Recent orders
Impact of Availability and Reliance Upon Private Automobiles on America Life (2)
Impact of Availability and Reliance Upon Private Automobiles on America Life
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Course Name and Code
Professor’s Name
Date
Impact of Availability and Reliance Upon private Automobiles on America Life
Introduction
The invention and widespread adoption of the automobile is among the most significant defining characteristic of urbanization in the 20th century (Ostermeijer et al., 2022). Specifically, private car ownership in the US has been increasing for the past years. Supporting this statement, Moody et al. (2021) urge that the car ownership rate among households in the US has been over 90% for more than ten years. The authors further add that approximately 91% of US adults commute to work using private vehicles. Private automobile imposes significant social, economic, and environmental impacts on communities (Gössling et al., 2022). This paper discusses one particular way in which the increased availability of and reliance upon private automobiles has affected American life. Since Internal Combustion (IC) engines for most of the privately owned cars in the US operate on fossil fuel oil, which emits Greenhouse Gases (GHG), the paper discusses how GHG emissions resulting from increased availability and reliance on automobiles have affected America life and the US history at large.
The widespread availability of and reliance upon private automobiles has led to increased air pollution through the production of greenhouse gases. Research reveals that trucks and cars emit approximately 20% of all GHG emitted in the US (Albuquerque et al., 2020). Thus, automobiles in the US are among the leading GHG emitters globally. Releasing GHG is associated with air pollution, which adversely impacts American life. Supporting this statement, Anenberg et al. (2019) reveal that vehicle exhaust emissions are among the most significant causes of air pollution. The increased air pollution from privately owned automobiles has had significant impacts on Americans’ lives. To begin with, air pollution has emerged as one of the biggest threats to human health due to the steadily increasing usage of fossil fuel-powered cars (Holgate, 2017). According to Thakrar et al. (2020), air pollution in the US is associated with about 100000–200000 deaths per year. Furthermore, automobile emissions in the US account for about 29% and 34% of the organic compounds and nitrogen oxides, respectively (Oliva, 2015). According to the author, these gases lead to the formation of the ozone layer, which is harmful to human health at low atmospheric concentrations. Also, these gases produce particulate matter, which has been linked to severe respiratory illnesses (Oliva, 2015). Research also reveals that automobile emissions facilitate the formation of smog, and ground-level ozone, which triggers severe health issues such as the reduced capacity of lungs, aggravated asthma, and increased susceptibility to respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2015). Furthermore, automobile emissions result in ambient air toxic levels. Human exposure to these toxics causes non-cancerous health effects such as immune and reproductive system damage. These increased health effects have also led to changes in the number of deaths related to these diseases.
Secondly, GHG emissions from the increased availability of and reliance upon private automobiles have led to climate change and global warming, further impacting Americans’ lives.
Climate change refers to an increase in extreme weather events (Weinstock, 2022). On the other hand, global warming is the long-term heating of the surface of the earth. A significant contributor to climate change is the utilization of privately owned cars. For each gallon of gas, vehicles and trucks produce roughly 24 pounds of carbon dioxide and other GHGs, accounting for about one-fifth of total emissions in the US. The fossil fuel’s extraction, processing, and distribution account for roughly 5 pounds, while most of heat-trapping emissions accounting for over 19 pounds per gallon come directly from a car’s tailpipe (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014). Mattioli (2020) further reveals that since 23% of all energy-related CO2 emissions in 2010 came from the transportation sector, the industry is heavily associated with climate change. In comparison to other energy end-use sectors, direct transport-related GHG emissions have increased by 250% globally since 1970 (Mattioli, 2020). Climate change and global warming have affected Americans’ life significantly. Rosso (2018) considers climate change one of the leading threats to human health globally. The author further reveals that climate change is associated with climate-related deaths.
