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Hookah and Human Health Health and Social Risks of Hookah in Saudi Arabia
Hookah and Human Health: Health and Social Risks of Hookah in Saudi Arabia
Department of Health Sciences
Health Professions Education
Prospectus
Table of Contents
Section Page
1. Introduction3
Description of the Local Problem3
Rationale of the Local Problem and Purpose of the Study5
2. Review of Literature6
Hookah Usage6
Health Risk8
Research Question(s)11
3. Description of Proposed Research Methods and Procedures11
Methods11
Procedures11
References12
Hookah and Human Health: Health and Social Risks of Hookah in Saudi Arabia
Section 1
Introduction
Description of the Local Problem
One should note that there are different means for smoking tobacco throughout the world. One of them is the use of hookahs. A hookah is defined as a water pipe designed for smoking the flavored tobacco. It is also known as shisha, argilah, goza, or hubble-bubble. The hookah requires the use of the flavored tobacco in order to give it a different taste from that of a cigarette (Chaouachi, 2009).
Cobb et al. (2010) argue that the use of hookah has substantially increased over the last two decades in the world. The tendency is particularly evident among the youth aged from 18 to 25 years. The high level of the hookah smoking has also led to the establishment of bars where smoking is the most popular activity. The research shows that a large number of hookah smokers think that smoking tobacco through hookah poses less risk than smoking it through other means including cigarettes.
According to Ahmed et al. (2011), medical experts have found that a single shisha session might be as dangerous as smoking 200 cigarettes at once. It is explained by the fact that cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemicals and toxins. Furthermore, smoking increases the health risks around the world (Almohrej, Altraif, Tamim, & Fakhoury, 2014). In the United States, about 2,242 online shops sell hookah tobacco and related products. Moreover, approximately 175 hookah lounges and cafes can be found only in California. It is important to underline that in Los Angeles, most of the cafes are located near universities and college campuses (Hanna, O’Connell, & Woo, 2014). However, the popularity of hookah smoking is larger in Middle Eastern countries than in the United States (Griffiths, Harmon, & Gilly, 2011).
Rationale of the Local Problem and the Purpose of Study
Rationale of the Local Problem. The rationale for the study is the observation that nations of the Middle East experience a high level of hookah use. Its effect in Saudi Arabia is worse than in the USA because of the easy access to hookah in every region. The health risks associated with hookah smoking also influenced the choice of the local problem. Saudi Arabia has a high rate of the health and social risks associated with smoking hookah. It have forced the government to introduce effective prevention measures and prohibit the use of hookah in the country (Baboor, Alnazzawi, Abu-Hammad, & Dar-Odeh, 2014). Cigarettes pose a significant health threat to smokers and non-smokers. However, hookahs are more perilous than cigarettes (Chaouachi & Sajid, 2010). In Saudi Arabia, smoking in public places has been prohibited since 2004. However, the country occupies the fourth position in importing tobacco worldwide. Moreover, the tobacco consuming (including hookah smoking) has led to the economic loss. The loss accounts for approximately 20.5 billion dollars for the last ten years (Almohrej, Altraif, Tamim, & Fakhoury, 2014).
There are different health and social risks related to the hookah smoking. The former ones, which are associated with hookah smoking in the short term, include raising the blood pressure and heart rates of smokers. It puts smokers at a high risk of developing such conditions as cardiac arrests and strokes (Ben, 2009). Also, hookah smoking results in damaging the major arteries of the body that results in the limited supply of blood to the brain (Mirjana, Steven, & Zang, 2010). In addition, the water pipe usage contains the same toxicants as cigarettes, including drug nicotine, cancer causing, pulmonary disease, as well as acute intoxication caused by the carbon monoxide (Eissenberg, 2013). Furthermore, hookah smoking is directly connected with the adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially a low birth weight (Hanna, O’Connell, & Woo, 2014).
The Purpose of the Study. The purpose of the study is to develop an education Reference Judie for the Saudi Arabian hookah smoker. The Reference Judie will help to understand the risks of hookah smoking. It will help to substantiate the claims regarding the rate of risks associated with hookah smoking in the country. Since the previous researches have already identified some risks caused by the hookah use, the study aims at determining the level of these risks. The ways of becoming addicted to hookah will also be the central focus while the developing the education Reference Judie.
