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Economic growth and environment
Economic growth and environment
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Economic growth and the environment
For centuries, most countries in the world placed emphasis on economic growth as a principal means towards the welfare of human beings. This is because economic growth brings wealth to a given population. Over some time, people realized that economic growth was occurring at the expense of environment’s health. This, however, creates a confounding scenario as regards whether economic growth can occur alongside environmental sustainability. It is arguable that economic growth can occur without environmental damage.
Recycling is one of the most instrumental strategies of enabling economic growth without damaging the environmental. A typical recycling activity involves transforming waste products into their usable forms (Ekins, 2000). A simpler way of recycling regards reusing given products. Recycling is an instrumental activity because it avoids the depletion of resources. This is because it provides an alternative to using raw materials for producing certain products. Consumers usually utilize certain items that are indispensable in daily lives. For instance, paper is a regular item that offices, organizations and individuals utilize for writing and other uses such as cleaning. Due to its wide applicability, recycling is the best strategy for preserving trees. In this perspective, the use of natural resources becomes limited.
The government is a principal organ that controls trade activities in countries. As a watchdog, the government defends economic agents from overexploiting resources and the people. In this perspective, the government issues guidelines that tame industrial activities from affecting the natural environment. In a traditional setting, these guidelines are articulated as ethics that define a standard behavior for companies and other forms of organizations. Ethics are organizational elements that stretch over a wide area. In this perspective, ethics form the guiding philosophy and responsibilities of organizations towards the consumer and the environment. For instance, the government may place ethical systems that require companies to pay for any form of damage that they create to the environment (Egelston, 2013). A relevant example regards regulations that require companies to cater for their effluents as pollution fees. In this perspective, companies and economic agents will cater for costs that they create to environments.
The green technology is an additional strategy of harmonizing economic growth with environmental sustainability. In green technology, there arises the need for efficiency in production. Instead of utilizing natural resources, green technology enables the exploitation of other forms of resources that possess unlimited capacity for depletion (Ekins, 2000). In the recent age, there has been the concept of green energy. Green energy is a deviation from the use of natural resources, such as oil, in producing mechanical and electrical power. For instance, communities are investing in wind and solar energy as a means of enabling clean environments. In this perspective, communities turn to other forms of survival that do not necessarily peg on their natural environments.
In conclusion, it is evident that economic growth can occur without creating environmental damage. Recycling is an instrumental strategy of transforming waste products into usable forms. In this sense, communities limit the use of their natural resources towards meeting insatiable needs. The government is a critical force that manages trade activities for environmental sustenance. By introducing guidelines, companies face the disincentives for creating environmental damage. Green technology diverts economic agents from overexploiting endangered resources. By utilizing clean sources of energy, communities avoid environmental damage. These strategies and scenarios enable communities to harmonize economic growth with environmental health.
References
Egelston, A. (2013). Sustainable development: a history. Conroe, TX: Springer.
Ekins, P. (2000). Economic Growth and environmental sustainability: the prospects for green growth. New York, NY: Routledge.
How altruism is supported by different scholars
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How altruism is supported by different scholars
Altruism is defined as self sacrificial activities that are done without anticipating any form of reward whatsoever and in some cases could entail an impossible ordeal. By a moral sense Wilson is referring to a bad indicator and an internal good or a sensor that is in built that directs us on what is wrong or good which can also be referred to as a moral good. His theory opines that every individual has an inherent sense enhanced from an early age via family experiences. Wilson also perceives a person’s core behavior to be exceptionally good and that bad layers are only developed as individuals go through life. In addition he opines that man’s good nature is hidden by bad layers that are usually built with time. In the end Wilson is altruistic in nature in that he supports people’s wellbeing without expecting any favors in return (Fehr 786).
Wilson believes that many individuals do not break the law on the contrary they are courteous and acknowledge circumstances where it is critical that they conform for the merit of the social order. A critical attribute about societies is that people tend to share ordinary ethics it appears that these laws are a type of shared ethics for the development of societies.
Freud’s perception of the human race is essentially negative this is because he assumes that all humanity have an energy structure in which all mental practices are perceived to be energy flows that can freely flow or can get blocked up. Freud believes that the objective of all behaviors is the minimization of pressure via releasing energy that in the long run releases pleasure. Consequently he holds that individuals tend to function in harmony with self-gratifying tenets. However, the uncontrolled satisfaction of pleasure is not allowed in human societies for it conflicts civilization principles. Freud is not altruistic in nature, he has not made any sacrifices in any of his experiments instead he has capitalized on other people’s weaknesses to make a killing (Leider 816).
