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Forms of Renewable Energy
Forms of Renewable Energy
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Abstract
Energy is a critical component in human existence. People derive energy from varied sources through burning of fossil fuels-coal as well as use of utilization of radioactive elements. The former is widely employed in a number of nations globally and is almost the dominant form of energy. It is easily accessible with no complex use of technologies in harnessing. However, it is a high degree of pollution. It releases a high percentage of unwanted gases to the atmosphere hence contributing to global warming. Furthermore, there is only a small percentage of useful energy extracted from them. It is established that not more than fifty percent of energy get utilized properly. The later despite its high efficiency, it is prone to leakage of radioactive substance to the atmosphere. As a result, greener forms of energy prove to be the only answer to the problems encountered. The paper looks at the five forms of energy that when employed will provide plenty of energy with no harm to the environment.
1.0 Solar
Sun is in plenty and the planet gets enough exposure except in the northern and southern regions where sun exposure is only in hours or not at all. Scientists describe the sun as a star that react through fusion and has been burning for many years. Additionally, a day exposure of this form of energy is enough to supply the present population for a period of twenty seven years. The radiation heating the planet in three days can be equated to the fossil fuels present in the planet. It implies that the sun has enough and adequate energy (Cothran, & Helen, 2002).
The procedure of harnessing the sun is a new idea not fully exploited. Clarence Kemp acquired a US patent for novel invention in 1891 for creation of the thermal solar collector. Its utilization was in the cooking food as well as heating water. In 1839, the use of photo voltaic effect got unveiled by Edmund Becquerrel. Since then, many improvements on the technology went on growing.The evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture, solar photovoltaic, and artificial photosynthesis gets employed in harnessing this form of energy. They get categorized as passive as well as active technologies. Active form of harnessing is widely employed where solar panels get utilized so as to harness thermal power and convert it to the need form for use (Glassley, & William, 2010).
The International Energy Agency in 2011 asserted that the growth of inexpensive, vast and spotless solar-energy technologies is going to have big longer-term advantages. It is going to augment nations’ energy safety via dependence on a native, in-exhaustible and typically import-independent resource, increase sustainability, lessen pollution, decrease the price of mitigating climate change, and hold fossil fuel charges down. These benefits are comprehensive and encompass clean pollution free, high efficiency, reliable, and abundant. Therefore the extra costs of the encouragements for placement have to be taken into account and advocacy on the adoption of this type of energy is mandatory as it is in plenty especially in arid and semi-arid areas where it does not allow any viable activity undertaken (Cothran, & Helen, 2002).
2.0 Wind energy
Wind is a wave that carries with it enormous amount of energy and its discovery started long time with the use of wind mills to drive windmills. A windmill derives energy from wind and gets employed for pumping water, grinding serials etc. Wind in major places comes as a catastrophe causing havoc to the environment. Tapping it can be an alternative way of harnessing its potential. The technology employed heavy plates but technology revolutionized everything until now when lighter plates are possible. Beside the uses stated above, electricity is as well generated from wind turbines. It is possible through letting the plates rotate a turbine that in return generate electricity. The turbines act like propellers that propel a shaft of a turbine which in turn generate electricity (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).
Currently, there are numerous turbine globally with a capacity estimated as 282,482 MW of electricity as at the end of the year 2012. The figure quadrupled since 2000 and 2006 implying that it adoption is spreading and people are embracing wind as alternate source of energy. By 2013, the nameplate capacity was 318 GW in approximation. Decentralization of electricity is the major concern for every nation. Due to its fastest growing familiarity of the use of wind as an alternative source of energy, the dramatic step calls for major developments. Europe and North America are some of the countries setting the pace for wind energy adoption. There has been increase in capacity and the estimation is 1000 MW in a global scale. According to the America Energy association, it amount to sixteen billion kilowatt hours of electricity. It is the energy that can supply five cities like Miami. In the US, wind energy supply roughly 20% of electricity to the main grid in the national level (Glassley, & William, 2010).