Section 2
Review of Literature
Hookah and Human Health: Health and Social Risks of Hookah in Saudi Arabia
Section 2
Review of Literature
Hookah Usage
Definition of Hookah. The notion of hookah should be comprehended as a waterpipe used to pass charcoal heated air through tobacco and through a water-filled chamber (Chaouachi, 2009). The synonym of hookah, shisha, specifically constitutes for the particular sort of tobacco that is used in hookah. Its peculiar characteristic features are moistness and stickiness as a result of being soaked in the extract of molasses or honey. There are also other names of this type of tobacco, for instance, narghile, goza, arghileh, or hubble bubble (Chaouachi, 2009). Shisha is also characterized by variety of flavors, which are usually fruit ones, whereas exotic scents include caramel, cinnamon, mint, and other extraordinary options (Eissenberg, 2013).
History. Hookah is an ancient tradition that has been deeply rooted in the culture of many countries, especially in the Eastern part of the world (Chaouachi, 2009). Smoking hookah has been traditional related to Middle Eastern, Asian, African, Indian, and Turkish cultures for more than 500-year-old (Griffiths, Harmon, & Gilly, 2011 ).
India and Middle East. According to Ray (2009, p. 1319). “Hookah smoking has been practiced for over 400 years.” The court of Emperor Akbar started using and popularizing the habit of hookah smoking (Ray, 2009).
The first hookahs are regarded as primitive and simple in comparison with the modern ones. The basis for the first hookahs was a coconut shell and a tube with a so-called ‘head’ attached (“Hookah Smoking: A Growing Threat to Public Health”, n.d.). Moreover, it is very important to highlight that the initial tobacco for smoking via hookahs was not a contemporary mixture of shisha and fruit, but some time for hashish and opium in India (Ray, 2009).
The art of making hookah became more popular, and it is relevant to emphasize the fact that masters of hookah were treated with significant respect at that time as far as the procedure was very complicated and required special skills and knowledge. The hookah rooms were situated in the coffee houses and cafes (Ray, 2009).
It is essential that there was no difference in terms of sex, and both male and female representatives smoked hookah in India (Ray, 2009). Hookah started in India, then, smoking hookah extended to Persia and the Parisians were called it Narghile. Then it spared to Turkey, and Ottoman Empire at the early of 17th century. Later, hookah practice extended to North Africa and the middle of the Middle East (including Saudi Arabia) and it was called shisha (the glass bottle) (Ray, 2009).
Europe. The hookah has been practicing in Europe since the British came to India at 1950s, and some of them smoked the hookah for a fashion way until the other form of fashion smoking came and replaced it (Ray, 2009). At the 1990s, hookah smoking spread from West Asia, northern Africa, and South East Asia to parts of Europe, and Russia. The spread of hookah was there because of the immigrants from West Asian origin and their restaurants that offer the hookah (Ray, 2009).
The United States of America. The phenomenon of hookah became popular in the 1990s to be fashionable as cigars smoking were (Sterling & Mermelstein, 2011). Though, the level of significant popularity slightly lowered with the course of time, and the issues of harm hookah may cause to a smoker’s health started being taken into consideration. Actually, contemporary investigations into the issue from different angles identified obvious harm that regular smoking of shisha causes to human health, namely, cardiac arrests and strokes, damage cause to the major arteries of the human body, contribution to the development of cancer, pulmonary disease ((Rahman, Chang, Hadgu, Salinas-Miranda, & Corvin, 2012).
Health Risk
Cardiac Arrests and Strokes. Any kind of tobacco (especially when it is used regularly and in a big amount) subsequently causes heart diseases. The phenomenon of hookah also belongs to this list as far as it also reduces blood flow to the heart and at the same time often appears to be a reason for high blood pressure (Rahman, Chang, Hadgu, Salinas-Miranda, & Corvin, 2012). Moreover, it impacts blood vessels, and it is also considered to be a way to the stroke (Selim, Fouad and Ezzat, 2013). According to Aslam, Saleem, German and Qureshi (2014, p.1), “Many studies report that a mean increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate of shisha smokers is observed after shisha smoking.”
