great Britain and its powers following the influence of the Anglican Low Church around the mid19th century. Therefore, the superpowers were in a rush to acquire many colonies as a measure of getting market to their industrial products, exploitation of raw materials for the advancing industries as well as maintaining their national superiority. Regarding their advantage, the Europeans superpowers were faced by some opposition from the inferior nations which lead to the emergence of the resistance movements. The imperialism and colonization also met China by the British which significantly led to the beginning of the Opium wars as the local rulers opposed the colonial rule and domination. In this discussion, the critical analysis of imperialism, colonialism, and liberty is elaborated in a profound extend in comparison of their effects in South and Central America, Africa, and China.
In understanding the meaning of imperialism, it is state of the superpowers having an economic, cultural and military influence on the other nations in the world. The late nineteenth century is significantly referred as the Age of Imperialism as it is the time that many word’s superpowers expanded their territorial possessions the United States of America is among them. The primary motivating notions towards imperialism were obtaining natural resources, wealth accumulation, subduing their enemies as well as winning power and glory. The motives were similar among all the European controls, and it is during this time they spread their territories across the borders. The combination of centralized governments, industrialized economies and sea powers made the European nations capable of setting empires all across the world. Their production determined the primary drive of was getting raw materials for their industries as the good they exchanged. In comparing our nations of interest in this discussion, the South and Central America were different from Africa and China as they acquired liberty at this period and they were part of the nations the enhanced imperialism to other countries.
In Africa and China in the early twentieth century were subjected towards imperialism as the European superpowers exploited large industrial products from the natural resources available. They were made market spheres where the European nations could take their finished industrial products in exchange for other goods adverse in their motherland. The different types of imperialism evident during this period include economic, colonial, social-cultural and political hegemony. Colonial imperialism involves the colonial powers having complete control of the region with domination of the social-cultural, economic and political sectors. Africa is an excellent example of the nations that experience this kind of imperialism where the conquered area had no independence and lived for the beneficiary of the imperialists. Economic hegemony is the kind of rule where the subjugated had the freedom to run their government, but the imperialist had complete control of the businesses and other trading activities. The imperialist had significantly prohibited the rights of their subjects to trade with other nations, and the imperialist companies have the power of exploiting the natural resources. China is an excellent example of the country that experienced this kind of imperialism especially when it came to Opium trading.
Furthermore, political imperialism involved the conquered nation having a government with the local leaders on the top positions, but they ruled according to the imperialist country’s ways. The local government was at sometimes wholly overpowered as it was the case with the Qing China at the late ruling and at some nations temporal as it was evident in the Dominican Republic that was under United States imperialism. Finally, social-cultural hegemony involved the dominant countries intentionally trying to change the religious beliefs, traditional customs, and languages in the conquered lands. For instance, in Africa, the British ensured that English was taught in school and the western cultures were put place. The imperialist nations significantly assumed that their perceptions were superior and they at instance bring developments in the society. The imperialism in Africa and China significantly lead to the development even though the Imperialists were the ones who much benefited.
In the nineteenth century, the America imperialism significantly developed as a result of the American exceptionalism that suggested that the United States imperialism was unique from other superpowers in that it had the mission of spreading liberty and democracy to the inferior nations all over the world. The American imperialism significantly refers to the cultural, economic and military effect of the United States to other countries in the World. During this period, industrialization had adequately developed in America, and the people involved in business sector had a diversification aim of establishing a market in other nations across the borders. Furthermore, the social Darwinism spreading in land that led to the belief that America had the inherent responsibility of bringing impressions regarding Christianity, democracy, and industrialization to the developing societies in the world. This concepts among other notions towards getting the market to sell their product and acquire sources of raw materials for their industries made American nations get motivated towards imperialism.
Among the nations that America exerted the social, political and economic control during the age imperialism include Cuba, Philippines, Korea, Japan, and Austria. Among the most separate instances of American imperialism during this era was the seizure of Hawaii during the year 1898. It effectively allowed the United States to own and be in power of all ports, military equipment, buildings, public property and harbors that was legally owned by the Hawaiian Islands government. The imperialism of America was significantly faced by the opposition in 1898 by the American Anti-Imperialist League that was established in the United States. The debate was against the Americans imperialism as they believed that it was the primary factor that led to the start of the Spanish-American war as well as violating the doctrine of republicanism. They were not against the expansion of the American territories to other nations, the spread of Christianity, commercial development as well as other actions on the humanitarian ground. Therefore it is distinct that during the late nineteenth century the South and Central America were a step ahead of Africa and China as they had the liberty and struggled to diversify their territories to other nations through imperialism.
