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Female Infertility caused by Stress
Female Infertility Caused by Stress
Indhira Garcia
SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTERMIDWIFERY EDUCATION PROGRAM
NRMW 5401: RESEARCH I
Female Infertility caused by Stress
Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of regular sexual contact without contraception. Pour (2014) estimates that 10 to 15 percent of couples of reproductive ages have this condition. This problem is caused by several factors, including men male factors (25 to 40%) and women female factors (49 to 55%). It is also accounted for by a combination of male and female factors (10%), as well as unknown causes (10%) (Pour, 2014). Between 1990 and 2006, 72.4 to 120.6 heterosexual women aged 20-40 and interested in having children were reported as being sterile in 25 different developed and developing countries (Pour, 2014). I’m not sure what this number represents actually. 72-120 women in this age group over more than a decade is actually a tiny number. This can’t be a percentage because it is way too high. Can you please explain 72.4 to 120.6 Several new methods of treatment are being developed for infertile couples due to advances in science, technology, and innovation, such as Intrauterine Injection (IUI), In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), and others, but these treatments are more challenging and take longer (Pour, 2014). Actually, some of these have been developing for years and are quite successful these days. You should differentiate. Couples experiencing infertility face several problems such as miscommunication, problems with sexual activity, problems with decision-making, and emotional instability. A serious medical condition, infertility, affects the quality of life greatly. It has been reported that infertile women find infertility the most stressful time of their lives and that repeated and successive treatments are frequent periods of crisis (Bala et al., 2021). Infertility causes anxiety and depression in the psyche as it affects the psyche profoundly. Furthermore, infertility can last longer longer than what? This isn’t too clear as a result of such difficulties. Aside from adversely affecting physiological functions, anxiety can significantly affect fertility outcomes, and anxiety increases infertility. This vicious cycle further weakens couples’ reproductive capabilities. Additionally, women with high school diplomas or less face high levels of anxiety during infertility treatments due to lower success rates. CBT spell out has been shown to reduce the stress associated with infertility, a highly stressful medical condition. It has been suggested that using CBT during medical treatments can help manage psychological disorders. The program includes relaxation, cognitive restructuring, biofeedback, systematic desensitization, behavioral training, stop-thinking, and assertiveness training.
The Aim of the Research
A stress reduction technique identified as causing infertility in females is evaluated in this research paper. Indhira, reread this sentence. It looks like you are that stress reduction causes infertility. In many of these cross-sectional and interventional studies, female populations are recruited from clinics of reproductive medicine and kindred registries.
Literature Review on Stress and Infertility A complete literature review is Chapter 2, not Chapter 1. Did you look at the guidelines for Chapter 1. There is a clear outline with headings that you need to use for Chapter 1. Indhira, this is not really a literature review. It is a summary of the literature. In a literature review, you do a search for articles and then critique them and then draw conclusions based on how sound the research is, what biases it shows, what populations it has looked at and, most important, what gaps there are in the literature, that a study you are proposing can fill. See the next competency for Chapter 2. Studies have shown a reasonable correlation between women’s stress responses and fertility potential, resulting in literature accumulating studies that show contradictory results (Rooney & Domar, 2022). What does this mean? Is there a correlation or contradictory results? Additionally, there is converging evidence regarding the involvement of hormones in the female body-stress response.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system (SAM) system are activated by stressful stimuli. In response to stressful stimuli, these hormones produce an abnormal, prolonged, and in some cases excessive body set-up, which can result in long-term changes in neuroendocrine function, which may affect female fertility. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland through the adrenocorticotropic nucleus of the hypothalamus. As a result, ACTH is responsible for mediating the release of cortisol and glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.
Several physiological and mental consequences arise from the release of estrogen and cortisol by the adrenal cortex and medulla during a stress response, which makes the individual fight or flee from their stressor. Researchers have noted that individual differences in cortisol responses to ACTH may contribute to differences in the HPA axis function between individuals. They have concluded that this is due to differences in the transcription of genes and the functions of HPA molecules in the HPA axis. In the laboratory experiments performed on female cynomolgus monkeys who were subjected to mild combined psychological and metabolic stress, it was observed that the adrenal framework showed a selective and specific increase rather than a generalized increase, which is directly related to the problem of reproductive dysfunction resulting from stress (Sahraeian et al., 2018).
