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Holocaust Annotated Bibliography
Holocaust Annotated Bibliography
Introduction
This work is an annotated bibliography, which will help me write my final paper on holocaust. This bibliography provides credible sources that provide relevant information and evidence of Nazi army and Jewish genocide in the 20th century. The bibliography will critically look into the topic of study to give a clear insight of what genocide was like in the 20th century Nazi Germans against Jews. Each source will be critically evaluated so that a strong argument can be formulated about genocidal conflict.
Bauer, Yehuda A History of the Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts. 398 pp. 1982.
This resource presents a through history of the Holocaust and other related events. It provides pertinent statistical tables on Holocaust which reflect the true episode of 20th century genocidal conflict especially during the period of holocaust. The source also touches on other genocides. The author goes as far as listing the breakdown of country Holocaust, which totals to 5,820,960 murdered Jews (p.335). This work provides real data on genocide cases during the period of holocaust which I will predominantly use in compiling statistics of genocide cases in my final work. Also, I will use this work to compare some other types of genocide highlighted in this source so that I can critically address the topic of study.
Reitlinger, Gerald The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe 1939-1945. London: Valentine, Mitchell, and Co. 668 pp. 1968.
This work has detailed information and provides an excellent treatment to Holocausts. it provides a very good understanding to a non-holocaust scholar and the usefulness of their calculations of the total genocide. In the appendix I, the author provides a country by country statistical summary and an analysis of the genocide. This source postulates that 4,204,400 to 4,575,400 Jews were murdered (p.545). This is the lowest count of the genocide cases by any reputable study. This resource will help me compare the statistics with other statistical data from other sources about the genocide so that concise and precise information can be arrived at. Gerald work will also help me generate a good understanding of holocaust to be able to provide deeper understanding of Nazi army and Jews murders.
Fein, Helen, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust. New York: The Free Press. 468 p. 1979.
Work done by Fein 1979 is a unique social science and statistical attempt to elucidate the holocaust. This work includes multiple regressions to analyze genocide cases. This resource provides valuable information in form of tables highlighting holocaust. Fein work provides that 4,610000 Jews were murdered during the genocide (p.21) without counting the USSR deaths (P.21). This work compares a variety of genocide estimates of the holocaust and provides rationale for the differences. This work concludes that all sources postulate that there is likelihood that true estimates lies between five and six million (p. 23).This work will help me generate true conception of genocide estimates of the holocaust.
Gilbert, Martin The Macmillan Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: Macmillan, 256 pp. 1982.
Gilbert provides an excellent collection of maps showing a variety of aspects concerning the genocide. it includes where the anti-Jewish pogroms and persecutions have occurred, major Jewish communities in Poland, the destruction of Jewish of Croatia Revolts and deportation, death camps, and Bessarabia Jews. Majority of the maps provides statistics of the genocide for instance, one map gives a toll buy each country of slightly over 5,750,000 (pp.244-245). This work will help me identify different places and countries wherever the genocide occurred and where it was intensive. It will also help me develop an understanding of Jewish communities’ populations in Europe countries in the 20th century.
Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Holmes & Meier. 1273 p. 1985.
This is perhaps the mostly quoted work of the genocide historically and statistically. it provides detailed information about the genocide, the killings, and statistical analysis of the killings during holocaust. in the appendix III this work provides statistical data systematically in tables capturing the killing operations by county. This work like others provides that an estimate of about 5,100,000 jaws were murdered. This work will help me develop a literature review of holocaust and use systematic statistical data to compare with other resources so that a more concise estimate of the genocide will be calculated and recorded.
Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War against the Jews 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 460 pp. 1975.
The source gives general analysis and history of the genocide. It provides a brief account for each country of what happened to the Jews and their toll. According to Dawidowicz, about 5, 9333,900 Jews died /murdered during holocaust period. This source is credible in that it provides in-depth information about the genocide, analysis and statistical evidence of the killings. This will be helpful to my paper for it will enable me to critically evaluate the killings by comparing the data
Berenbaum, Michael (Ed.) Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. New York: New York University Press. 244 pp. 1990.
This work is a collection of articles that provide significant information about the genocide that is not recorded in other books. This work provides other unique topics such as Nazi policies in Ukraine, Poland, Belgium, France and U.S.S.R proper. Further it provides the history of the Slavs, the Nazi euthanasia program, forced labor, pacifists and Croatia. This resource is useful to me because it compares several articles implying that the information contains in it is updated and more reliable. It will help me write the literature review of my final paper. Most importantly it will help me understand the genocide better.