Looking China into an in-depth extent as a nation during the turn towards the twentieth century, it was among the countries that struggle to curb imperialism and colonialism among its territories. The Europeans have weakened the Qing dynasty to the extent that economic and political hegemony was apparently evident in the region. The British had been fighting for the legalization of the Opium trade in the nation with considerable opposition from the government. However, the Chinese government was forced into agreements during the Opium wars that significantly granted the British power to conducted business into other local parts of the country apart from Canton port where their empire was based. The first Opium War was held between China, Britain, and France. The Chines government had taken action against Britain Opium commerce where they captured their ship, lowered the Britain flag and restrained the Chinese squad members who were later released. The act stimulated Britain’s acted of bombarding the Canton port and other territories in China as a way of avenging. The French supported Britain into the claim that their missionary had been intentionally killed in China.
The second Opium War started after the act of Chinese government demanding to prosecute the Britain people who had killed a Chinese at the Canton Port. The British government protected its citizens from being punished by the Chinese government and significantly sent its military to deal with the allies. To curb the wars China was forced to sign treaties that significantly offered the Britain rights towards commerce in the country, allowed Christianity missionaries and the Europeans were added other territories in Hong Kong as well as give the right to trade into the local regions. From there, Britain freely sells Opium among other products with Chinese, and the local people were adequately addicted to the drug leading to cultural and economic degradation. Also, the Qing dynasty was significantly weakened by the Taiping rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan, which was based on fighting for women equal rights and was made of the peasant farmers among other people who were against the charismatic rule. The European took advantage of the china’s sphere separation hence their capacity to dominate the region economically. Comparing the imperialism in China and Africa was to some extent different as in Africa the European portrayed colonial imperialism while in China they majored in economic hegemony.
In consideration of the above discussion, during the late nineteenth century, these nations had different impacts regarding colonization, liberty, and imperialism where the American countries gained freedom while most of the African nations were significantly colonized and faced by European nations’ imperialism. China was subjected to imperialism by the British government as well as the marginalization of its government ruling. Apart from the America getting liberation it significantly spread its unique imperialism to other nations in the world which were a democracy and industrial base. The United States emerged as the new superpower in the world during the late nineteenth century and significantly gained territorial expansion. On the other hand, even after the end of slavery the Africa nation and China continued to undergo through the superpowers’ suppression through colonization and imperialism. The scramble and partition of Africa led to their loss of independence through colonialization as well as overexploitation the natural resources, but it significantly led to industrialization and technology advancement in the nation. The turn towards the twentieth century is essential to the history of the word and will be vital in the education sector to the present and future generation. Additionally, it plays a vital role in understanding the nations’ diversity during this period as well as the civilization of America, China, and Africa.
Imperialism is described as a state policy, practice, or advocacy
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Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism
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Imperialism is described as a state policy, practice, or advocacy intended at expanding power and dominion over other places and peoples, particularly by direct territory acquisition or political and economic dominance. Anti-imperialists commonly assert that they oppose colonialism, colonial empires, hegemony, imperialism, and a country’s territorial expansion beyond its current boundaries. Grover Cleveland, an anti-imperialist, saw annexation as an assault on a sovereign nation and attempted to restore monarchy. In the 1890s, anti-imperialism became popular in the United Kingdom, particularly among the Liberal Party. Economists have been antagonistic to imperialism for almost a century, dating back to Adam Smith’s days in 1776, on the grounds that it violates the principles of free commerce; yet, they have never organized a popular movement.
The Anti-imperialist League was founded on June 15, 1898, to oppose the United States’ annexation of the Philippines, citing economic, legal, racial, and moral reasons. Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, William James, David Starr Jordan, and Samuel Gompers were among its members, while George S. Boutwell, a former Massachusetts Secretary of the Treasury, served as its president. The league began to dwindle once the Treaty of Paris was ratified, and eventually vanished. Many opponents of American imperialism believe that the Atlantic Ocean provides important separation and security from European powers. No European country will ever interfere in our affairs because of our isolation. Increasing the strength of our armed forces is a dangerous gamble. European residents with a robust military have fewer rights and liberties than Americans. Our democracy is threatened by a large military. European countries are often at strife over colonial territories. We can avoid such clashes by refusing to take colonies. Within its borders, the United States boasts a diverse range of resources. It is not required to travel throughout the world. It would be hypocritical for us to regulate others if we believe in democracy and that it is right for individuals to govern themselves.
Imperialist Point of View, Many Americans wished for the United States to expand its military and economic power abroad in the late 1800s. Rebuilding, immigration, the formation of the West, and industry were among the concerns that Americans were focused on. High taxes were imposed on the rest of the industrialized world. American imperialism refers to actions taken to extend the United States’ political, financial, and cultural hegemony beyond its borders. Rebuilding, immigration, developing the West, and industry were the top priorities for Americans. In the 1880s, as the world’s attention shifted to the United States, Americans began to yearn for the country to become a global power.
The difference between those who supported European imperialism and those who supported American imperialism was that Europeans actually colonized the subject countries, whereas the US altered regimes in the subject countries for the perceived benefit of the US. European countries were looking for raw materials outside of Europe. Heavy tariffs were imposed on other industrial countries. They were looking for fresh chances as well. We’re encouraged to invest in other industries, particularly in Africa and Asia. To preserve their investments, European powers began imposing sovereignty over such lands, and these areas became colonies. The United Kingdom will soon be in charge of the bulk of the world! Other areas became protectorates, where local rulers could keep control while being protected against rebellions and invasions by the imperial authorities.