Sahraeian et al. (2018) stated that hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis dysfunction occurs as a result of increased glucocorticoid release/concentrations. The bloodstream is saturated with high levels of glucocorticoids during distress, which affects the hypothalamus and alters the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It has also been demonstrated that glucocorticoids have an indirect effect on gonadotropin synthesis and release from the pituitary, even though glucocorticoids have also a direct effect on the pituitary (Sahraeian et al., 2018). Therefore, animal models have provided evidence in support of the hypothesis. By attenuating or blocking the expected rise in estrogens and luteinizing hormone (LH) in a sheep model, an injection of cortisol comparable to those produced in humans under stress delays follicular maturation and ovulation.
It is still unclear how this phenomenon takes place, as well as which signaling pathway it is triggered by, and this has been compounded further by the recent discovery of kisspeptin (KISS1) as well as gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GNIH) Golshani et al., 2021). Due to their sensitivity to high levels of glucocorticoids, these two neuropeptides have opposing effects on hypothalamic GnRH release. There is a stimulatory effect of KISS1 on the production of GnRH (Sahraeian et al., 2021). The administration of corticosterone reduced the expression of KISS1 in the hypothalamus during an estradiol-induced surge in LH and resulted in a decrease in KISS1 neuron activation in the mouse model. The activity of GnIH neurons is specifically inhibited by either GnRH molecules or KISS1 molecules (Golshani et al., 2021). A direct correlation has been demonstrated between acute and chronic stress in ewes and the inhibition of hypothalamic GnIH effects, including the inhibition of LH release from the pituitary gland Golshani et al., 2021).
Effects of Stress on Female Fertility
Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation, regardless of the origin of the stressful stimuli, can all be affected by stress on the female adrenal and HPO axis. Derivations in LH pulses induce or inhibit ovulatory function directly or indirectly by influencing ovarian steroid production. During the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle, work-induced stress can affect LH plasma levels directly (Golshani et al., 2021). It has been shown that distress in the general population, as well as in infertile women, leads to lower conception rates, longer menses (35 days), and lower fertility outcomes, including oocyte retrieval, fertilization, pregnancy, and live births (Golshani et al., 2021). Women with infertility who experience chronic psychosocial stress have also been found to have a reduced ovarian reserve. The presence of these markers was associated with a greater likelihood of a diminished ovarian reserve. Undernutrition and financial hardship, as well as low socioeconomic status, may negatively impact ovarian reserves.
Stress Reduction Technique that Causes Infertility
Investigating the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy-based counseling on stress levels could provide valuable information about potential interventions that could help reduce stress in this population.
The proposed stress reduction technique is cognitive-behavioral therapy-based counseling that will effectively reduce stress in women experiencing infertility. Golshani et al. (2021) provide evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy-based counseling is an effective intervention for reducing stress in pregnant women with a history of primary infertility. Golshani et al. (2021) investigated the relationship between anxiety and female infertility, a prevalent problem.
Cognitive behavioral interventions have been shown to reduce anxiety in research. Among infertile couples, CBT has been observed to reduce stress effectively. Several research studies have also shown that counseling and marital therapy relieve psychological problems in couples. Furthermore, Iranian researchers concluded that after CBT, infertile women’s anxiety during treatment is reduced (Golshani et al., 2020). Researchers have also shown that cognitive behavioral interventions may improve the mental health of infertile women. Further, it has been reported that CBT alone is not a reliable proposal for treating depression and anxiety in infertile women, but fluoxetine works better in treating the condition (Abdolahi et al., 2019). In life, one of the bitterest experiences is not being able to reproduce naturally and have a child. The social context can exacerbate that importance and cause the individual to have a mental health crisis. As a consequence, the current study examined whether CBT can be used to alleviate anxiety in women with infertility.
The Impact of Identified Stress Reduction Intervention on Female Infertility
Infertile women can reduce their anxiety with CBT. Infertile women report reduced anxiety and stress after cognitive behavioral intervention (Abdolahi et al., 2019). It has been shown that psychosocial support groups can influence the effectiveness of CBT to improve the mental health of infertile women (Sahraeian et al., 2019). Since infertile people can’t express their feelings at any point and know their problems are unique, the group provides the safest place for mental release and open discussion of untold issues.