Cancer. Cancer may be also considered to be one of the horrible consequences of tobacco use in general and regular hookah smoking in particular (Eissenberg, 2013). According to the article “An Emerging Deadly Trend: Waterpipe Tobacco Use” (2007), “Waterpipe tobacco smokers are exposed to cancer-causing chemicals and hazardous gases such as carbon monoxide. Waterpipe users are also exposed to nicotine, the substance in tobacco that causes addictive behavior” (p. 1). The aspect of addictive quality is a crucial one as many young people consider hookah to be less harmful than traditional cigarettes (Rahman, Chang, Hadgu, Salinas-Miranda, & Corvin, 2012). The same tendencies are supported by the work “Hookah Smoking: A Growing Threat to Public Health” (n.d.) provided by the American Lung Association.
According to contemporary investigations, one course of hookah is equaled to 200 cigarettes that have been smoked at a time. Hence, smokers tend to smoke hookah regularly, and such experience increases the probability of cancer development in the future. It is an alarming tendency as 54,4% of student respondents to the survey conducted by Rahman et al. (2012) have the experience of smoking hookah, and the addictive potential of the smoking habit is also very high and needs proper and timely intervention (Morris, Fiala, & Pawlak, 2012).
Pulmonary Disease. The session of smoking hookah is dangerous for lungs as far as the smoker of hookah inhales larger amount of nicotine in comparison with those who smoke cigarettes, which can cause pulmonary disease (Rahman, Chang, Hadgu, Salinas-Miranda, & Corvin, 2012).. The tobacco that is used for hookah smoking is usually heated by means of charcoal or wood cinders. This aspect is also very dangerous as potentially harmful chemical elements such as metals and carbon monoxide are released in this process (Rahman, Chang, Hadgu, Salinas-Miranda, & Corvin, 2012). The same data is supported by Ondov and Seltzer (2010).
Negative Pregnancy Outcomes. Hookah smoking is strongly prohibited for pregnant women. Moreover, it is not recommended in the period when a woman is taking birth control pills because it may result in strokes and development of heart disease and complications (or even anomalies) in the embryo (Rahman, Chang, Hadgu, Salinas-Miranda, & Corvin, 2012). The child may have difficulties with the breathing process after the birth, which may cause development of serious respiratory diseases as well as low birth weight (Chaouachi, 2009).
Damaging of the Major Arteries of the Body. The process of damaging the major arteries and its intensity as well as threat to health depends on the amount of the tobacco that has been smoked and regularity of the habit (Selim, Fouad, & Ezzat, 2013). The major arteries become gradually clogged as a result of permanent hookah smoking habit (Selim, Fouad, & Ezzat, 2013).
Social risk
Image.
Laws.
Peer pressure.
Smoker Knowledge, behavior
Education
Health.
Social.
Reference Judie.
Section 3
Description of Proposed Methods and Procedures
The Research Question(s)
Research Methodology
The method used for this paper was developmental.
Procedures
Assumptions.
Limitations.
Rationale.
Inclusion criteria.
Exclusion criteria.
Search procedures.
Libraries used. There was one library used. The ( The name of the university library) was used for this project.
Search engines and databases used. There were two databases used. The databases were PubMed and EMBASE.
Search terms.
Boolean strings.
References
Ahmed, B., Jacob P., Allen, F., & Benowitz, N. (2011). Attitudes and practices of hookah smokers in the San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(2), 146-152.
Almohrej, O., Altraif, S., Tamim, H., & Fakhoury, H. (2014). Will any future increase in cigarette price reduce smoking in Saudi Arabia? Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 9(3), 154-157.
Baboor, A., Alnazzawi, A., Abu-Hammad, O., & Dar-Odeh, N. (2014). Unconventional materials and substances used in water pipe (narghile) by smokers in central western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 35 (8), 890-893.
Ben, S. H. (2009). The narghile and its effects on health. Part I: The narghile, general description and properties. Revue de Pneumologie Clinique 65(6), 369-75.
Chaouachi, K. (2009). Hookah (shisha, narghile) smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). A critical review of the relevant literature and the public health consequences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(2), 798-843.