The reduction on the reliance of oil is essential the health of all human beings as well as the ecosystem. Wind energy is a viable option that can ameliorate the predicament. Studies indicate that the three billion in kilowatts produced in America yearly is enough to displace approximately 6.4 million of oils in terms of barrels. It eliminates an estimated amount of 1.67 tons of the carbon emission comprising of nitrogen oxide as well as sulfur known for causing acid rain and smog. Therefore, as a large number of people adopt wind energy, carbon emission gets drastically reduced. The figures is a sure way that global warming can get eradicated completely if people go for alternative sources of energy making the planet a good place for the present as well as future generation (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).
3.0 Hydropower
Water that is not stationary presents a strong entity responsible for creating electricity for cities as well as big cities. The early invention began in Greece where water wheel s gets employed as a way of rotating a wheel. The mechanism converted the kinetic energy into potential energy. The resultant energy gets utilized in grinding serials as well as pumping water. It later went as far as utilizing in power machines for cutting timber in factories. In 1879, the first water powered electric plant was in Niagara-falls. Water falling down from a fall gets directed to turn a turbine linking a generator. Water can get tapped in waterfalls or in man-made waterfalls-dams. When water gets collected in a reservoir it has the potential of producing huge amount of electricity. The principal behind the working is that a generator has permanent magnets. When a rotating magnetic field is under a stationary core, electricity gets induced. It is the induced electro-motive force that electricity gets generated. Once realized, it passes through transmission lines to the customer. Stepping up and stepping down is a way of making generated electricity reach to the end user sufficiently (Smith et al, 2008).
Hydropower is cheap, clean, reliable, and convenient. It is cheap in the sense that it does not involve a lot of complex methods in generation hence the cost present to the client per consumed power is affordable. In terms of cleanliness, it does not produce any carbon to the environment, and as long as water is enough, it always available. The convenience comes with regulation of generation. The amount of power gets generated depending on the number of customers subscribed on the line. As a result of the benefits accrued, the form of energy occupies approximately 97% of all the alternative renewable sources of energy. It implies that its adoption and utilization is widespread turning out to be a leading renewable source of energy. The utilization of this form of energy eliminates the burning of approximately 120 million of coal as well as 22 billion of oil. Conversely, the major drawback is that the construction of a dam calls for a high place. Topography is a challenge. Also, it requires displacement of the population so as to have enough ground for dam construction. In case of flooding, people living around the dam have to relocate to safe sites. Despite the challenges experienced, hydropower is still the most favored form of greener energy globally (Ravindranath, & Hall, 1995).
4.0 Biomass
Biomass in biological terms refers to organic material containing stored energy via photosynthesis process. The forms that exist are in pants and can undergo various chains in the bodies of animals together with their wastes. It can undergo conversion for use in daily processes as combustion liberating carbon dioxide in living matter. The biomass fuels utilized presently are in form of dried vegetation, wood, aquatic plants, and even crop remains. Over the last decade the use of biomass has come to be the dominant form of energy employed in many homes. The form of energy is in plenty and a number of people are ignorant of its presents not realizing its affordability, cleanliness, efficiency, and cheap in terms of cost of setting up as well as operation. The compounds of photosynthesis in plants are in mass amounts. People dispose the residues of plants and animals with on knowledge that its transformation can generate vast amount of clean energy (Smith et al, 2008).
Even though the definition of sustainable generation of electricity proves to be a difficult task, biomass definition can broadly span through to forest timber, solid waste from municipal, and landfill among many. For it to be green environmental form of energy, biomass must get burned without emission of pollution gases. There is need for caution in the process of burning methane gas produced by landfills. It is due to the fact that methane if not harnessed well is not environmentally friendly gas (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).
The use of biomass causes drastic reduction in the use of fossil fuels by a greater percentage. Despite the disruptive nature of vegetation in quest for biomass, caution has to be put into consideration not to destroy nature for biomass. Residues must only come from wasted by-products. There is need to apply technological means so as to harness this form of energy. The new methods are going to permit energy tapping that is not polluting the environment, efficient, and very economical in the current financial turmoil (Kreis, & Steven, 2001).
5.0 Geothermal
Geologist assert that the internal core of the earth contain immense heat. When the earth encounters some tectonic movement, the intense heat will find escape roots and come out as jets of steam. It is the steam that can get exploited as a form of energy. Along the rift valley and areas where Fold Mountains occurred experiences steam release inform of jets such as the lake Bogoria, and Olkaria in Kenya. The Kenyan government is now investing heavily (Ravindranath, & Hall, 1995).