Totten, Simpsons, Parsons, White lane., & Charny, I. (Eds.). Century of genocide: Eyewitness accounts and critical views. New York: Garland, 2004.
This work combines historical facts, scholarly analysis and true accounts written by the survivors and witnesses of the genocide. The elements of personal testimonies in this source enable the readers to transcend the shocking effect emanating from the enormity of every genocide. This source is excellent in that it is among the few texts that include information concerning known genocides of lesser such as Indonesian massacre, Iraqi Kurdistan genocide, the soviet created famine in Ukraine, or the genocides of the Herero’s. This work will help me provide credible information about the genocide based on testimonies of the real victims of the genocide. it will also help me highlight types of genocides like lesser and others.
Amery, Johnston. At the mind’s limits: Contemplations by a survivor on Auschwitz and its realities. New York: 1980. Schocken Books
Thus is an excellent resource that is written by the survivor of the Holocaust. The source has topics and sections that provide the reader with intimate glimpse of the effects of torture and sustained trauma on the Jews community. This resource will help me use it in conjunction with other research based source to provide rationale for trauma and effects on health of the victims of the genocide.
Berenbaum, Michael. & Peck, Anderson. (Eds.). The Holocaust and history: The known, the unknown, the disputed, and the reexamined. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press in association with United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1998.
This resource is credible and excellent since it provides a collection of 54 essays written by eminent scholars of the Holocaust. It includes topics written by psychologists and sociologists which details sections on the rescue, Nazi ideology, anti-Semitism, “ordinary men” the genocide camps, the international community, resistance, and survivors. This work provides realism of holocaust and arranges the events in a sequential manner so that the reader is kept on track or is driven to stepwise understanding of the genocide. it will help me with more relevant information about the topic more so, the comparisons from the 54sourses.
Holms test Hypothesis Testing
Holm’s test Hypothesis Testing
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Holm’s test Hypothesis Testing
Holm’s test is a stepwise method, also called a sequential rejection method, because it examines each hypothesis in an ordered sequence, and the decision to accept or reject the null depends on the results of the previous hypothesis tests. The Holm’s test is less conservative than the Bonferroni correction, and is therefore more powerful. The Holm’s test uses a stepwise procedure to examine the ordered set of null hypotheses, beginning with the smallest P value, and continuing until it fails to reject a null hypothesis.
Holm’s test.
Suppose we have k = 3 t-tests.
Assume target alpha(T)= 0.05.
Unadjusted p-values are
p1 = 0.001
p2 = 0.013
p3 = 0.074
For the jth test, calculate alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1)
For test j = 1,
alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1)
= 0.05/(3 – 1 + 1)
= 0.05 / 3
= 0.0167
For test j=1, the observed p1 = 0.001 is less than alpha(j) = 0.0167, so we reject the null hypothesis.
For test j = 2,
alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1)
= 0.05/(3 – 2 + 1)
= 0.05 / 2
= 0.025
For test j=2, the observed p2 = 0.013 is less than alpha(j) = 0.025, so we reject the null hypothesis.
For test j = 3,
alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1)
= 0.05/(3 – 3 + 1)
= 0.05 / 1
= 0.05
For test j=3, the observed p2 = 0.074 is greater than alpha(j) = 0.05, so we do not reject the null hypothesis.
Recall that the Family-wise error rate (FWER) is the probability that we will get at least one false positive result, P(at least one false positive result).
This shows the null hypothesis was accepted and that career path taking in marketing as an IT professional is the best way to the success of business. The H1 hypothesis was rejected in this case.
Holidays of Different Religions
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Holidays of Different Religions
Introduction
Religion is an important aspect of the society because of the fundamental roles that it plays. Recent religious research ascertains that currently, the world comprises of twelve major religions. Before 1800, there were only three world religions that included the Christians, Pagans and Jews. Then, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism emerged in the 1800s. Since then, various other types have emerged although it is widely contended that they derive their fundamental faiths from these original five. Traditions and practices amongst these differ considerably and are influenced by the ethnic background and nationality of the same. Notably, religious holidays play a significant role in these religions. They give respective adherents a chance to reinforce their common beliefs collectively as well as mark specific times that are important to their faith.