Furthermore, climate change affects the overall US economy through its impact on various sectors such as agriculture, housing, and infrastructure. According to Weinstock (2022), about one-third of the housing stock in the US is at higher risk of climate change-related hazards. The author further explains that multiple-dollar properties are prone to complete destruction or completely being rendered unusable by the risk of flooding. Also, the transportation infrastructure which facilitates the production and transportation of goods and services may be damaged by climate change (Weinstock, 2022). According to the author, although transportation systems are designed in such a way they can withstand some degree of extreme weather conditions, increased frequency and severity of extreme events may increase the residual risk. Also, heavy precipitation, heat waves, and other storms which are caused by climate change cause disruptions and delays on roads, airports, and public transit systems, affecting Americans’ lives.
Also, climate change resulting from GHG emissions in the US has adversely affected the food supply. Research reveals that from 2000 to 2021, Northern American has experienced the driest seasons because of climate change. Consequently, this has led to a 20% decline in crop production in the Midwest (Mathews, 2022). The author further explains that the effects of climate change on food production and food security in the US are extreme and are expected to worsen in the future. For instance, the price of wheat hit a 14-year peak in March 2022, and this increase is linked to climate change. Mathews (2022) further explains that Americans have continued to feel these price increases. The most affected regions are conflict-ridden regions. According to Mathews (2022), increased food prices have led to widespread political and social unrest. Other effects of climate change and global warming include prolonged drought periods, increased wildfires, and increased intensity and duration of tropical storms.
Conclusion
Overall, the widespread availability of and reliance upon private automobiles has led to increased GHG emissions, adversely affecting Americans’ lives. Firstly, GHG emissions have led to severe health complications. GHG produce particulate matter, which leads to severe respiratory illnesses. Also, GHG contributes to the formation of smog which causes serious health issues such as the reduced capacity of the lungs, aggravated asthma, and increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses. Also, GHG emissions from the increased availability of and reliance upon private automobiles have led to climate change and global warming. These have adversely affected human health and caused climate-related deaths. Transportation infrastructure, which facilitates the production and transportation of goods and services, is also damaged by climate change. Furthermore, climate change has affected the overall US economy through its impact on various sectors such as agriculture, housing, and infrastructure. Lastly, the climate has adversely affected the food supply in the US.
References
Albuquerque, F. D., Maraqa, M. A., Chowdhury, R., Mauga, T., & Alzard, M. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions associated with road transport projects: current status, benchmarking, and assessment tools. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 2018-2030.
Anenberg, S., Miller, J. O. S. H. U. A., Henze, D. A. V. E. N., & Minjares, R. (2019). A global snapshot of the air pollution-related health impacts of transportation sector emissions in 2010 and 2015. International Council on Clean Transportation: Washington, DC, USA.
Gössling, S., Kees, J., & Litman, T. (2022). The lifetime cost of driving a car. Ecological Economics, 194, 107335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107335Holgate, S. T. (2017). ‘Every breath we take the lifelong impact of air pollution–a call for action. Clinical Medicine, 17(1), 8.
Mathews, B. (2022). Climate Change and the Global Food Supply. Retrieved from https://www.americansecurityproject.org/climate-change-and-the-global-food-supply/#:~:text=From%202000%20to%202021%2C%20North,reaching%20and%20expected%20to%20worsen.
Mattioli, G., Roberts, C., Steinberger, J. K., & Brown, A. (2020). The political economy of car dependence: A systems of provision approach. Energy Research & Social Science, 66, 101486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101486Moody, J., Farr, E., Papagelis, M., & Keith, D. R. (2021). The value of car ownership and use in the United States. Nature Sustainability, 4(9), 769–774. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00731-5Oliva, P. (2015). Environmental regulations and corruption: Automobile emissions in Mexico City. Journal of Political Economy, 123(3), 686–724.