The occurrence of geothermal can be in two forms. First is that the intense heat as a result of molten magma near the surface can heat water in that level forcing jets of steam to be produced such as geysers. Secondly is that there can be a natural occurrence of water that can be easily tapped for generation of energy. Once the steam is tapped, it gets channel to run turbines that in turn move turbines just as in hydropower (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).
The geothermal power is very clean, cheap, efficient, and reliable. However, it is prone to decline. For instance, the geothermal facility at North California that was the first to geothermal plant established in 1905s, but it decline in 1980. It is proves that there is a time when the heating of the magma will reduce. Therefore the form of energy cannot be sustainable in the long run. It depends on the geographical location and the processes taking place in the earth’s crust. Irrespective of the disadvantage, it is still a viable source of energy needing a lot of exploitation (Cothran, & Helen, 2002).
Conclusion
The global warming attributed to the release of carbon constituents to the ozone layer can get eliminated and the earth rescued from the predicament. One of the promising methods is to adopt alternative renewable sources of energy that are sustainable in the long term. The five forms of renewable sources of power enumerated are the options that nations of the world must advocate for through policy aligning and support. Hydropower and solar energy are the most viable forms of energy with a lot of benefits with fewer disadvantages followed by wind energy, geothermal and lastly biomass form of energy. The ranking depend on the most adopted with minimal challenges.
References
Cothran, Helen (2002), Energy Alternatives, Greenhaven Press
Fthenakis, V.; Kim, H. C. (2009). “Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle
analysis”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (6–7): 1465.
Glassley, William E. (2010). Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, CRC
Press
Smith, Zachary Alden; Taylor, Katrina D. (2008). Renewable And Alternative Energy Resources:
A Reference Handbook
Ravindranath, N. H., & Hall, D. O. (1995). Biomass, energy and environment: a developing
country perspective from India. Oxford University Press.
Kreis, Steven (2001). “The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England”. The history guide.
Retrieved 19 June 2010
Forms of Learning Assessment
Forms of Learning Assessment
Name
Affiliation
Introduction
Essays are typically utilized as an assessment tool of two general situations (Angelo & Cross, 2013). This first is in branches of knowledge like social studies, arithmetic, science or history to assess how well “students can clarify, convey, hope to measure up, difference, break down, integrate, assess, and generally express their reasoning around a few parts of the subject” (pp. 184-5). The second is to assess students in their capacity to write in Standard English with suitable use of language and to compose for different purposes including composition, influence and correspondence. There are two essential varieties of article things: confined reaction and developed reaction. Confined reaction things limit what the student is permitted to reply in both substance and structure. Though amplified reaction things give students the opportunity to express their own thoughts and sort out those thoughts in their own particular manner (Angelo & Cross, 2013). To help take out subjectivity in the assessment of article things, planners generally create agendas, rating scales, model answers or utilize numerous graders to assess the exam (Bailey & Brown, 2009).
Almost every student has endured the experience of investing hours get ready for a major assessment, just to find that the material that he or she had concentrated on was unique in relation to what the teacher decided to underscore on the appraisal. This experience shows students two un-lucky lessons. To begin with, students understand that diligent work and exertion don’t pay off in school in light of the fact that the time and exertion that they spent mulling over had almost no impact on the outcomes. What’s more, second, they discover that they can’t believe their educators (Bailey & Brown, 2009). These are barely the lessons that capable educators need their students to learn. Regardless, this experience is basic in light of the fact that numerous educators still erroneously accept that they must keep their Assessment mystery. Thus, students come to view appraisals as speculating amusements, particularly from the center Assessment on. They see accomplishment as relying upon how well they can think about what their educators will ask on tests, tests, and different appraisals. A few educators even take pride in their capacity to out-conjecture students. They make inquiries about secluded ideas or dark understandings just to see whether students are perusing painstakingly. By and large, these teachers do exclude such “gotcha” addresses malevolently, but instead frequently unknowingly on the grounds that such inquiries were asked of them when they were students
Assessment that serve as important wellsprings of data don’t shock students. Rather, these Assessment mirror the ideas and aptitudes that the educator accentuated in class, alongside the teacher’s reasonable criteria for judging students’ execution. These ideas, aptitudes, and criteria adjust to the teacher’s instructional exercises and, in a perfect world, with state or region measures. Students see these Assessment as reasonable measures of vital learning objectives. Teachers encourage adapting by giving students essential input on their learning advancement and by helping them recognize learning issues (Gardner, & Gardner, J 2012Faultfinders here and there fight that this methodology signifies “educating to the test.” But the critical issue is, what decides the substance and routines for instructing? If the test is the essential determinant of what educators instruct and how they show it, then we are undoubtedly “educating to the test.” But in the event that craved learning objectives are the establishment of students’ instructional encounters, then Assessment of student learning are just expansions of those same objectives. As opposed to “educating to the test,” educators are all the more precisely “testing what they educate.” If an idea or ability is sufficiently imperative to evaluate, then it ought to be sufficiently vital to instruct. What’s more, if it is not sufficiently imperative to educate, then there’s little legitimization for evaluating it.