These are usually celebrated annually and they comprise of different activities. While some imply a joyous period that is characterized by laughter and celebration, some are more somber and imply a period of reflection and/or mourning. These events characterized the holidays that constitute various day(s) during which the activities and traditions are observed. It is certain that some holidays are specifically meant for particular religions. However, some are common and therefore shared amongst various groups. It is against this background that this paper provides an intrinsic analysis of the holidays of different religions. It is posited that this would enable the reader to understand and appreciate the inherent differences as well similarities between the same.
In his analysis, Roy ascertains that the Muslims have two main religious holidays that comprise of Eid al-Fitr and Eid Al-Adha (44). To begin with, Eid al-Fitr is usually celebrated at the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Usually, this month is characterized by fasting and praying. Eid is an Arabic word that denotes festivity while Fitr implies to break the fast.
Thus literary, this holiday is an indication that the Muslims have officially broken their fasting period. The holiday lasts for three days and usually, the adherents are expected to wake up on the first day and have breakfast that symbolizes that they are no longer fasting. Usually, this is accompanied by a date fruit, after which they are expected to attend a special prayer that is held either in mosques or in open places. This is also characterized by asking for forgiveness from persons they have wronged and helping the needy as an indication of mercy. Usually, they are encouraged to dress on their best clothes and they visit the graveyards, friends, relatives and acquaintances after this special prayer.
Eid Al-Adha on the other hand is also referred to as the greater Eid is a holiday that is cerebrated in remembrance of the willingness that was exhibited by Abraham when he accepted to sacrifice Isaac, his son although God provided him with a ram instead. This was an important symbol of faith as well as obedience to God and Muslims especially in Agrarian communities often sacrifice different animals as an act of observance. Usually, this lasts for a period of three days. However, Rosenberg indicates that in most instances, the period of celebration it is determined by the specific country (39). It is celebrated on an annual basis and specific celebrations begin after the Mecca pilgrimage.
With regard to the holidays of the Hindu religion, it is indicated that this religion has the highest number of the same. In his review, Roy posits that the religion tends to have a religious holiday daily (45). This is due to the fact that currently, more than one thousand holidays have been listed as festivals. Traditionally, it is indicated that the Hindu holidays were entirely influenced by the natural cycle. As such, holidays were celebrated to mark different changes in seasons, to encourage land fertility and to celebrate various harvests. Then, other holidays are associated with certain deities like Ganesh or Shiva. In addition, other holidays were celebrated in remembrance of various events that took place in the lives of the Krishna or Rama. Further, Spicer notes that apart from the national holidays and festivals that the Hindus celebrate collectively, there are numerous more regional celebrations that are upheld to honor different deities (67).
Generally, it is contended that the holidays are geared towards purifying the adherents, averting malicious influences, renewing the society, strengthening the society to overcome challenges and face critical moments with ease, renewing the society and stimulating the vital productive powers of the natural environment. Usually, they are comprised of numerous rituals that range from eating, drinking, love making, feeding the poor, music to processions, prayer, magical actions and worship. Of these numerous holidays, studies cite ten specific ones that are considered to be more important than the rest. These include Diwali, Holi, Rama Navami, Shiva Ratri, Dassera, Navaratri, Kumbh Mela, Ganesha Utsava, Taksabandhana and Krishna Jayanti (Anonymous 1).
The Jewish religion also has a significant number of religious holidays that are celebrated for various purposes. Spicer notes that in some cases, these tend to coincide with the national holidays (67). Traditionally, these holidays were entirely base on the various seasons of the year that are defined by the Agricultural cycle. In this respect, it is contended that there are two cycles of the Jewish religious holidays. These begin with Rosh Hashanah that constitutes the New Year. This is then followed by the day of the atonement and finally the holiday of the booths. They usually take place for several days and in some instances, the government offices remain closed and adherents are allowed to go on vocation.
The following holiday period occurs in spring and is characterized by the Passover and the day of the independence. This usually coincides with the months of April, May and June. During this time, Roy indicates that most of the businesses tend to remain closed and the individuals are allowed to go on vocations (49). The most important holidays in Jewish religion according to studies include Day of Atonement that is characterized by consistent repentance and the festival of lights that is a representation of religious freedom. This usually lasts for a period of eight months and traditionally, participants wear disguises. Further, the Sabbath is also considered very vital and it on Friday afternoon and ends on Saturday evening. Spicer posits that it is usually considered very holy and as such perceived a national holiday too (72).
