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Immigration in American History
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Immigration in American History
Migration has existed from the beginning of time. People and animals migrate for various reasons. The Philippines were the first group to arrive in 1587. The first European immigration began in 1600. The British lot led the rest of the Europeans, and they majorly settled on the East Coast. Twenty years later, Africans were brought in as slaves to work in plantations. Initially, the cost of migration was quite expensive, with the young adults offering to work as indentured servants. The indentured servants gained their freedom after toiling for seven years or after reaching 21 years. Initially, immigration was quite easy. People moved relatively freely into America (Daniel). Later, the American Congress introduced restrictive measures to curb immigration surges. The attitude of the Americans to immigrants has experienced ups and downs from the beginning.
The Europeans migrated for various reasons. The Europeans migrated majorly to seek faith, freedom, and also to seek economic growth. During this time, the main church imposed religious restrictions on the Europeans, which drove most of America. Let’s not forget that the earlier explorers had passed down the narrative that America was unoccupied and that the Europeans should conquer it. Thus America came to be perceived as a land of opportunity and prosperity. The narrative assumed that there were no occupants in the Americas. Yet it is well documented that close to two and a half million people may have lived in the Americas during this time. Those words saw a surge in migration for the next 150 years. It is important to note that migration selection was mixed that is both pull and push factors played a role in the past. Currently, migrants are primarily positively selected, at least based on skill and other observable characteristics. In the past, immigrants arrived pennilessly and eventually caught up with the American natives. Nowadays, it may take a generation to catch up with the rest of the Americans (Martinez).
Ravenstein, a British social scientist, developed the laws of migration. He summarized them into three, namely, migrants’ characteristics, patterns of migration, and volume of migration. Firstly, the basic characteristic of all migration is that it is selective. Most of the 19th-century immigrants were male. In 1851, immigrants from Ireland were evenly matched. Pull immigrants tend to be positively selected, while push migrants tend to be negatively selected. Hence, a migrant whose conditions at home are favorable is likely to stay and may only move if the destination has favorable pulling factors. Under migrants’ characteristics, Ravenstein noted that most immigrants tend to be the youth (Daniel). For example, in the 19th century, 40% of the Irish migrants were between 20-24.
Ravenstein posited that most migration takes place within a well-defined stream. Migration often follows a precise pattern from a particular region, city, village rather than form a whole country to a specific place in the destination country. For example, the first Germans to move to America settled in Pennsylvania. Consequent German migrations settled around Pennsylvania and became their neighbors. For every major migration stream, a counter stream develops. Unfortunately, migratory patterns have not been recorded by the immigration department. Ravenstein however, notes that many immigrants eventually returned to their countries even though this data was not noted (Daniel).
Ravenstein postulated different approaches to explain the volumes of migration. He argued that volume would differ according to the grade of a diversity of territory of the host country and the diversity of the sending country, the difficulties of the means, and the economic differences between the host and the sending country (Daniel). In the past, the main determinant was the means of transit. Most people could not afford the cost of transport in the 16th and 17th centuries. With the invention of the airplane, the movement has become easy. For example, Puerto Ricans can now easily move to America like never before since air transport, which is relatively cheaper for them.
Most immigrants believed America was a country of green pastures and could easily gain prosperity. Some came in pursuit of liberty. Such immigrants later noticed that it is harder to achieve liberty. The other two myths are the myths of Plymouth Rock and the melting pot. The myth of Plymouth Rock holds that the immigrants were poor or dirty. The Melting Pot’s third myth holds that the immigrants believed America was the place that all races and nationalists would merge and become one (Daniel). Each of the three myths holds some truths in them because people who arrive in America acquire some liberty, acquire wealth, and have intermarried even though most people still recall their ethnic affiliation.
Europeans migrated voluntarily to America. The Europeans still migrate and are given jobs like the of the peoples of the world. Initially, people settled according to their country or ethnic origin. As time progressed, people intermingled and were able to settle in various places. However, Africans were brought in as slaves to toil in plantations managed by whites. The contribution of Africans to the American economy is immense and undeniable. However, it is just regrettable that they have not been given the same respect as the rest of America’s population. African-Americans get poor education compared to their white counterparts, less salary for the same job than their fellow Americans, and poor living conditions (Ueda). Since Africans were brought in as slaves, one may as well call it to kidnap since they were not given the freedom of choice to move to America. Moreover, it took Africans several years to gain freedom of all sorts.
Works cited
Daniels, Roger. Coming to America. Harper Collins Publishers, 1959.