CBT focuses on attitude, identifying, and restoring cognitive distortions, correct thinking skills, and evaluating judgments and negative thoughts, resulting in decreased anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems. As well as reducing mental health issues, promoting self-control impulses, emotions, and attitudes may be extremely beneficial for infertile women. A decrease in respiration rate and muscle relaxation leads to calm nerves and helps the individual control his muscles. This decrease in oxygen consumption, reduced carbon dioxide elimination, reduced heartbeat and blood pressure, reduced energy consumption, and reduced muscle contractions lead to a reduction in anxiety and stress. Conversely, students who get adequate feedback on their homework can apply their behavioral techniques in their daily lives.
Conclusion
To sum up, it may be said that pregnant women suffering from primary infertility may benefit from cognitive-behavioral counseling to improve their quality of life. If a woman cannot conceive after a year of regular sexual relationships without taking contraceptives, she is considered infertile. It appears that infertility can have a significant effect on the psyche, such as stress or depression as a result of developing anxiety and depression. This can increase the duration of infertility in turn, which is another important factor that puts you at risk. Due to anxiety factors, the physiological functioning of the body is restricted, and thus fertility outcomes are affected, but anxiety also contributes to the problem of infertility due to its effects. Therefore, a vicious cycle hampers couples’ capacity to have children by impairing their reproductive ability even more. Furthermore, women with high school graduates or less almost experience more anxiety during infertility treatments than other groups of women with low treatment success rates. Age-related changes in treatment success have caused a gradual increase in anxiety during treatment for infertile women. To decrease the stress associated with infertility and its treatment, many studies have been performed on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as an effective way to reduce the stress associated with infertility. To cope with psychological difficulties during medical treatment, cognitive behavior therapy is a method that uses relaxation, cognitive restructuring, biofeedback, desensitization, behavioral training, stop-thinking, and assertive training. Many researchers have suggested using cognitive behavior therapy to deal with psychological issues in medicine.
Indhira, I really cannot evaluate this paper since it does not at all follow the guidelines for Chapter 1, found in Competency 1. Also found in the grading rubric in the assignment. This reads like an undergraduate paper that summarizes a topic. It is not a research proposal. I’m not sure what to do. You did not submit a draft and this doesn’t fulfill the requirements for chapter 1. You cannot pass the course if you don’t have a grade for chapter 1—it is worth one/third of the course grade. Let’s talk. Please send me an email with some times that we can talk. Ronnie.
Reference
Abdolahi, H. M., Ghojazadeh, M., Abdi, S., Farhangi, M. A., Nikniaz, Z., & Nikniaz, L. (2019). Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression of infertile women: a meta-analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 8(6), 251.
Bala, R., Singh, V., Rajender, S., & Singh, K. (2021). Environment, lifestyle, and female infertility. Reproductive sciences, 28(3), 617-638.
Golshani, F., Hasanpour, S., Mirghafourvand, M., & Esmaeilpour, K. (2021). Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy-based counseling on perceived stress in pregnant women with a history of primary infertility: A controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–11.
Golshani, F., Mirghafourvand, M., Hasanpour, S., & Biarag, L. S. (2020). The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression in Iranian infertile women: a systematic and meta-analytical review. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 14(1).
Pour, T. H. (2014). The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety in infertile women. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1), 415-419.
Rooney, K. L., & Domar, A. D. (2022). The relationship between stress and infertility. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.
Sahraeian, M., Lotfi, R., Qorbani, M., Faramarzi, M., Dinpajooh, F., & Ramezani Tehrani, F. (2019). The effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on sexual function in infertile women: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 45(7), 574-584.
Immigration laws in Texas and National Government
History
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Immigration laws in Texas and National Government
Immigration has been one of the touchstones of the US political debates for a long time (Bhachu). The reason behind is that the policymakers have the privilege to weigh the competing economic, humanitarian as well as the security concerns when addressing the issue of immigration. So far the Congress has been unable to reach to a concrete agreement on the immigration reforms for the past years. The Congress has effectively been moving some of the significant policy decisions into the executive as well as the judicial branches of the government and has continued to fuel debates in the halls of the states and those of the municipal governments.