American imperialism refers to policies aiming at extending the United States’ political, economic, and cultural hegemony beyond its borders. Military conquest, gunboat diplomacy, unequal treaties, subsidization of specific factions, economic infiltration through private firms followed by intervention when those interests are threatened, or regime change are all possibilities, depending on the commentator. Imperialism is commonly thought to have started in the late 1800s, while some argue that the expansion of US territory at the expense of Native Americans qualifies as imperialism. Several academics have referred to the United States’ territories as an empire, including Max Boot, Arthur Schlesinger, and Niall Ferguson, despite the fact that the federal government has never used the phrase. The United States has also been accused of neocolonialism, which is sometimes mistaken with contemporary imperialism and is characterized as a modern kind of hegemony that focuses on economic rather than military supremacy in an informal empire. For as long as the United States has existed, the topic of whether it should intervene in the affairs of other countries has been argued in domestic Opponents cited the country’s history as a former colony revolting against a master, as well as American principles such as democracy, liberty, and independence. Following imperial presidents such as James Monroe, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Howard Taft, supporters pushed for country engagement or sovereignty by highlighting the significance of advancing American economic interests. People who opposed the government’s imperialist activities were not unpatriotic because they believed imperialism violated the republican concept of “consent of the governed.” According to the League, such acts would reflect a rejection of American self-governance ideals politics. Imperialists and anti-imperialists argued on how to handle Cuba’s foreign policy. On how to conduct Cuba’s foreign policy, imperialists and anti-imperialists disagreed. Anti-imperialists argued that the United States should serve as a model for free and self-governing states, and that Cuban independence should be respected, both of which were legitimate arguments. The anti-imperialist movement, which began in 1898, challenged imperialism on constitutional grounds, according to academic Fred Harvey Harrington. The anti-imperialist movement held the political belief that a nation like the United States should not have colonies inspired by it. Colonial expansion was opposed by anti-imperialists not because it was economically or humanitarianly advantageous, but because it violated the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address, which both demand self-determination.
A “imperialistic democracy,” as Henry Van Dyke noted in his Thanksgiving Sermon of 1898, is a “impossible mixture.” If America sought Old World expansion, which was opposed to American ideals, its moral stature as a global beacon of liberty, democracy, and self-determination would be damaged. Some historians, including Harrington, dispute the role of race in the 1898 imperialist conflict. Proponents of Asian expansion invoked paternalistic motives such as expanding civilization to the “dark corners of the world” to support their positions, while anti-imperialists used race to justify their positions.
I also believe the anti-imperialist effort failed because William Jennings Bryan did not win the presidential election in 1900. However, following the Spanish-American War, one of the revolution’s first proclaimed goals was to rethink the concept of American foreign policy. The later struggle with Filipinos for control of the Philippine Islands was not opposed by anti-imperialists. Despite the fact that the Philippine-American War lasted considerably longer, cost much more, and killed far more Americans than the Spanish-American War, a new anti-imperialist, rather than anti-war movement emerged. A look at the anti-imperialist movement’s long-term consequences reveals that, contrary to what Harrington and other historians claim, the movement did not fail. The Philippines were promised independence in 1916, according to historian William A. Williams, and the movement established a new kind of American Open Door Imperialism, focusing on commercial and moral growth rather than political entanglements.
The need for American expansion at the close of the nineteenth century sparked this imperialist debate, which was sparked by Dewey’s invasion of the Philippines. “The existence of a free land area, its continual decline, and the migration of American colonization westward, explain American development,” stated Frederick Jackson Turner. The formation, purchase, colonization, and growth of the territories west of the Appalachians to the Pacific Ocean had been the story of the United States up to this point. For the first time in its brief history, the United States was no longer faced with the difficulty of controlling the border. Marxists and political organizations with a similar ideological bent who argue for anti-capitalism, present a class analysis of society, and the like typically use the term. Imperialism was a capitalistic geopolitical system of power and repression that had to be understood as such, according to Latin American rebel Che Guevara. “Imperialist is a world system, the final step of capitalism,” revolutionary Che Guevara stated of imperialism’s nature and how to combat and conquer it. Our role as exploited and underdeveloped peoples around the world is to destabilize imperialism’s cornerstones: our victimized nations, from which imperialism obtains capital, raw materials, specialists, and low-cost labor, and from which imperialism exports capital, dominance equipment, arms, and a plethora of other goods, enslaving us.
Imperialism is being chastised because it is out of date. Hardt and Negri argue that imperialism is no longer a single nation’s or state’s policy. They argue that the “Empire” encompasses all states, nations, businesses, the media, common and intellectual culture, and so on, and that traditional anti-imperialist methods and strategies are no longer effective against them.
References
Merleaux, (2019. Kristin L. Hoganson’s American Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. academic.oup.com