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Impact of Economic factors on economic growth in New Zealand and Australia. (2)
Impact of Economic factors on economic growth in New Zealand and Australia.
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Introduction
Economic growth is the process of increasing national income, primarily through macroeconomic indicators such as the Gross domestic product through per capita income. According to the modern economic growth theory, the factors that affect economic growth are geographical factors, political factors, and cultural factors. The three elements are challenging to change, so most of them study economic factors. It is necessary to control the impact of the differences in geographical factors, political factors, and cultural factors on the economy, to analyze the influence of economic factors on the economy. In the report, the macroeconomic indicators of New Zealand will be analyzed. The reason for the choice of the country for analysis is because of the similar geographic location, political and cultural factors of Australia and New Zealand. Therefore, a comparison of the two countries will provide an analysis of the impact of economic factors on economic growth.
Empirical Analysis
Australia’s and New Zealand measure their economic Growth through GDP, which is the market value of final goods in an economy over some time. The gross domestic product changes due to the influences that develop in the economy. The international monetary fund bases GDP on the per capita income level and export diversification and the degree of integration into the global financial system. According to the national bank, countries’ gross income determines the growth structure of a nation. The level of the revenue leads to the bank classifies countries into low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income levels. Infrastructure also contributes to income. For example, Australia’s infrastructure is considered a critical factor for economic growth and development (Baker, 2015). Strategic infrastructure such as airports is essential in increasing GDP due to its feature of connecting countries. In the two countries, trade is among the main activities affecting national income. Also, financial flows play an essential role in enhancing economic growth.
According to data from the world bank, the gross domestic product for the last 20 years has been fluctuating over time. In comparison to the two countries, consideration will be made on a substantial money percentage in GDP, Foreign development investment net outflows, GDP per capita growth, and GDP growth. The comparison is shown in the graphs below:
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The figures for broad money show the measure of cash in circulation in an economy. For New Zealand, some years did not record the amount of money hence decreasing to zero and rising again.
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Cointegration and error correction methods, which use the balance of forces to produce long-term levels in the variables. This relationship is caused by other factors that influence the gross domestic product and also the national economic growth. Through the methods, the relationship between the gross domestic product and the factors influencing the increase and decrease of the revenue can be determined. The causal relationship is essential to identifying the influencers of economic growth. In Australia, tourism, airports, and air transport contribute a lot to the level of gross domestic product attained by a nation (Baker, 2015). Airports provide directly through the creation of employment and chain of suppliers. The income and employment generated by the airport act as a driver of productivity growth and encourages new investments.
Such infrastructures enhance trade, both internal and external. These activities lead to foreign direct investments, which also contribute to the increase in the gross immediate product in a nation. This occurs in both New Zealand and Australia. Financial development and trade in exports and imports in Australia have a high contribution to the revenues of the country hence increased economic Growth (Rahman et al., 2015). The trades lead to foreign direct investments, which is an income to the country. The comparison of the foreign direct investment of the two countries is represented in the graphs below:
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The economic growth of Australia and New Zealand represented by their gross domestic product have shown a reduction in the local product within the last year. However, the flow of the income of the two countries has almost the same stream of revenue. The disparity is very low. In the growth of broad money, Australia is showing a higher amount of money in circulation. This indicates that the economic activities in the country are more compared to New Zealand. Australia identifies the causality of economic growth to energy consumption (Rahman & Mamun, 2016). Energy consumption tends to contribute more to the Gross product of the country since it is one of the main activities in the country. In research to find the correlation between education and economic Growth (Khan & Bashar, 2015). In New Zealand, the causal relationship for education to economic growth is negative. Therefore, gross domestic product is influenced by investment trade.
The contribution of foreign direct investment contributes directly to economic growth. Also, a positive relationship is reported between financial savings and economic growth. This relationship is because increased savings stimulate economic growth through an increase in investment (Li, 2019). The increased investment is also contributing to the growth of the economy. Natural resource-abundant economies attract investors who contribute to the per capita income in both countries. More investments raise economic growth due to increased revenues in the country (Anderson, 2017). The data gathered show that there are fewer investments in the states; hence the GDP is not rising at higher rates. Also, the manufacturing industries and foreign trade that involve exports and imports are high-income activities that enhance high contributions to the gross domestic product of a country.