Chaouachi, K., & Sajid, K. M. (2010). Cancer risks of hookah (shisha, narghile) tobacco use require further independent sound studies. International Journal of Cancer, 127(7), 1737-1739.
Cobb, C., Ward, K. D., Maziak, W., Shihadeh, A. L., & Eissenberg, T. (2010). Waterpipe tobacco smoking: An emerging health crisis in the United States. American Journal of Health Behavior, 34(3), 275-285.
Eissenberg, T. (2013). Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (hookah): What you need to
know. AANA Journal, 81(4), 308-313.
Griffiths, M., Harmon, T., & Gilly, M. (2011). Hubble bubble trouble: The need for education about and regulation of hookah smoking. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 30(1), 119-132.
Hanna, M., O’Connell, A., & Woo, M. (2014). Hookah smoking among young adults in southern california. Nursing Research, 63(4), 300-306.
Kamal, C., & Mohammad S. K. (2010). A critique of recent hypotheses on oral (and lung) cancer induced by water pipe (hookah, shisha, narghile) tobacco smoking. Medical Hypotheses, 74(5): 843-846.
Mirjana, V., Steven, D., & Zang, E. (2010). Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92, 106-111.
Hookah smoking: A growing threat to public health. (n.d.). American Lung Association. Retrieved from http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/tobacco-control-advocacy/reports-resources/cessation-economic-benefits/reports/hookah-policy-brief.pdf
Aslam, H. M., Saleem, S., German, S. & Qureshi, W. A. (2014). Harmful effects of shisha: Literature review. International Archives of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.intarchmed.com/content/pdf/1755-7682-7-16.pdf
Eissenberg, T., (2013). Tobacco Smoking Using a Waterpipe (Hookah): What You Need to
Know. AANA Journal. 81(4), p308-313.
Ondov, B. & Seltzer, J. (2010). Hookah smoking: Healthy option or just as harmful? TSHP. Retrieved from https://www.tshp.org/uploads/2/9/1/1/2911890/hookah.pdf
Morris, D. S., Fiala, S. C., & Pawlak, R. (2012). Opportunities for policy interventions to reduce youth hookah smoking in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2012/12_0082.htm
Rahman, S., Chang, L., Hadgu, S., Salinas-Miranda, A., & Corvin, J. (2012). Prevalence, knowledge, and practices of hookah smoking among university students, Florida, 2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2014/14_0099.htm
Selim, B. G., Fouad, H., & Ezzat, S. (2013). Impact of shisha smoking on the extent of coronary artery disease in patients referred for coronary angiography. Retrieved from http://www.anakarder.com/sayilar/95/buyuk/647-654.pdf
Griffiths, M., Harmon, T., Gilly, M. (2011). Hubble Bubble Trouble: The Need for Education About and Regulation of Hookah Smoking. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 30(1), p119-132.
Ray, C. (2009). The hookah – the Indian waterpipe. Current Science. 96(10). P1319-
P1323.
Sterling, K., & Mermelstein, R. (2011). Examining hookah smoking among a cohort of
adolescent ever smokers. The Society For Research On Nicotine And Tobacco. 13(12).
Doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr146.
Honors Project
Honors Project
Name:
Institution:
Course:
Tutor:
Date
Biologically, not much is known about the history of the earth for the first three billion years. Some questions such as when the first life appeared on earth and its source remain unanswered.
Before the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), which occurred about 2.45 billion years ago, our Earth’s ozone layer had not yet been formed. Since the ozone layer is useful in shielding life from the harmful UV radiation, phototrophs such as cyanobacteria were affected by the formation of the ozone layer since they required the solar radiation as an input in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes (Codd, Morrison & Metcalf, 2005, p267). However, this also exposed them to lethal UV radiation that can cause direct and indirect damage to the macromolecules such as proteins and DNA of all cellular life in this planet. Since the stratospheric ozone layer came into after the great oxidation event, failure of the event happening would have made microbial life adopt a wide range of strategies to survive under the harsh UV radiation, most probably by producing UV-blocking chemicals also known as microbial sunscreen compounds. In order to determine if microbial sunscreen biosynthesis is a form of a strategy that cyanobacteria adopted to mitigate the harmful effects of UV radiation before formation of the ozone layer, time machine would be a great option if Stephen Hawking can manufacture one, but that is not feasible for the time being. This study will aim to find out whether microbial sunscreen production like scytonemin is one of the mitigation strategies adopted by microbes in the past through the study of microbial mats and cyanobacteria like Lyngbya aestuarii from Shark Bay, Western Australia. As we know, microbial mats from Shark bay, Western Australia are the analogues of ancient microbial mats and stromatolites, so the study of these modern mats may inform us how microbes in the ancient stromatolites/ microbial mats might have protected themselves from the harmful UV radiation in the past.