Ostermeijer, F., Koster, H. R., van Ommeren, J., & Nielsen, V. M. (2022). Automobiles and urban density. Journal of Economic Geography, 22(5), 1073-1095. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbab047Rosso Grossman, M. (2018). Climate change and the individual. The American journal of comparative law, 66(suppl_1), 345-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avy018Thakrar, S. K., Balasubramanian, S., Adams, P. J., Azevedo, I. M., Muller, N. Z., Pandis, S. N., … & Hill, J. D. (2020). Reducing mortality from air pollution in the United States by targeting specific emission sources. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 7(9), 639-645. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00424U.S. Department of Transportation. (2015). Cleaner Air. Retrieved from https://www.transportation.gov/mission/health/cleaner-air#:~:text=Vehicle%20emissions%20contribute%20to%20the,illnesses%2C%20including%20pneumonia%20and%20bronchitis.
Union of Concerned Scientists. (2014). Car Emissions and Global Warming. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/car-emissions-global-warmingWeinstock, L. (2022). How Climate Change May Affect the U.S. Economy. US Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47063
Feminism in Edge of Tomorrow with Tom Cruise
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Feminism in Edge of Tomorrow with Tom Cruise
I was not eager on looking at a movie about semi-motorized officers later on. I used to be keen on perceiving how Cage (performed via Tom Cruise) comes to encounter activities over and once more – and why Rita (Emily Blunt) is the saint, he’s trying to find whilst he awakens. I discovered the precise responses I was trying to find – and additionally a movement photo that communicates sexual orientation equity (girl’s rights) without making it the focal motivation in the back of the film.
Weaponization is the final Gender Equalizer
As innovation advances, sexual orientation, and ability seems to be much less of an issue in present-day preventing. These fits would empower (or in useful make use of, do empower) navy team of workers to boost x times their normal restriction. This implies about lifting overwhelming objects frequently utilized in the fight, (for instance, ammunition cases), women and men carrying the fits can elevate them effortlessly. The distinctions in lifting capacity land up inappropriate even as the capacity to make use of such innovation turns out to be extra critical.
Utilizing this propelled gear, inside the motion photograph, is a circle of relatives to capturing a gun, all matters are taken into consideration: not everyone with the first-rate possible capability and getting ready is always confined through sexual orientation with reference to discharging at a goal. Guns headway is a definitive equalizer.
Rita is known by means of two monikers: The Angel of Verdun (alluding to a gallant combat triumph) and “full steel bitch,” alluding to her capacity and ability in the motorized fit. Strangely, both name mirrors an outrageous: a ‘heavenly attendant’ or deliverer parent of speech or the ‘excessive bitch’ outdoor wherein the defined woman is uniquely solidified. The “full metallic bitch” moniker is rehashed for the duration of the movie, and whenever it is miles visible or heard, the collection of human beings may ponder it. Rita receives a minute to cope with the epithet over the span of her day. It is miles an event however no longer a huge association. The woman is not always the special case who gets a big call in this motion photograph – Cage is obviously caught in a duration circle, as although in an enclosure.
Being attractive and displaying strength
At some stage in the film, it is miles clean that Cage grows an enthusiasm for Rita. He thinks about the results for her – and there is likewise a measure of physical fascination. All matters considered the physical fascination is auxiliary to survival and running agreeably close to this organization. On the point when Cage meets Rita, she is on the point of put together in a selected making ready zone. There may be a line painted on the floor that announces ‘do not cross’ and Cage crosses it to meet her. She is in humble exercise outfit and is extending in a manner, which could at the beginning appear sexual or provocative – until the point whilst the watcher knows that what she or he is focusing on is not sincerely, what the path is acting. We are intended to appreciate Rita’s first-rate from the earliest place to begin – her apparent arm musculature and her show of intensity as she exposes her neck and expands the very best point of her chest. It is miles a scary signal and executed whilst her frame continues to be for the most element on the ground. On the off danger that we find her appealing, It is miles due to the fact she is extreme.
This scene does no longer detract from both person’s feeling of fascination, sexuality, or attractive bodily look, however, it facilitates the gathering of people define the integrates relationship in a trade limit – one not at all like what we’re molded to anticipate from films about humans collaborating in survival circumstances.