Freud believes that societies are sustained via safekeeping the id from its loose and oppressive wishes. He asserts that a number of individuals can transit further than the ego to the super ego thereby attaining more freedom at a personal level. However, society holds that most individuals will not and Freud supposes that the majority should not.
Homer believes that society has no sin or guilt thus they do not need individual internal control they are rather subjected to social rules something that is rather perplexing because it does not answer where they enhanced the craving to satisfy others and in the end cooperate with them. Plato’s perception of society contradicts that of Homer he holds that the humanity is ruled by an internal piece which is ever attempting to achieve synchronization in each individual. However, Homer does not believe that societies could be maintained on societal rules alone. Homer is altruistic in nature he believes that mankind has the capacity to synchronize and live in peace if they make individual sacrifices (Fehr 787).
In Omelas the child is subjected to suffering at the expense of a whole society. All members of that city continued with their daily activities as if the city was a faultless paradise where they could lead their lives without any wrongdoing. This was realized as a result of subjecting the kid to untold suffering at the basement of a community building. No one interrelates with the kid instead they even kick food towards it rather than giving it politely. This means that pleasure in this case overcomes morals. In the Omelas there is no altruism whatsoever no one is ready to sacrifice himself to save the suffering kid (Leider 820).
The fruits, pleasure and peace inherent in the city is so due to the suffering of the kid in the basement. Despite the fact that the kid’s suffering is common knowledge to all Omelas residents they are satisfied with it. However, those who do not agree with this situation leave Omelas and this is how morals overcome pleasure.
Wilson believes that sympathy originates from the internal wellbeing that evolves at birth. This means that people sympathize with each other because of the internal sense they posses from birth of being good to each other. Wilson is an advocate of altruism he thinks, sees and believes in self sacrifice terms such as sympathy.
The parable of the Good Samaritan is so often held up as the model of sympathy because in most cases people always act in self interest. For instance an individual would give out money to a stranger in order to relieve himself of the pain of seeing another person in need. However, ethics as portrayed in the parable of the Good Samaritan overrides self interest. The Good Samaritan parable is altruistic in nature because it involves one selflessly sacrificing his time, and finances to help someone he knows nothing about (Fehr 789).
Freud’s view of humanity is exemplified in his Penis envy theory where he believes that both men and women in society tend to envy each other and wish to be the other. The Asch experiments were a succession of studies that exhibited the power of group conformity. The principal difference between the milgrim and Asch experiments is the fact that subjects in the Asch experiment attributed to their individual problems for their poor judgment and eyesight. However, those in the milgrim experiment harshly judged the experimenter for explaining their behaviors. Freud still does not practice altruism in any of his experiments he instead believes in using other people to achieve his selfish objectives (Leider 834).
Unit 731 was a chemical war fare and a secret biological empirical study of the colonial Japanese army that staged a deadly experiment on humanity in the Second World War. It in the end became responsible for one of the most notorious crimes against humanity.A project christened maruta utilized humanity as guinea pigs. Subjects for this experiment were gotten from the local population and included prisoners, criminals and pregnant women.Vivisection was the worst project it involved surgical actions being done on prisoners after infecting them with diseases. Invasive surgery was performed while the prisoners were still alive, the esophagus was attached to the intestines and the legs were imputed and attached on opposite parts to see the effect on the flow of blood. All these projects are not altruistic in nature they are the worst thing that has ever happened to the human race (Fehr 790).
Zimbardo argues that bad apples are not the ones to be blamed for evils in the world he believes that severe circumstances and the systems that make them impact normal individuals to start behaving in horrifying ways. In this sense he does not lay the blame on the devil for humanities sins rather he lays the blame on their circumstances. While Zimbardo could be altruistic but his case is controversial since he absolves the evil of blame only to blame humanities circumstances for their misbehavior (Leider 850).
Works Cited
Fehr, E. and Fischbacher, U. The Nature of Human Altruism, Nature , 425, (2003): 785-791.Print.
Leider, S., Mobius, M., Rosenblat, T., and Do, Q. Directed Altruism and Enforced Reciprocity in Social Networks, Quarterly Journal of Economics , 124, (2009): 815-651.