Using the above assumptions on manufacture of UV radiation shielding compounds, I plan to pursue my Honors study at University of New South Wales by focusing my studies on explaining how cyanobacteria protected itself from lethal UV radiation in the past; the study will focus more on the microbial sunscreen biosynthesis. Analysis of microbial sunscreen production from the microbial mats of Shark Bay would be of paramount importance, as it will help in explaining how the first living organisms on earth became resistant to the harmful UV radiation before the formation of ozone layer. This study may also be important in finding whether life could be present in other planets that do not have a protective layer from UV radiation. I will be honored to work under the supervision of Professor Brett Neilan and Dr. Brendan Burns from the Australian Centre for Astrobiology (ACA), since they are some of the leading researchers in cyanobacterial research, astrobiology and other areas of environmental microbiology. I have chosen to pursue my Honors study at University of New South Wales because of its reputation and scientific achievements, which will greatly help me build my career as a great researcher in cyanobacterial.
References
Codd, G. A., Morrison, L. F., & Metcalf, J. S. (2005). Cyanobacterial toxins: risk management for health protection. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 203(3), 264-272.
Honor killing
Honor Killing
Student’s Name:
Institution:
Honor killing is the murder of an individual from a family by different individuals, because of the culprits’ conviction that the victimized person has brought disgrace or shame upon the family or has disregarded the standards of a group or a religion, as a rule for reasons, for example, declining to enter an orchestrated marriage, being seeing someone is opposed by their family, engaging in sexual relations outside marriage, turning into the casualty of assault, dressing in ways that are considered unseemly, or taking part in gay person relations.
The social highlights which prompt honor killings are complex. Honor killings include savagery and trepidation as a device of looking after control. Honor killings are contended to have their cause among traveling people, groups, and herders: such populaces carry their assets with them and with a danger of having them stolen and do not have the legitimate response to the law. Thus, motivating trepidation, utilizing hostility, and developing notoriety for rough vengeance keeping in mind the end goal of the secure property that get linked to different practices. In social orders where there is a feeble principle of law, individuals must form savage notorieties.
In numerous cultures where honor is of focal quality, men are sources or dynamic generators/operators of that respect while the main impact that ladies can have on honor is to obliterate it. When the honor is devastated by the lady, there is a requirement for quick retribution to restore it, all together for the family to abstain from losing face in the group.
Honor killings are frequently an aftereffect of firmly patriarchal perspectives on ladies and the position of females in the public eye. In these conventional males ruled social orders whereas women are subordinate first with their father and afterward on their spouse, whom they are relied upon to comply. Women are seen as property and not as people with their own particular office. All things considered, they must submit to male power figures in the family – inability to do as such can bring about amazing viciousness as the discipline. Roughness gets seen as a method for guaranteeing agreeability and counteracting rebellion. According to Shahid Khan, ladies are viewed as the property of the guys in their family independent of their class, ethnic, or religious gathering. The proprietor of the property has the privilege to choose its destiny. The idea of proprietorship has transformed ladies into a product which can get “traded, purchased and sold”. In such societies, ladies are not permitted to take control of their bodies and sexuality: these are the property of the guys of the family, the father (and other male relatives) who must guarantee virginity until marriage; and afterward the spouse to whom his wife’s sexuality is subordinated – a lady should not undermine the possession privileges of her gatekeeper by captivating in premarital sex or infidelity.