Martinez Jr, Ramiro. “Coming to America.” Immigration and crime: Ethnicity, race, and violence 6 (2006): 1.
Ueda, Reed, ed. A companion to American immigration. Blackwell Pub., 2006.
Immigration and Economic
Immigration and Economic Impact Relation to Community Health Promotion
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Immigration is often seen as a social issue and health promotion/ disease prevention program with a solid connection to the community. While this is true in theory, it’s also easy for these programs to fall under the radar because of their focus on health. This article will explore how immigration (and its contributions to community health) is an economic issue. The points made are not meant to discredit or diminish any aspects of health promotion/ disease prevention programs. Instead, they provide a new perspective on how best our communities and organizations implement them. It is a descriptive type of study. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between immigration and its impact on the economy. Health promotion programs are effective in creating a healthy community. Healthy communities are economically prosperous because of the cost savings associated with these programs.
Health needs change over time and differences within and between populations. Disparities in health status and health behaviours affect immigration from one country to another. In addition, immigrants may experience different health risks depending on how they enter a country (e.g., refugees, work immigration) or their legal statuses (e.g., permanent resident/ citizen). Immigration is an economic issue. Health promotion programs are effective in creating a healthy community. Healthy communities are economically prosperous because of the cost savings associated with these programs (Philbin, 2018).
There is substantial research to support the direct effect of health promotion on community economic growth. Studies have shown that increases in high school completion, life expectancy and health-related knowledge lead to higher occupational status and wealth and higher incomes and lower unemployment rates (Philbin et al., 2018). In addition, a study conducted by the MacArthur Foundation found health promotion programs can increase educational attainment among both early adolescents and adults, substantially increasing their ability to find employment, earn more income over time and contribute more to their families’ incomes (Philbin et al., 2018).
Health promotion programs such as weight management, smoking cessation, pain management and healthy living can help people live longer and stay healthier, resulting in increased quality of life, a reduction in health care costs and an overall increase in productivity. These programs also provide an avenue for people to make lifestyle changes that can have lasting impacts on the economic health of individuals and society. Studies have shown that investments in health promotion go beyond immediate cost savings because they yield long-term benefits by increasing productivity, lowering health care costs and reducing absenteeism among employees (Mendoza et al., 2017).
Health promotion is a priority of community economic developers who seek to make communities more attractive places to live and work by promoting businesses that can generate jobs. This study may be practically applied to health promotion/disease prevention programs implemented by community economic developers (Mendoza et al., 2017). They can use this information to evaluate how well these programs are progressing in their communities and how they could be optimized. This is done by examining the relationship between the program and its impact on the community, the health expenditures of a district, the costs of health promotion programs and its return on investment, and any other potential effects.
In addition, because businesses are one of the primary focuses for many community economic developers, it may also be beneficial to examine how health promotion can affect businesses. Businesses are often focused on productivity among their employees, which has led to an increased emphasis on employee wellness.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the topic of immigration and its economic impact relates to community health Promotion/ Disease Prevention because it affects the health of our communities, which in turn plays a significant role in the growth of our economy. Health promotion programs are effective in creating a healthy community. Healthy communities are economically prosperous because of the cost savings associated with these programs. These programs also provide an avenue for people to make lifestyle changes that can have lasting impacts on the economic health of individuals and society (Vaughn et al., 2017). Health promotion is a priority of community economic developers who seek to make communities more attractive places to live and work by promoting businesses that can generate jobs. In essence, healthy people contribute to a healthy society.
In my opinion, it is evident that health promotion programs and disease prevention programs are effective in creating a healthy community. Healthy communities are economically prosperous because of the cost savings associated with these programs. These programs also provide an avenue for people to make lifestyle changes that can have lasting impacts on the economic health of individuals and society. Health promotion is a priority of community economic developers who seek to make communities more attractive places to live and work by promoting businesses that can generate jobs. In essence, healthy people contribute to a healthy society.
References
Mendoza, M. M., Dmitrieva, J., Perreira, K. M., Hurwich-Reiss, E., & Watamura, S. E. (2017). The effects of economic and sociocultural stressors on the well-being of children of Latino immigrants living in poverty. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(1), 15.
Philbin, M. M., Flake, M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hirsch, J. S. (2018). State-level immigration and immigrant-focused policies as drivers of Latino health disparities in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 29-38.
Vaughn, L. M., Jacquez, F., Lindquist-Grantz, R., Parsons, A., & Melink, K. (2017). Immigrants as research partners: a review of immigrants in community-based participatory research (CBPR). Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(6), 1457-1468.