Economic Globalization
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Economic Globalization
Introduction
Growing integration of national economies in most of the globally advanced and industrialized countries, since the Second World War are evident, to a point that it is clear that there is an emergence and operation of a singular global economy, is what has been referred to as globalization. This world economic activity enhances integration consisting of more diverse and extensive long and short term cross border flows capital, greater variety of increased cross-national flows of goods and services and an increasingly complex and dense transnational network of products that involve mainly independent supplier companies and multinational enterprises. Most of the major issues identified in international political economy modern study are brought into sharp relief through globalization.
Major drivers of globalization
Some of the main factors that influence globalization include capitalism, technological innovations and free trade. After World War II many barriers to free trade were removed a few trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) have helped to the spread of globalization. Through (GATT) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade barriers to international trade have also been considerably lowered. Free trade promotion includes reducing transportation costs of tariffs, creating subsidies for global corporation’s subsidiaries and capital control of local business (Benjamin, 3).
Globalization has also been propagated through technological innovation by providing infrastructure for trans-world connections. Developments in means of communications, particularly, in means of data processing, transport and communications have produced faster, denser, more cheaper and reliable global links. Innovations of jet engines, fiber optic and coaxial cables, computer software, semiconductor devices, preservation and packing techniques have contributed to rapid globalization (Miles, and Lake, 5).
Capitalism and change of many states to market-based economies on the other hand, have also advanced globalization’s reaches. Increased profit through higher sales volumes are mostly achieved through the prospects offered by the global markets. Higher production, moreover run to feed global markets enhanced promise profits that are due to the economy of scale. Globalization is also followed by capitalism since it enables facilities for the production to be located in sites where the earnings are high and costs are low. Global accountings in addition, enable the used taxes and prices to be calculated in ways that allow for profit increase. Global connection themselves including electronic finance and telecommunications create major opportunities for profit making, capitalism one of the major drives of globalization.
Major drives impact on the Chinese economy
China is recognized as having a rapid economic and industrial development merged with growing markets that overtime have been ranked as third largest trading nation globally can identify some of its success on the implementation of innovative technology in China. In the economy technology influences two main sectors. The improving functionality of services and products and reducing unit cost of their supply. Its impact is evident on facts like in the past 30 years China has been the fastest growing major economy with an average annual 10% on the GDP growth rate of the world’s total manufacturing output around 8 % comes from China.
China’s political freedom has also helped enhanced its economic freedom, in that through the governments innovative ways of regulating the price rates and production, it has indirectly created a large bureaucracy and a powerful state which may extend into other areas of life. The capitalistic nature helps with the economic growth when individuals and firms are given incentives to encourage hard work and innovativeness this creates a climate of economic expansion and innovation. The impact of this is on the evident improved standards and on the national level increase in GDP and theoretically due to this trickling down effect of wealth everyone actually benefits from the capitalistic nature in China. Firms based on a capitalistic society and economy face incentives to produce goods and be efficient. These incentives create the pressures to avoid wastes and cut costs. State owned firms often tend to be more inefficient e.g. less incentives to try new innovative working practices and to get rid of surplus workers (Robert, 2).
In a society like China that enacts free trade policies it automatically creates its own dynamic economy. This impacts the country’s economy since it helps foster opportunities, freedom wellspring and prosperity that benefit all its citizens. The policies that enact free trades can allow the country to create policies that help it towards alleviating poverty and guide it towards the creation of dynamism.
Conclusion
Among the most powerful operating forces that shape our contemporary world economic globalization is among the top. In profound ways it affects ways that we consume, where and how business is conducted; how we employ and marshal saving; and how people talk with each other. It creates terrifying dislocations for others while for some it provides vast new opportunities. How and whether, societies in both the emerging market countries and industrialized nations manage the tension that are produced by the economic interactions that have been intensified will surely determine the sustainability and scope of economic globalization, and thus the texture and shape of the social world in which we will come to live in the future.
Work cited
Kahler, Miles, and David A. Lake. “Globalization and governance: definition, variation and explanation.” Governance in a global economy: Political authority in transition (2003).
Lawlor, Benjamin. “The age of globalization: Impact of information technology on global business strategies.” Honors Projects in Computer Information Systems (2007): 1.
Gilpin, Robert. Global political economy: Understanding the international economic order. Princeton University Press, 2011.