The idea of family respect is exceedingly critical in numerous groups. The family is seen as the principle wellspring of honor, and the group exceedingly values the relationship in the middle of honor and the crew. Actions by relatives that may be viewed as wrong and seen as conveying disgrace to the family according to the group regularly incorporate female practices that are identified with sex outside marriage or method for dressing, however, might likewise include male homosexuality (like the emo killings in Iraq). The family loses control in the group, and may be disregarded by relatives. The main way the disgrace can be deleted is through a killing. The way of life in which respect killings occur are typically viewed as “high-connection”, where the family is more vital than the individual, and individualistic self-governance is seen as a risk to the aggregate family and its respect
Honor killings or a superior portrayal are a marvel generally bound to the Muslim world yet not a solitary Islamic nation is free of the custom. Honor killings have their root in an obscene and antiquated Arabic statement, “A man’s honor lies between the legs of a lady.” Muslim ladies who having sex before getting into marriage, including assault, or to have raised suspicions with respect to their behavior, i.e.- be just associated with having had unlawful association with a man out of marriage are regularly murdered to recapture the family “respect”. Anyhow, infidelity, or loss of virginity or its suspected misfortune, is not by any means the only defense, in the psyches of Muslims, for merciless homicide. Wedding without the consent of the family, rebellion, leaving home without authorization, or even an evidently search has given thought processes to murder. Furthermore, in a couple of cases, ladies watched smoking cigarettes has led to their deaths.
Be that as it may, for whatever of the above reasons that the male individuals from a Muslim family feel that a female part has disrespected the family, the execution is by and large completed by a nearby male relative of the awful lady; by a father, sibling, or uncle. These homicides mirror a mentality immense to more humanized social orders, however, are consistently rehearsed in Muslim nations and starting to show up in different countries with Muslim populaces, including the United States and Canada. Factual proof is hard to get, not from any Islamic nations to shroud the certainties just that “honor killings” are such an acknowledged custom of Muslim social orders, which numerous authorities of the diverse countries would be shocked at any enthusiasm for the matter.
Muslim courts are particularly indulgent concerning honor murders. Jordan, one of the more edified nations of Islam, if this term can be utilized concerning any Muslim nation, has even arranged honor murders. Until as of late revoked, Article 340 of the Jordanian Penal Code was sure about the matter, “He who finds his wife or one of his female relatives submitting infidelity and executes, wounds or harms one or the two, is excluded from any punishment.” And, Jordan is one of the more “edified” Muslim nations. On the books are different articles that protect that a Jordanian man will be excluded from arraignment or if nothing else be treated with mercy if leading an honor murder. It generally would comprise of a couple of months in jail.
According to Soltani (2013), even the conduction of a hymeneal examination is basically a passing warrant for a lady. That is, even suspecting an unmarried woman is not a virgin, as prove by an examination requested by a male individual from her family, will prompt her murder. It is further expressed that the post- mortem examinations on a few casualties of honor killings revealed that they had an in place hymen. It implies that the suspicion of people is not enough to warrant honor killing. It can be concluded that beside unwanted culture practices, the proof of the act is not clear unless there is clear evidence.
Muhammad (2014) illustrates the two sisters, 27 and 20 years old were hacked to death by their own particular siblings. Their law violations, according to their family: the more seasoned sister had left home to wed a man without her family’s consent, and two or after three years, the more youthful sister had fled to go along with her. Some “well-wisher” of the family uncovered the sisters’ location. The other siblings entered the home with tomahawks and hacked the ladies to death
But the family “respect” had been saved. It is very ironical to me. I totally refute with the strongest terms. The culture or religious norms are meant to protect and not to harm. It is true that customs guides the way member of the society exist with each other. However when it is going to the extent of killing and calling it honor killing-is not honoring the human life. It is against the rights of a person to live. In the modern times, things have changed and modernization as well as globalization has taken the center stage. People must not get rooted in destructive ways of living (Al Jazeera, 2014). In Egypt,there were 775 instances of reported murder in 1988, 49 of the killings, or 16% of them, were to “wipe out disgrace”, a term used to portray, “honor” killings. Notwithstanding the homicides which, in any event according to Muslim families, are defended, numerous fake honor killings happen. These are examples where a man kills another man and cases that the man had relations with one of his female relatives. In this way, he keeps his own particular head, however to the detriment of the unjustifiably charged lady, who has been yielded in the holy place of “family respect”. Sometimes, a relative of a Muslim woman is diminished with the obligation of securing the family respect and the appropriate nation expects this commitment. In some Muslim countries, two exemptions are that there is no charge for affirmation and the snacks sold by merchants are distinctive; however the environment is much the same. The wild cheering of the group is then not for a splendid but for the clean beheading of a human head. The two different occurrences delineate the Muslim mentality (Panniyankara, 2014).