Immigrants contribute to around 14% of the American population, which imply that more than forty-three million immigrants out of the total 323 million people as according to the data from the census bureau (Shertzer). The Congress has numerous pieces regarding the immigration policies and reforms over the past two decades, where some have been considered comprehensive and others piecemeal. The comprehensive changes address the issues regarding the demand for the high and low skilled labor, the legal status of the undocumented millions of immigrants to the US, interior as well as security enforcement.
The federal government is responsible for the regulation of immigration at the national level. The mandate is guaranteed under the rules that were established in the year 1952 through the passage of the immigration and nationality act. The immigration reform control act of the year 1986 was put up to control the illegal migration to which involved the denial of the welfare benefits to the undocumented immigrants and the strengthening the sanctions against the employers who get to higher them. The United States Congress has the privilege of control over all the issues related to immigration regulation, while the white house or the federal government is mandated with the enforcement of the immigration laws.
The federal government has jurisdiction over the immigration laws to which has consistently been upheld by United States Supreme Court (Pham). The Supreme Court has overruled the states attempt to single out the issue of immigrants. Also, the supremacy clause found in the United States constitution is interpreted to mean that the federal laws supersede the laws by the states, except for the certain matters to which the constitution left for the states. Despite the sovereignty of the national government over the immigration issues, the states have also passed legislation. To which tend to limit the undocumented immigrants the access to public benefits, directing the state and the local police to check over the legal residence status of the people arrested as well as other directives to which affect the immigrants. The issue of the lawmakers in the state level pressing for the immigration-related laws translates to the lack of enforcement by the federal government as well as the need to conserve the limited state resources. It’s not even over as most of the state cite and raise the issues regarding their states security.
Texas has had a long history of immigration having the majority of the immigrants coming from Mexico (Simoncelli). The immigrants account for about 17% of the state’s population and contribute the local economy heavily in the growing number of industries. The construction industry is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the state of Texas attracts around 40% of its workers from the immigrants. The immigrants are an integral part of the state of Texas diverse and thriving communities in that they act as workers, business owners, taxpayers as well as neighbors to the state. The immigrants make an extensive contribution that tends to benefit all the members of the state.
Several laws in Texas control the immigration regulations in the state (Richardson, Wintz & Wallace). As part of the 287(g), the immigration and customs enforcement access program, Farmers Branch, the police in Carrollton as well as the Harris County are required to cooperate with the federal authorities in enforcing the federal immigration laws. All the arrested people are fingerprinted and run through a federal database to which aids in checking the criminal record and immigration status under the federal program known as secure communities. Majority of the cities across the country have vowed not to comply with the federal governments’ reward for the secure community’s enforcement program. Despite the immigration laws being exclusively handled by the national government, the states often pass the laws and create policies that tend to have an impact on the immigrants in their particular states such as the restriction on the public assistance. If an individual needs help or have an issue regarding immigration in Texas, therefore he or she might be expected to interact with an experienced immigration attorney.
The states face major challenges in the implementation of the immigration laws in their countries. Nearly all the states laws that affect immigration get to be challenged either via litigation by the civil liberties and the immigrant’s rights groups or by the overall controller of the immigration regulations; the federal government. There has been the issue of racial profiling given that the provisions which require the proof of citizenship or that of legal residence in addition to the directives by the law enforcement in checking the immigration status of the people to whom have been deemed suspicious (Geddes & Scholten). According to critics, the law that requires the production of the identity card for voting tends to violate the voting rights acts of the year 1965. The federal government has however continued to challenge the states claiming that the patches of the immigration laws enacted by each state will not at any specific time aid in fixing the country’s immigration system.
The immigration has both states as well as the national impact on the economies (Bhachu). An open migration would be a large economic boon for the immigrant population in the relatively less well of states. The open borders would be responsible for the doubling of the country’s gross domestic product in a series of a few decades, having the largest impact of poverty eradication. Also, the immigration has contributed to the mixed impact on the American economy as the influx of the immigrants could be potentially good for the nation, doubling the net wealth of the population in the state. However, despite the high contributions by the immigrants in the respective states as well as the whole nation in general, they receive the assistance from the government at higher rates compared to the natives who are of the origin of the state being born and bred in the country.