The best classroom assessment additionally serve as important wellsprings of data for educators, helping them recognize what they taught well and what they have to take a shot at. Gathering this crucial data does not oblige a modern factual investigation of assessment results. Teachers require just make a basic count of what number of students missed every assessment thing or neglected to meet a particular measure (Hedge, 2011). State appraisals now and again give comparative thing by-thing data, yet worries about thing security and the expense of growing new things every year for the most part make assessment designers hesitant to offer such point by point data. When teachers have made particular counts, they can give careful consideration to the inconvenience spots—those things or criteria missed by expansive quantities of students in the class. In investigating these outcomes, the teacher should first consider the nature of the thing or model. Maybe the inquiry is questionably worded or the paradigm is blurred. Maybe students mis-translated the inquiry. Whatever the case, educators must figure out if these things satisfactorily address the learning, comprehension, or aptitude that they were planned to gauge. In the event that teachers discover no undeniable issues with the thing or model, then they must turn their consideration regarding their instructing (Hedge, 2011). At the point when the same number of as a large portion of the students in a class answer a reasonable question erroneously or neglect to meet a specific rule, it’s not a student learning issue it’s an instructing issue. Whatever showing method was utilized, whatever illustrations were utilized, or whatever clarification was offered, it basically didn’t work.
Conclusion
Analyzing assessment brings about thusly means putting aside some intense sense of self issues. Numerous educators might at first say, “I taught them. They simply didn’t learn it!” But on reflection, most perceive that their adequacy is not characterized on the premise of what they do as teachers but instead on what their students have the capacity to do. Could viable showing occur without learning? Absolutely not. Some contend that such a viewpoint puts an excess of obligation on educators and insufficient on students. Once in a while, teachers react, “Don’t students have obligations in this procedure? Shouldn’t students show activity and individual responsibility?” Indeed, educators and students offer obligation regarding learning. Indeed, even with valiant showing endeavors, we can’t promise that all students will learn everything incredibly. Just infrequently do teachers discover things or appraisal criteria that each student answers accurately? A couple of students are never eager to advance the essential exertion, however these students have a tendency to be the special case, not the standard. If a teacher is coming to less than 50% of the students in the class, the educator’s system for direction needs to progress.
References
Angelo, T. A., & Cross, K. P. (2013). Classroom assessment techniques.
Bailey, K., & Brown, J. D. (2009). Learning about Language Assesment: Dilemmas, Decisions, and Directions & New Ways of Classroom Assessment.Learning, 4(2).
Gardner, J. N., & Gardner, J. (Eds.). (2012). Assessment and learning. Sage.
Hedge, T. (2011). Teaching and learning in the language classroom (Vol. 106). Oxford,, UK: Oxford University Press.
Forms of European Legalisation and Impact of EU Membership on English Legal System
Forms of European Legalisation and Impact of EU Membership on English Legal System
Introduction
National pride is protected by certain legal stipulations enshrined in the constitution of nearly all countries, particularly emphasised in a clear sovereignty section of the constitution. Under no circumstances will bending rules on this topic be welcome without comprehensive consensus. Europe has participated in such debates regarding the national and regional legal frameworks and the application of the provisions of each set of laws, which attracts all the supremacy controversies as could be imagined. This is particularly the case since Europe is largely founded on democratic format of governance which is keen on the sovereignty of the people under a particular determination. Incorporation of the European Union legal framework into the main legal structure embraced by European states is a delicate issue that touches on the sovereignty dogma held by nationalists.