Conclusion
Economic growth is increased by the amount of income received by a country. The causal factors that influence economic growth are such as gross economic growth, investments, per capita income, and exports and imports. Australia and New Zealand’s economic growth is reliant on the commercial activities of the country, such as investments. The GDP of the two countries is almost the same due to the political, cultural, and geographical factors that are similar. Therefore, if investments in the countries fail to increase, the revenues of the country reduce, which affects economic growth. Also, to improve future incomes, other economic activities such as employment opportunities need to be created to increase per capita revenue hence leading to a rise in economic growth.
References
Park, J. (2013). Korea and Australia in the New Asian Century. International Journal of Korean Unification Studies, 22(1), 139–158.
Baker, D., Merkert, R., & Kamruzzaman. (2015). Regional aviation and economic growth : cointegration and causality analysis in Australia. Journal of Transport Geography, 43, 140–150.
Rahman, M. M., & Mamun, S. A. K. (2016). Energy use, international trade and economic growth nexus in Australia: New evidence from an extended growth model. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 806–816.
Rahman, M. M., Shahbaz, M., & Farooq, A. (2015). Financial Development, International Trade, and Economic Growth in Australia: New Evidence From Multivariate Framework Analysis. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 16(1), 21–43.
Anderson, K. (2017). Sectoral Trends and Shocks in Australia’s Economic Growth. Australian Economic History Review, 57(1), 2–21.
Sheng, Y., Drysdale, P., & Chen, C. (2017). ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON AUSTRALIA–CHINA BILATERAL TRADE: A PROJECTION FOR 2025 BASED ON THE CGE ANALYSIS. The Singapore Economic Review, 64(4), 1745005.
Li, C. (2019). Analysis of domestic saving and economic growth in Australia and Korea. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, 1(4).
Khan, H., & Bashar, O. K. M. R. (2015). Social expenditure and economic growth: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand using cointegration and causality tests. Journal of Developing Areas, 49(4), 285–300.
Impact of Domestic Violence on Women and Children
Impact of Domestic Violence on Women and Children
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Impact of Domestic Violence on Women and Children
Introduction
Studies have shown that increasing economic pressure across the word is having huge repercussions on family stability and peace. The increased violence is having a huge impact on the women who are the key victims in the issue where they suffer silently risking their lives. Male dominance has been a stereotype idea that has been held for generations and this even pours in the family unit. Most men feel that they have no obligations or do not owe anyone explanation in the family and thus are always at the top and unanswerable to no one. This kind of societal issue has even drifted to create a sense of fear where the women and children always feel victims of the male dominance. The issue has even affected family stability and led to breakups and separation in the extreme cases. To address the issue, a proposed avenue of integrated family module where the men are encouraged to own up to their mistakes and treat the other members as equal partners is starting to show good results. However, there are still issues of domestic violence that go unnoticed with the women and children suffering in silence for decades. The consequence of this issue is the fear and stigma that is instilled on the victims that leads to both physical and psychological suffering. The effect of gender-based violence at homes has been a major issue that has ravaged many homes. The effect of this kind of vice is mainly felt by the children who suffer the ultimate result that often end up ion family breakup. Women have for long lived in fear of men and often suffer in silence in the hands of their abusive husbands.
Existing Literature
Studies have shown that 3 out of 10 women face one form of domestic violence or another from their husbands. The same study underlines that 40% of the women who undergo domestic violence never report the matter and thus for decades remain under the threat of physical abuse (Zabihzadeh et al., 2015). At a larger perspective, the study shows that children who are raised up in abusive homes end up suffering from psychological problems in the future. In line with the study findings, it was clear that 90% of unemployed women who rely on their husbands to provide for the family undergo either mild or extreme physical abuse in their lifetime (Kelmendi, 2015). There is thus a great correlation between the financial stability of a family and even for the woman and the domestic violence issue.
Alesina (2016) did a study on the causes and extent to which domestic violence against women remains an issue in modern society. The study focused on what and how the myths and cultural beliefs have continued to male dominance that is one of the causes of domestic violence. The study found that through societal norms and beliefs women have been regarded as the inferior gender that makes them vulnerable to male dominance and violence (Alesina, Brioschi & La Ferrara, 2016).