Each time the expression “honor killing” is utilized, we see the homicide of ladies through the eyes of their executioners. By including “honor” to executing, we utilize the dialect of the individuals who legitimize this detestable wrongdoing on the premise of “noteworthy” thought processes. We utilize the dialect of their reasons. We must quit doing this (Appiah, 2014).
Semantic marks matter. The expression “honor murdering” not just cedes an excessive amount of energy to the culprit, yet is hostile to survivors and ladies. Rather, we have to see the wrongdoing through the eyes of those assaulted, in light of the fact that these demonstrations of sexual orientation brutality assault something more than ladies’ bodies, something dubious and valuable: the test by a large number of gutsy young ladies around the globe to harsh patriarchy and stifling social tradition. In this sense, they are an assault on all of us (Dias & Proudman, 2014).
There are different misinterpretations with respect to the act of honor slaughtering. The primary misinterpretation about honor slaughtering is that this is a practice that is constrained to the provincial regions. The reason is that the issues are spread over such a vast geological region, to the point that we can’t detach honor killings to country regions just, however one needs to concede that larger part of the killings occur in the provincial ranges. Be that as it may, it has additionally been seen as of late that even the metropolitan urban areas are not sheltered from this wrongdoing on the grounds that 5 honor killings were accounted for from Delhi and in Tamil Nadu; a girl and child in law were executed because of marriage within the same gotra. So it can be seen unmistakably that respect slaughtering is not confined to rustic territories but rather additionally to urban regions and as effectively called attention to, it has a wide land spread. The second misinterpretation in regards to respect killing is that it has religious roots. Regardless of the possibility that a lady submits infidelity, there must be four male witnesses with great conduct and notoriety to approve the charge. Besides just the State can complete legal disciplines, yet never an individual vigilante. Thus, we can obviously see that there is no religious sponsorship or religious roots for this shocking wrongdoing (Panniyankara, 2014).
What is the possible action to keep such a marvel from happening? Firstly, the attitude of the individuals needs to change. What’s more, when we say that the mindset needs to change, we intend to say that folks ought to acknowledge their youngsters’ wishes seeing marriage as it is they who need to lead an existence with their life accomplices and on the off chance that they are not fulfilled by their life accomplice then they will lead a shocking wedded life which may even end in suicide. Also, we have to have stricter laws to handle these sorts of killings as this is a wrongdoing which can’t be acquitted on the grounds that. People don’t have the privilege to record capital punishments of pure kindred people.
References
Al Jazeera , (2014). How can we stop honour killings? Retrieved from:
HYPERLINK “http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/06/how-can-stop-honour-killings-201461819244152343.html” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/06/how-can-stop-honour-killings-201461819244152343.html
Appiah, K. A. (2014).No Honour in Honour Killing: Recovering Shame as a Moral Force.
Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2014/07/01/4036910.htm” http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2014/07/01/4036910.htm
Dias, D & Proudman, C. (2014). Let’s stop talking about ‘honour killing’. There is no honour in
murder. Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/23/stop-honour-killing-murder-women-oppresive-patriarchy” http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/23/stop-honour-killing-murder-women-oppresive-patriarchy
Muhammad, (2014). Honor Killing. Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.allaboutmuhammad.com/honor
killings.html” http://www.allaboutmuhammad.com/honor
killings.html
Panniyankara, A. (2014). Honor killing in India. Retrieved from:
HYPERLINK “http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/honor-killing-in-india2.html” http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/honor-killing-in-india2.html
Soltani, K. (2013). Honor Killings: How Islam Can Help Prevent Them. Retrieved from:
HYPERLINK “http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/honor-killings-november-2013” http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/honor-killings-november-2013