Perhaps the most challenging question that unionism minded activists have had to deal with at the state level before embracing the EU membership has principally been issues of the process and impact of legalisation and delegalisation of the coinciding laws (Armstrong, 2011, p3). The process of legalisation and interpretations at the helm of national legal structures must pass through the satisfactory scrutiny that such debate attracts. Legalisation of EU legal framework takes certain defined procedures which can be adopted by member states as illustrated in the following segment of this discourse. Besides the legalisation procedures, there are impacts that can be identified with certain conditions of legal processes on the English legal system as contained on the final section of the article.
Forms of European Legalisation
In international law, legalisation represents a sensitive topic that crosses lines with the sovereignty of a people with defined self determination. Ratification of cross-boarder legal frameworks such as the EU legal regime to recognise and be in consistency with the national laws must be conducted under the watch of certain provisions to avoid clashing provisions and inconsistencies. The structure of the EU legal framework cannot adequately handle the numerous member states’ legal systems bearing in mind the diversity that the number occasions to the process of harmonisation of the laws across the board. It follows that there is a chance of congruence in some legal regimes while yet others have capacity to be incongruent with the standardised EU legal provision.
To eliminate grave intrusion of international or regional law on the internal integrity of legal framework, soft and hard laws must be incorporated into the internal legal system (Armstrong 2011, p5). In terms of application, international law could face incongruence from internal systems to such an extent that serious compromise needs to be made on the internal law to accommodate the incongruence. In other levels of congruence measure, legal structures may necessitate slight modifications or additions to allow a reflection of the introduced international legal agreements.
One of the conditions that are considered in the determination of the priorities in making the EU or internal laws superiority aspect come into effect is handled by the EU Treaty (lawteacher.com, 2011, p1). The question of the more superior law in the interpretation process particularly when there is a clashing opinion between the laws is tackled by the member state. Generally, the court systems in the state being under which the consideration is made usually decides the priority of the two legal systems. The guiding principle in the determination is the interpretation must therefore answer the fundamental question of incorporation. The judiciary therefore plays an integral role in the interpretation an implementation of the international legal regime. However, the role of the legislature is equally important since the missing detail in the elaboration of the law after determination is facilitated through legislative procedures.
In case the member state under consideration is monist in terms of embracing the EU legal framework, little resistance is met in the implementation of the EU legal structure. In such an arrangement, the formal approval of the EU membership quashes all contradictory legal positions and automatically places all supremacy in the EU regime. Characteristically, there is no need to modify the internal legal system in order to accommodate the new incorporation since the monist arrangement allows the priority of implementation of the EU legal framework at the expense of the internal legal system up to the extent of its inconsistency (Aziz, 2004, p16). This arrangement is one of the easiest membership procedures that the member states undergo in order to become fully compliant in terms of the legal requirements of the regional union. An example of countries with such an implementation system is France whose EU membership approval and ratification presented a phase of EU constitution implementation supremacy over the internal legal preference with little modification requirements.
Alternatively, there is a different approach in the case of a dualist state regarding the incorporation of international legal regimes into the mainstream legal systems. Under the arrangement followed by such systems, approval of the membership into EU block does not present automatic legal incorporation (Richardson, 1996, p177). This implies that some aspects of the EU legal system need extra modification in order to capture internal legal intricacies. Interpretation of the domestic law is an integral process in the incorporation procedure which is done cautiously in order to avoid inconsistency. Generally, incorporation into the EU legal system is a lengthy procedure that identifies the inconsistencies and controversial areas and sets out the implementation agenda from the inconsistencies. Initially, the identification of the inconsistencies is carried out to assist in the formulation of legal procedure. This identification is performed by the judiciary and passed on to parliament to ensure that the incorporation is finalised in form of converting the EU legal provisions into the domestic legal system. Due to the stringency attached to such processes, the legislature must therefore turn the EU provisions into the main legal regime through specific statutes. Legislation procedures are generally lengthy and make this cluster of member states indirectly involved in the domestication of the European framework. Examples of countries under this implementation system include the UK, Belgium, Germany and Italy (lawteacher.com, 2011, p1).