Kelmendi (2015) did a study on the relationship between low income and economic pressure and its impact on family stability. The study found that most of the low-income families have constant conflicts and thus affects the women and children in a great way. Further, the study found that low income families often face tough livelihood and this is one of the causes for rising domestic violence cases (Kelmendi, 2015).
Dutton 2015) did a study on the reason for the rising cases of domestic violence against women that has intensified over the past ten years. His study found that domestic violence mainly affects women and children who are the key victims in this issue. The findings were also supported by the fact that men who often abuse their women tend to adopt a mythical into that they are the head and have the right to discipline their wives (Dutton et al., 2015). This trend has been a key cause of the rising domestic violence that has torn families apart.
Research Question
What is the effect of domestic viol cede against women on the development and stability of the family and the children?
Study Rationale
This study covers a very important gender-based issue that affects millions across the world. By conducting this research, important insights will be found on the topic of gender bade violence and thus show how the issue has evolved and its impacts in the society. The study also bases its findings on real issues where the data collected will help shed light on the matter and thus offer a deeper understanding of how the problem affects the society. The study findings will help lay the foundation for solution finding and this help address the future in the future.
Hypothesis
HP1: 1Domestic violence is a societal issue that affects women and children more than men
HP2: The rising cases of domestic violence are related to the tough economic times and the financial strains among many families.
Study Design
The participants will be gathered from all sets pf demographics that will look at age, gender, location, and ethnicity. To be precise, the study will look at the demographic balance in the study population to ensure that the results are balanced and unbiased. In terms of gender, the study will focus on the women and thus there will be a 705 female and 30% male participants. In terms of age, the sturdy will gather data from a wide range where the age will be 15-35 years. In terms of location, the study will focus on one region where members of the public will be asked to participate in the data collection process.
Ethical considerations
The study will be carried out by observing the right ethics in a study. One of the main ethical considerations is the permission to collet the data. The study will only gather data only with formal permission to use the study findings. The data gathered will also be treated as private until the permission to publish is granted. This will ensure that the source of the information is upheld with integrity and not exposed to false manipulation or alteration without the owner’s permission. The participants will be requested to volunteer without being coursed to provide her needed information. The other ethical consideration is to formally inform the participants on the reason for study and ask then to volunteer to provide the information. The researcher will also seek formal permission before administering the questionnaires to ensure that there is transparency.
Study method
The study will use questionnaires to gather data that is a viable method to gather accurate data. The use of questionnaires is because it is easy to conduct and thus will save on time and resources. The other benefit of using questionnaires is because they are ways to prepare and administer and thus will simplify the data collection process. The researcher will prepare the research questions revolving a around the topic chose and structured to cover the hypothesis to be tested. There will be both open and close ended questions so as to maximize on the responses.
Scientific and cultural value of the study
This study focuses on various scopes and sensitive matters that affect the society and thus worth the evaluation. The cultural value of this study is that it will offer insights to an issue of demotic violence that is currently affecting many in the society (García-Moreno et al., 2015). The other value of the study is that it looks into an issue that need urgent attention and this will help in solution finding for this issue.
References
Alesina, A., Brioschi, B., & La Ferrara, E. (2016). Violence against women: a cross‐cultural analysis for Africa. Economica.
Dutton, M. A., James, L., Langhorne, A., & Kelley, M. (2015). Coordinated public health initiatives to address violence against women and adolescents. Journal of Women’s Health, 24(1), 80-85.
García-Moreno, C., Zimmerman, C., Morris-Gehring, A., Heise, L., Amin, A., Abrahams, N., … & Watts, C. (2015). Addressing violence against women: a call to action. The Lancet, 385(9978), 1685-1695.
Kelmendi, K. (2015). Domestic violence against women in Kosovo: A qualitative study of women’s experiences. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(4), 680-702.
Zabihzadeh, S., Hashim, R. S., & Wei, G. C. C. C. (2015). Domestic violence against women in Atiq Rahimi’s the patience stone. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 15(3).