Castration and the Male Protagonist
Without giving excessively away, it is blanketed to the nation that Cage is hurled into a battlefront without precise military getting ready. He does not recognize the way to paintings a ‘coat,’ the term used to depict the automatic exo-suits the human warring parties put on. Different male and female administration people scold him for his absence of preparing, making him experience absolutely lacking. Anyhow, on every occasion he experiences Rita, she is focused around winning and running helpfully. She prepares him and encourages him to locate self-strengthening rather than keeping him away from accomplishing his complete restriction as a motorized officer. This is appeared as a valid kinship, in addition to the most accessible and possible strategies for correctly preparing Cage to persevere what he have to come upon greater than as soon as in a fight.
Because Cage is the person who encounters that day repeatedly, Rita needs to place a variety of agree with in him. This modifies the measure of consideration he must installed her to make him fight prepared. While it performs into his intuition to make her comfortable, his vital purpose is to succeed through cooperation. There is no time for thinking about whether the opposite is able, it’s miles simplest a question of what has to be carried out to win the day.
The nice Gender position Reversal is remarkable because the Characters do not Even word That it is a Gender function Reversal for the movie audience. Here is a usual state of affairs:
“It is nothing. It isn’t always a lot that horrible,” says the male warrior legend as he recoils from torment. “Please,” the girl healer beseeches him, “allow me to view it. I will get you some tea and later on, you will feel great open up about your inner feelings to me.” She dashes off to get a few teas. Whilst she returns, the man reluctantly lets her be careful with his harm whilst uncovering an important insight about his beyond. It takes place habitually, mainly in films – and it takes place on this one, as properly. The primary difference is that the intercourse jobs are switched. On this movie, it is far Rita who is injured and Cage who deals with her. Of them queries the jobs they neither own or infer that it’s odd. it is a consummately everyday development in their kinship.
Sexual orientation correspondence and women’s liberation succeeds wonderfully in this movie for some reasons:
•It is so commonplace and traditional for Cage and Rita that they do not overemphasize it.
•Neither person needs to give up any of their own capability to engage the opposite. Rita forfeits nothing to make Cage greater grounded and Cage loses not anything through concerning Rita as an equivalent.
•Via conceding to the next’s capability to considering and beyond any doubt, the two characters work greater adequately than they might without every person else.
•Universal, the absence of sexual orientation hold-united states of America enables the movie to preserve up a quick pace and permits the character-to-character collaboration to take place over a kind of plan.
Even as this is not a motion picture for youthful children, films like this will form up and coming ages in a greater equal manner. Moreover, this movie relies upon on an e-book composed by means of a man, Hiroshi Sakurazaka. Three men composed the screenplay and it additionally included a male leader. whilst it is wonderful to peer extra ladies in those jobs in Hollywood, it’s miles further as extraordinary to see male women’s activists (who may probably self-understand in that ability) making craftsmanship, subculture, and society places more secure for women. Vrataski is a energy — on the sphere in addition to off, additionally. With outsider fakers zooming around her in an education room, she resists the urge to panic, cool, gathered. She is determined by way of the reputedly exquisite errand set in the front of her and primary William Cage (Cruise) to, realize, spare the arena. She is regular in her guarantee to conquer these damn things and take the arena back for humankind.
Lesser human beings could’ve recently acknowledged that death was up and coming, surpassed on and authorized of it in view that what may they are able to have conceivably executed, ? This is to mention, the bunch elements and hypothetical and situations on which overwhelm pivots are out and out a thoughts-boggling prospect. Tonation nothing of the repercussions of bringing down an entire outsider race, between two people. Discuss a venture incomprehensible. Yet, Vrataski is no shrinking blossom: she is aware of it has a tendency to be accomplished, in light of the reality that perception and the extension of that activate much higher results than honest reiteration. That is the issue that humanity has on its outsider, hive-thoughts companions.