The Buddhists have also been cited to have numerous religious holidays and relative festivals. In his review, Roy indicates that these are celebrated throughout the year and mainly seem to remember vital events that occurred in the life of various Bodhissattvas or Buddha (57). These holidays are mainly joyful occasions that entail various events. Essentially, on such holidays, adherents begin their day by visiting the temples in which they distribute vital items including food to the monks. In addition, they listen to the Dharma talk. In the afternoon, they usually give food and other important item to the poor within their society, circumambulate as a sign of honoring the Three Jewels, and engage in meditation and chanting.
The first important holiday is called the New Year whose time of celebration varies from country to country but it takes a period of three days. Vessak, which implies Buddha’s birthday, is also an important holiday in Buddhism that is celebrated in May. Further, the Dhamma day implies the day that Buddha made the very first sermon that was delivered at Sarnath Deer Park. The Uposatha that is also referred to as the observance day constitutes four historical days within every month that are mainly observed by Theravada Countries. Then, Rosenberg cites that Kathina ceremony that is marked by the laity offering new robes and numerous other necessities to various monks and nuns (88). This usually happens at the end of a rains retreat season that lasts for a period of three months. Other important holidays and festivals include the floating Bows festival, the elephant festival, the ancestor day that is also called Ulambana and the tooth festival.
Finally, the Christians also have a host of holidays and relative festivals that play a vital role in their worship. Numerous studies of whom Spicer is represented contend that these are characterized by various feasts that commemorate different events in the life of Jesus Christ (78). Thus while some celebrate joyous events like the birth of Christ, others celebrate somber events the entail the death and resurrection of the same. Usually, these provide the Christians with a chance to lay particular focus of their personal discipline, self reflection as well as repentance. At his juncture, Rosenberg appreciates the fact that holidays have often played a critical role in Christianity since historical times (81). The oldest holiday according to this is Easter.
The Christian calendar begins with advent that is celebrated towards Christmas and entails the preparation of the birth of Christ. Christmas festival that is celebrated across the globe and coincides with the end of the year celebrations marks the birth of Jesus Christ who is a central figure in Christian faith. This is then followed by the period of lent whose beginning is marked by Ash Wednesday. According to Roy, Ash Wednesday is characterized by placing of ashes on the foreheads of the adherents (62). The lent period is leads to Easter and entails intensive praying as well as fasting. Before eater, there are other festivals that are celebrated. These include the Mardi Gras that gives the Christians and opportunity to enjoy a feast prior to lent. In addition, there is the Palm Sunday that comes on the last Sunday of the lent season. This is marked in commemoration of the triumphant entry of Jesus in Jerusalem. The lent period takes a total of forty days.
Easter is considered the oldest holiday in Christianity and basically, Christians celebrate the death and resurrection of Christ. It begins on Thursday and goes on till Monday evening. It is considered the most important event in Christian faith because it defines the purpose of their faith. As such, it is posited that this is held in very high regard. After these, there are numerous other feasts and festivals that are celebrated by the church. These include the epiphany that constitutes the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles, the Pentecost that entails the descending of the Holy Spirit to Christ’s apostles, the ascension of Christ in heaven and various other feasts of saints.
At this juncture, it is worth noting that there are numerous factions of Christianity that have different practices. Although the above feasts, festivals and holidays constitute the most fundamental ones, most of the feasts and festivals are not upheld by the various factions. Notably, the catholic church that it also the oldest of all other factions is the only one that upholds all these (Roy 69). Nevertheless, the major holidays such as Christmas and Easter are celebrated by al factions of the same.
Conclusion
At this point, it can be ascertained that religious holidays across various religions are wide and varied. According to this study, these are central in worship and are upheld by the adherents of different religions. It is also certain that different religions celebrate different festivals that are in line with their religious practices. Furthermore, these practices are also considered unique to the particular religion. Thus while there are number of similarities amongst a few religions, most of them differ considerably. It is in this regard therefore, that this paper concludes by appreciating that there are differences in the existing religions that largely define the nature of worship assumed by the specific religions.
Works Cited
Anonymous. Religious Facts. Retrieved, 3rd March, 2010, from: http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm
Christian, Roy. Religious Festivals: An Encyclopedia. USA: ABC-CLIO, 2005.
Dorothy, Spicer. Understanding Religion. USA: Omnigraphics, 2000.
Neil, Rosenberg. Blue Grass: A history. Illinois: University Press, 2005.