According to analysis, the benefits brought about by the immigrants into the respective states and the United States, in general, are of much significance, and therefore the recommended course of action according to my view would be enacting laws that facilitate the free migration of people in the states as well as the whole of America. The policies may include offering dual citizenship and reducing the harsh treatment that is carried to the immigrants. Having a cool and conducive environment to which encourage immigration into the country for investment would go to an extra mile in doubling the nation’s economy as well as reducing the levels of poverty among the American residents. More job opportunities, as well as the provision of active human labor and human resources, would boost the country’s GDP as well.
Work Cited
Bhachu, Parminder, ed. Immigration and entrepreneurship: culture, capital, and ethnic networks. Routledge, 2017.
Geddes, Andrew, and Peter Scholten. The politics of migration and immigration in Europe. Sage, 2016.
Pham, Huyen. “A Framework for Understanding Subfederal Enforcement of Immigration Laws.” U. St. Thomas LJ 13 (2016): 508.
Richardson, Rupert N., et al. Texas: The Lone Star State. Routledge, 2016.
Shertzer, Allison. “Immigrant group size and political mobilization: Evidence from European migration to the United States.” Journal of Public Economics 139 (2016): 1-12.
Simoncelli, Courtney, et al. “Mexican-Americans as a Minority Group in the USA.” (2016).
Immigration Informative Essay
Immigration Informative Essay
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Immigration Informative Essay
I have this friend called Maina, and he is a Kenyan who lives in Miami. One day as I was discussing with him, I got interested to know about his experience in the United States and how he managed to come over here. We later got coffee, and he talked of how he got into the American visa lottery and won. From the talk I had with him, I deduced some fundamental aspects of American culture and immigration. Firstly, even though American society welcomes outsiders, some conservative republicans view the issue entirely differently. During the Obama administration, when Maina came to the United States, the rules about immigration were refined, and there was a particular order in which people could travel and come to the United States while at the same time obeying the laws of their countries and the laws of the United States. However, this shifted during the trump administration.
As Alex Nowrasteh states, trump entered the white house intending to reduce legal migration by 63%. He succeeded to a great extent but failed at one of the immigration clean-up exercises, which was the removal or deportation of illegal immigrants in the United States; a program that the Obama administration had begun (Nowrasteh, 2021). This was because some local administrations refused to work with trump because of his imminent hate for immigrants, which led him to even build a wall between the United States and Mexico to prevent illegal immigration (Bellovary et al., 2020).
However, with all the many reasons we have to fear illegal immigration, we need to ask ourselves how it affects us and how it affects the people immigrating. Even though it is illegal and violates the law, illegal immigration is likely to be on a higher percentage due to a hostile environment. People get to flee to the United States, whereby they have no one running after them willing to kill them (The Heritage Foundation, 2019). Therefore, the real question comes in, how do we make those countries safer for their people to return? And if they are not safe for the people to return, can we accommodate them and allow them shelter? This is a concept of human understanding and intuition, as The Heritage Foundation explains in “What Immigration Reform Should Look Like.”
An essential element to consider when deciding about immigration illegality and legality is why such people are fleeing. Also, whether they are bringing any benefit to the United States of America and whether the United States has the resources to house them, whether the American person is violated and whether the competition for jobs becomes high, leaving the American person with no jobs. The priority should always be the United States citizen. Still, charity is always good, and therefore only those who need to be in the United States of America should be allowed, or those who are very valuable to be in the country. American citizens should also be involved in deciding whether a person can become a united states citizen since even though immigration is allowed, citizenship should not just be allowed for everyone. The balance between these issues can bring clarity into the issue of immigration and therefore bring understanding and safety for all Americans.
References
Bellovary, A., Armenta, A. D., & Reyna, C. (2020). Stereotypes of immigrants and immigration in the United States. Stereotypes: The Incidence and Impacts of Bias. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 146-164.
Nowrasteh A. (2021). Cato.org. https://www.cato.org/blog/president-trump-reduced-legal-immigration-he-did-not-reduce-illegal-immigrationThe Heritage Foundation. (2019). What Immigration Reform Should Look Like. The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/immigration/heritage-explains/what-immigration-reform-should-look