Female Entrepreneur Interview
Female Entrepreneur Interview
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Female Entrepreneur Interview
(Fawzia Al-Nafea)
Fawzia Al-Nafea is one of the many successful beauty pungents, who have made it big in the category of fashion and design. However, there are marks in her strides of achievement that categorically define her as different, as she has achieved outstanding fetes and success that come with praise and admiration in equal measure. Consider, for instance, that she is one of the few designers who have started and operated a successful fashion and design company. Her Al-Nafea company, has the an outward deceiving look of simplicity, a factor that can hardly define its massive success rates and competitive ability. In my quest to uncover the secrets behind her success, I managed to secure a phone-interview with Fazia, who shared with me her secrets. Below is the conversation that ensued between us, as we hogged between the facts, secrecies, and challenges that so define a woman’s entrepreneurial world.
Me: Hello pretty, thanks for taking a break from your busy schedule to take this interview with me, I cannot at the very least express just how greatly touched I am.
Fawzia: You are welcome dear, I am equally just as glad to be doing this for it is amongst other things, my opportunity to inspire hope into the female world that all things can be achieved.
(At this point, I note her humility, and desire to achieve beyond the ordinary, and realize that is not just defined by her success, but also by her drive)
Me: Oh, and when you amongst other things, are you implying that this is also a marketing opportunity for your business.
Fawzia: (Laughs slyly) Not really, but some extent yes. However am inclined to think that the interview is good for both of us right? (Laughs again)
(Demography)
Me: (I Laugh too, as I try to set the mood right for our interview) I would like to take some demographical information from you, just so to fully introduce you to our readers as we want them to comprehend fully what it is to be you.
Fawzia: It’s alright. If for anything, I couldn’t be an appropriate role model if my personal life remained personal.
Me: Okay thank you for the green light. Out here you are mostly referred to as Fawzia, would you reveal your identity in detail to our readers?
Fawzia: I am Fawzia Al-Nafea, but I am fond of Fawzia, probably because the people I interact with find it shorter and easier to pronounce. Al-Nafea is my surname and makes me more of the mother I am, than a business woman.
Me: And yet it is the name you chose for your company.
Fawzia: (Laughs slyly again) Yes. Because I have every intent to nature and mother fashion talent through my company, in a way, my company is my other family.
Me: Huh! I admire your entrepreneurial aspirations; I really do. How old are you Fawzia?
Fawzia: Oh, I am 56 years old. Don’t be deceived by my looks when you set your eyes upon me. (We both laugh out at the sound of that)
Me: You said Al-Nafea is your surname, are you married?
Fawzia: Oh yeah, to Al-Nafea. He has been the pillar of my life. My husband supports me through every single thing I do. We decide together, act together….ha-ha and live together. He has been my lucky charm.
Me: (Laughing slyly) And he must be lucky to have you too.
Fawzia: (Sounding elated) He says that.
Me: Do you have any kids?
Fawzia: Oh yes, three actually; two boys and one girl.
Me: Congratulations! Would you tell us about them?
Fawzia: (Sounding excited) My first born is a boy, he is 28 years old. My second born is the girl, 25 years old and my last born is also a boy, 22 years old.
Me: What’s your family’s perception of your love of fashion and your entrepreneurial success?
Fawzia: Oh they have been very supportive. My daughter actually sometimes gives me design ideas, and my last born always wants to know if I have implemented the latest marketing technology. They have a drive to see me succeed.
Me: What about your husband and firstborn?
Fawzia: They are supportive in equal measure.
(Business)
Me: Great to know, and about your business, what would you tell us about it? For instance, what is your company’s name, when was it founded and what does it endeavor to do?
Fawzia: My company, Al-Nafea was in founded in 1980 and specializes in fashion design. We also hold runway shows to showcase our designs that we later air for sale in our boutiques across the country.
Me: Does that mean you only produce for your boutiques?
Fawzia: Oh no. (Laughs encouragingly) We have a long list of clientele whom we tailor for and supply upon request.
Me: How big is the company?
Fawzia: Pretty big actually, but average in industrial standards. We have two huge boutiques each in Al-Khobar and the Manama in which there are an approximated thirty sales persons. We also have close to two hundred tailors for mass productions and three very competent designers. For the modeling events, we have around ten models of our own, three males, and seven females. However, we always have the preference of contracting other modeling companies to assist us in such work. Oh, I should not forget the managerial and financial staff, we are pretty big actually.
Me: What are your annual sales, or how else do you determine your productivity?