Her paintings as the hobby flick’s questionable legend (sorry, Tom) is not endangered by her being a girl. Reality be informed, it is fortified by it — she is the unique case who trusts Cage whilst he clarifies what is essentially the most distinctly horrific Groundhog Day situation, ever. She prepares him, facilitates him, and guarantees him (and as a result the destiny of humankind) repeatedly. Making the acute calls and specializing in what is, essentially, a all the time self-negative challenge.
Works Cited
BIBLIOGRAPHY Clapper, Tara M. “‘Edge of Tomorrow’ – A Feminist Film Critique.” The Greek Initiative (2014): https://geekinitiative.com/edge-of-tomorrow-a-feminist-film-critique/.
ECE 106 Practical Math and Science for Young children (3)
ECE 106 Practical Math and Science for Young children
Assignment 3: Math and Science Article Review
Objective: write a review for two current professional journal articles: one related to Math for preschool children, and the other related to Science for preschool children
For this assignment you will:
Read two articles from the publications listed below. Please make sure that the articles are fairly recent (preferably no older than 2014).
Select any two articles that interest you the most.
One article MUST focus on Math in ECE settings
One article MUST focus on Science in ECE settings
Please share the articles with your instructor before writing your review.
Complete a written review of both articles using the article review forms on pages 2 and 3 of this document.
Submit both article review forms and attach copies of the articles to the forms.
Share your learning from the two readings by doing a brief presentation
Journals/Magazines for articles:
Print:Young Children
Teaching Young Children
Early Childhood Today
Online: Early Childhood News
There are some articles from Young Children and Teaching Young Children online at the NAEYC website, and some from Early Childhood Today on the Scholastic website.
Article Review: Math
Title Author(s) Title of Magazine or Journal Month & Year of Publication Briefly state the main idea of this article.
List three important facts that the author uses to support the main idea.
What information or ideas discussed in this article are also discussed in your textbook or other readings that you have done?
List at least three (3) new terms or concepts that were discussed in the article, and write a short definition of each.
Summarize your personal reaction to this article.
Article Review: Science
Title Author(s) Title of Magazine or Journal Month & Year of Publication Briefly state the main idea of this article:
List three important facts that the author uses to support the main idea.
What information or ideas discussed in this article are also discussed in your textbook or other readings that you have done?
List at least three (3) new terms or concepts that were discussed in the article, and write a short definition of each.
Summarize your personal reaction to this article:
Grading Rubric
Rubric elements Points possible Points earned/comments
Part 1: Article Review Form: Math
Q1 and 2: Retell: Main/central idea/s and facts used to support the main idea are recapped clearly and accurately. (4)
Q3: Relate: Student links article to other readings, textbook and or class lecture, using sufficient detail and or clear examples. (4)
Q4: Terminology: Three terms in the article are identified and clearly defined. Terms defined are relevant to Math content and teaching practices. (3)
Q5: Reflect: Student analyzes information, as it applies in the classroom, and compares and connects content to own beliefs, learning and experience. (4)
15 Part 2: Article Review Form: Science
Q1 and 2: Retell: Main/central idea/s and facts used to support the main idea are recapped clearly and accurately. (4)
Q3: Relate: Student links article to other readings, textbook and or class lecture, using sufficient detail and or clear examples. (4)
Q4: Terminology: Three terms in the article are identified and clearly defined. Terms defined are relevant to Science content and teaching practices. (3)
Q5: Reflect: Student analyzes information, as it applies in the classroom, and compares and connects content to own beliefs, learning and experience. (4)
15 Part 3: Presentation
Both articles described clearly and with sufficient information and in a logical sequence
Good flow, consistent eye contact, and pace maintained.
Visual aid used was clear, attractive and helpful in understanding information. Pictures, photographs, text used.
Student speaks clearly and correctly.
A clear handout summarizing the presentation is shared with classmates.
10 Writing mechanics and conventions: Please complete both parts using good vocabulary and accurate spellings and English writing conventions. Up to 3 points will be deducted for writing errors.
Total 40