Feminist critiques
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In this paper, I aim to focus on Feminist critiques that Gatsby has been popular since the 1970s. It is a critique of an ideological narrative about the novel. The emphasis on the way women are portrayed inside literature is essential. It is told in Fitzgerald’s works inside the book. Feminist critiques are amongst numerous notions that the author of Gatsby reflects. In addition, the feminist notion works together with the old brand of the male as the influencing plus commanding focus. It is believed to signify humankind because of the portrayal that females were conquered by the male who blocked them from noticing their capabilities. The book is edifying in a way that it represents females, as the general narration is improved and permits the person who reads it to exalt it for its value literary via feminist criticism. Consequently, inside “The Great Gatsby,” feminist criticism majors on the overall notion of feminine experience, the dissimilarities amongst men plus women, and the associations amongst both sexes.
The author focused on the subject with the early years of twentieth-century consciousness concerning the females’ experience. Furthermore, females in “The Great Gatsby,” particularly Daisy, were viewed as a gorgeous characters who were not only seen as objects by males but were perceived for the abilities they had. The notion was indicated the moment Daisy got a baby and learned that the baby was a girl; she wept and whispered, ‘”All right, I am glad it is a girl. And I hope she will be a fool that is the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool”‘ (Fitzgerald 17). The statement uttered by Daisy discloses many things about her character. In the reading, it can be seen that Daisy was alone, though not a fool, because, at that time, the social surroundings did not give gratitude to the women’s mental power.
On the contrary, the remark might be seen to be an ironic one since though she is signifying what she held in her time and the social values, Daisy does not challenge them. For this reason, she represents those standards as hers because she considers that women might only survive and have fun on earth if they were only good-looking fools. Moreover, within this interesting story, she is portrayed to be one of the “American ideal ladies,” which is displayed when Gatsby mentioned that, ‘”Her voice is full of money” ‘(Fitzgerald, 120). Daisy’s voice description signifies her persona. Externally, she appears to be glamorous and alluring, but she is disloyal and shallow inwards. Despite that, she sounds like the success sound, which is “golden” that establishes her to be charming to males.
Fitzgerald displays the dissimilarity amongst both women and men by offering readers insight into the males who conquer through the feminine delusion formed by the community and the way they undermine them. This notion is reinforced the moment Daisy and Gatsby were talking. “He began to talk excitedly to Daisy, denying everything, defending his name against accusations that had not been made. But with every word she was drawing further and further into herself” (Fitzgerald, 134). The existence of Gatsby appears to be founded within the notion of getting approved and validated of his deeds all through his association with Daisy. The feminist may assume Gatsby is attempting to harass her because he is trying to overpower and control Daisy by keeping her from exiting while trying to evade him. Moreover, there appears to be an emphasis on persons who also interrupt the social values put by the society. In explanation, the writer of the narration mirrors the association between Myrtle, Daisy, and Tom. Myrtle is abused by Tom while controlling the overwhelming Daisy. With a focus on what occurred, “Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchannan broke her nose with his open hand” (Fitzgerald 37).
One problem that occurred was that the action was done before onlookers displaying that it is a communal value within a system that is jumbled up formed by the community to make the man dictate on women. Fitzgerald utilizes his critique by displaying that it might have seemed out of control if she was abused physically before individuals back then. It is seen that Tom uses his economic and physical control over Daisy and Myrtle to suppress them. It shows that the women in this book possess no authority, even if they attempted to acquire it. Additionally, Fitzgerald displays a great focus on the association between women and men. Keeping that in mind, one needs to reflect on one of the main story characters, Carraway Nick. Things that he does puts him forward on an unfair opinion on the association among men and women and the command chain concerning relationships. This recounts the way Tom had a concubine, and Daisy knew it, although they did not take any action to fix the issue. Nick, who is the storyteller, was surprised and sickened by this because he assumed that Daisy was to depart with her baby daughter and belongings; however, Daisy did not move.
Nick appears to be incapable of associating with Jordan on the same level concerning how she understands ethics and morals in easiness. It is particularly concerning the lady participating in golf and how she “cheated,” without imagining that he also reasoned in that direction. In conclusion, the writer’s general representation of men and women around the 1920s is unappealing and calloused. The community was created on men demoralizing women as well as humiliating them. Furthermore, it was hard for women to survive during that time because they needed to behave just like gorgeous fools and to permit men to differentiate their capacities. The relationships were untrue and founded on dishonesty and masks on each other. The book aimed at a matter that displayed the way women were all put under the tag of “beautiful fools.” The men did not empower them regardless of them having capabilities that were far superior to one of the men in the community.
Work Cited
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925.