Fawzia: Through sales that have also been encouraging since the eighties. Our long list of clientele and marketability has ensured the company an average annual sales of 225, 000 dollars (approximately 925, 000 riyal), which is considered good in the design industry, though we aspire to improve.
(Motivation)
Me: Fawzia, this is interesting. Tell me, what motivated you to start your own company?
Fawzia: I had always loved design over my first profession of teaching and felt the urge to express my talent in an exceptional way. I had the feeling that my designs would not achieve the height and helm I desired if I worked for somebody, so I decided to work for myself. Am lucky I had a supportive husband and some savings to start with.
Me: Does that mean you didn’t start your professional career as a designer.
Fawzia: No, I was a teacher. Though I didn’t, feel the same passion for teaching as I did for the design.
Me: What are the other reasons behind your business idea?
Fawzia: I also had the feeling that it would pay better than teaching, and I had always desired a good and comfortable life.
Me: Does it?
Fawzia: (Laughing) Oh yes it does!
Me: What about your parents or other siblings, did any of them have any entrepreneurial idea?
Fawzia: My dad had a large grocery shop that they jointly ran with my mom. My siblings stuck to their academic aspirations though.
(Business Development)
Me: In taking the first major steps in developing your business, what did you do?
Fawzia: I took a few management and modeling classes to sharpen my vision and capacity to run my business. Then asked my husband for some financial support that I combined with my savings and off I went.
Me: Did you just face everything head on or did you prepare a business plan?
Fawzia: I had a plan that sounded vague to me, so I seek legal expertise and the services of an investment consultant In Saudi.
(Help, Support, and Encouragement)
Me: Apart from your own drive, did anybody play a pivotal role in supporting you to achieve your dreams.
Fawzia: (Sounding enthusiastic) Oh yeah! My husband! He was always there for me emotionally, listened to my problems, provided solutions and even some financial aid. He exceptionally supported me and even introduced to some of his friends and colleagues so that they would become my very first clients.
Me: Oh, he’s such an understanding man.
Fawzia: He is.
Me: What about you, did you belong to any professional network?
Fawzia: I was still young, twenty six. At that age, I was so naive and was concerned much with professional networking. However, my management course pointed out the significance of networking, and I joined one that did not prove so fruitful as I felt that their ideas contradicted my ambitions.
Me: How exactly?
Fawzia: Oh, they would share with me common ideas, yet I wanted to be the difference.
Me: Did you attend any special programs?
Fawzia: Apart from the ones I mentioned earlier? No.
Me: What about government assistance, did you seek any?
Fawzia: No, I was pretty much comfortable with the support I already had and besides, I had also saved to a great capacity.
Me: What could you consider your most important resource at that time?
Fazia: This sounds funny, but my husband, my drive and also the capital.
(Challenges)
Me: And when you finally did manage to launch your business, did you experience any setbacks?
Fawzia: Oh yeah, lots of them actually. I was new and had little experience. I also did not have any well paying clients, and so my company struggled financially. I had to do several free shows to market myself and my products.
Me: Did you consider commercials as a solution?
Fawzia: Yes, I actually had to pull strings to get my shows to TV. I considered that as the most effective commercial I would lay my hands upon.
Me: And when you finally made a breakthrough, what are the biggest challenges you have ever encountered?
Fawzia: Competitions comes up more than often. Some companies have the tendency of stealing designs and improving to win the game of competition. Actually that factor really surprised me, I had not thought anybody would want to not create a design but copy.
Me: Really? How do you cope with that?
Fawzia: (Laughs) We always have a weapon up our sleeves. I always must have a secret design to unleash in the event that my first is stolen.
Me: (Laughing too) You are cunning.
Fawzia: (Laughing too) No, I like to consider myself as smart and prepared.
Me: Did you have any problems with your first interactions with KSA?
Fawzia: Yes I did. The competition increases expenses of operation and loans presented me with extreme challenges. Oft, there was also the varied and contradicting decisions made by the Ministry of Labor.
(Advice to Aspiring Entrepreneurs)
Me: What would you tell aspiring entrepreneurs?
Fawzia: I would tell them all that success is not easy. It comes with determined perspiration and patience. Continued hard work is always fruitful.
Me:Once again, thank you for your time Fawzia. I cannot express hoe greatful I am. I will call on you if there is any need.
Fawzia:You are welcome, I would be more than willing to do this again if need arises.
(I hang the telephone after exchange of the remarks).
The interview with Fazia informed me that achieving entrepreneurial success calls for more than a dream, it is a combination of several factors inclusive of a drive and support (Miner, 1996).
Reference
Miner, J. B. (1996). The 4 routes to entrepreneurial success. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.