For more specific implementation of the European legal system into the mainstream legal regimes, there are two legal procedures that are involved, depending on the internal legal frameworks. After approval of membership into the EU, further legal procedures that lie on the way of implementation of new EU laws are determined by the nature of the states’ acceptance of regulations and directives. Under regulations, countries have easy acceptance of EU legislations coming into force in their jurisdiction. The British form of legal system does not allow such a direct incorporation of legislation from the EU into its internal legal system. Alternatively, new legal provisions emanating from the EU are subjected to conditional approval into the domestic legal system through statutory procedures. In such an arrangement, the supremacy of the legislature in determination of the incorporation process is exercised on a high level of stringency checks.
On the other hand, the EU may deliver laws in form of directives which apply in a more flexible measure across the member states. Directives form of laws allows the EU member states to deliberate on the means of implementation but sets out the standard target across the EU. One of the stipulated standards outlined in such an arrangement is in the form of clearly set out timelines that bind the states to act within the set limits. In terms of implementation, directives favour member states such as Britain which would subject any other arrangement to a rigorous procedure anyway (Kelly and Slapper, 2011, p83). Failure to abide with the requirements of directives due to their open ended approach usually attracts certain enforcement forces such as fines. In certain cases, the directives could be turned into binding laws for non-compliant member states if it happens within the stipulated timeline.
Impact of EU Membership on the English Legal System
The general status of the English legal status has not gravely been compromised by the EU membership. According to Burridge, (n.d, p1) the English legal system has a rich representation of the international law fabric in several respects. According to the author, the origin of common law which forms a deep foundation of the English legal system can be traced from Western Europe cultural practices. It follows that the legacy of European culture is passed on as an integral heritage for Europe and indeed the entire world through law, with English legal system being richly founded on the same heritage. It therefore implies that one of the oldest European practices are manifested in the English legal system that is second to none in terms of this perspective of richness. It can therefore be said that English legal system is among the custodians of not only the European cultural heritage but to a greater extent the entire world (Aziz, 2004, p16). In light of the responsibility that Europe has in protecting its heritage, huge borrowing from the English legal system has been relied on by the EU legal system. This creates few incongruence issues between the two forms of legal regimes since a nearly perfect match exists. Due to the magnitude of the English legal system as the custodian of this cultural heritage, it is admissible for the conservative approach with which the British states embrace the EU legal regime. Burridge, (n.d, p4) reckons that the flexibility with which the English legal system has is manifested on its origin that can also be traced from an international dependency. In that respect, it can be said that the European context is well taken care of in the English legal regime.
The institution of parliament in the UK is perhaps a very strong factor that determines the course of developments in English legal processes. The fact that the English legislation strictly follows the procedures that any forces of modification subject to its cultural heritage makes the institution a very instrumental role player in context. It is clear that the incorporation into the EU is a lengthy procedure in England and other British states which makes it a unique case of implementation of the EU legal regime. Despite this strong position of the English legal system amid the EU force that has swept the entire European continent, there have been changes that the legal regime in England has had to put up with. As observed earlier, the EU laws are given in form of regulations or directives depending on the nature of implementation procedure. In the long run, the adoption of the European system takes effect across Europe however at different rates as occasioned by political processes taking place (Kelly and Slapper, 2009, p600). With time, the English legal system may find massive changes taking place due to the potent changes advocated by the political and economic forces that propel the European dream.
References
“The Problem of Priorities,” n.d. [online] Available from <http://www.lawteacher.net/english-legal-system/resources/european-law-2.php> [accessed 19 July 2011]
Armstrong, K. A. (2011) Law after Lisbon: Legalisation and Delegalisation of European Governance. [online] Available from <euce.org/eusa/2011/papers/2b_armstrong.pdf> [accessed 19 July 2011]
Aziz, M. (2004) The impact of European rights on national legal cultures. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing
Burridge, R. (n.d) The Three Most Important Characteristics of the UK Legal System. [online] Available from <www.ialsnet.org/meetings/enriching/BurridgeRoger.pdf> [accessed 19 July 2011]
Kelly, D. & Slapper, G. (2009) The English legal system: 2009-2010 (10th edn) New York, NY: Taylor and Francis
Kelly, D. & Slapper, G. (2011) The English legal system: 2011-2012 (12th edn). New York, NY: Taylor and Francis
Richardson, J. (1996) European Union: power and policy-making. London, UK: Routledge Publishers