Recent orders
Feds Concerns
Fed’s Concerns
The Federal Open Market Committee are concerned the slow economic growth being experienced in the recent months, the high unemployment rate in the country, the house requirement are increasing as depicted by the increased house spending. This increase might results in housing shortages as there is no corresponding increased investment in the fixed investment. The rate of inflation has also gone up consequently pushing the cost of energy to also rise. Further fed’s concerns are the lack of sufficient policies to help realize a strong economic growth to improvement in labor market conditions.
Fed’s plans
The fed’s plans in ensuring a strong economic recovery and containment of a long-term inflation rate at an acceptable levels are to ensure they increase its holding of the long term securities through continued acquisition of more agency mortgage-backed securities at a pace of $40 billion per month. The continued extension of the maturing holdings of the treasury securities and effects its policy of reinvestment of the principal payments from the holdings of agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities in agency mortgage-backed securities.
With the measures taken, the committee hopes to increase the holdings of longer-term securities by a value of about $85 billion monthly to the end of the year. The measures would further ease pressure on long-term interest rates, sustain mortgage markets, and would help to improve the financial condition.
Fed’s plan to monitor the situation for any notable improvements and if there is no notable improvements in the labor market and the housing sector the fed would invest in fixed investment and further trigger other Fed’s tools.
Current target federal fund rate
To maintain it at 0 to 1/4 percent. The Fed Fund rate is the interest rate banking institutions and other financial institutions loan funds to one another. The banks are required to keep part of the customers’ money on reserve or maintain a given amount on its reserve. This is the amount of money that Fed uses to influence the amount of money available for financial institution to lend to the public.
Decision regarding the federal funds
The fed’s decided to retain the projected range at zero to ¼ % and hopes for a reduction of the federal funds rate through to 2015
Fed’s Open Market Operation (OMO)
The Fed utilizes open market operations to alter the supply bank’s reserve. The Fed engages in sale and purchase of financial instruments such as treasury, agency’s and government sponsored securities (Thornton, 2004). The Fed trades the securities in the open market together with other financial institutions. The OMO is also referred to as the secondary market for securities purchases (Thornton, 2004). Through the adjustment of the banks’ reserve in the open market may be used to further influence the amount of money available for the banking institution to lend to the public. Thus, this can be an effect tool for the Fed to control the rate of inflation to acceptable levels.
References
Thornton, D. L. (2004). The Fed and short-term rates: is it open market operations, open mouth operations or interest rate smoothing?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(3), 475-498.
Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason ( QUESTION 9)
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Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason ( QUESTION 9)
Introduction
Kant was a German philosopher who lived in Konigsberg, Prussia from 22 April 1724 to 12 February 1804, or in what is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Immanuel Kant is generally considered one of the western world’s most influential thinkers (Kemerling Garth 109-143). He was famous for his contributions to epistemology and moral philosophy, but his contributions to political science and thinking are less familiar. His contributions to epistemology, ethics and esthetics had a major influence on the future philosophy. Kant studied at Konigsberg University in 1740, but soon became interested in mathematics and physics. In 1755 he returned to the University of Konigsberg to finish his studies. In the same year, he obtained his doctorate in philosophy. He was elevated to full professor at the University of Konigsberg in 1770. He was a metaphysicist in philosophy and metaphysics, specializing in logic and metaphysics. Immanuel Kant wrote his Pure Reason Critique of 1781, a significant work and one of Western thought’s most influential writings. The research will focus on some of Kant’s main discourse theories, such as a priori synthesis, events and thing-in-itself, time, categories, and transcendental deduction.
Critique of pure reason
David Hume is an empiricist philosopher who differentiates between two forms of experience. They appreciate the relationship between ideas and factual experience. The association between terms determines the true essence (Kemerling Garth 40-49). On the other hand, Immanuel Kant discovered after reading Hume’s work the third type of knowledge, which he called the synthetic a priori. According to Hume, there are only two options: intelligence can be analytical or empirical; otherwise there is no relation to human knowledge. Although Kant argued that synthetic knowledge exists a priori that is known to be true independently of experience. Thus, Kant recognized three distinct information forms: a priori analytic, a posteriori synthetic and a priori synthetic.
Kant distinguishes between the universe we perceive which is phenomena and the true truth which is called noumena, and we cannot assume anything about it because we have no experience and have no access to it. Phenomena are appearances that constitute our perceptions, and Noumena are (presumed) objects that constitute truth. According to Kant, thoughts without content are hollow without learned concepts. Research-based, “Kant concluded the sum of all things, the objective universe, is a complex of manifestations whose presence and relation only occurs in our representations.” He presents the ting-in-itself by saying, “And indeed, we rightly see objects of meaning as mere manifestations, thus confessing that they are dependent on something in itself, though we know not this thing as it is in itself, but only its appearances.
We’re limited to knowing phenomena, according to Immanuel Kant; noumena must remain unknown to us forever. As discussed in the British Philosophy pages, all our a priori synthetic judgments refer only to the phenomenal world, not the noumenal (Wilson and Denis 90-97). By applying the pure forms of sensitive intuition and the pure principles of awareness, we obtain a formal vision of the phenomenal world, but do not learn the noumenal realm. (British Philosophy, Kant: Experience and Reality-Phenomena, Noumena).
Kant’s philosophies were important contributions to other philosophers’ arguments. Among all his philosophies which I mentioned above, I only disagree with one of his philosophies. Immanuel Kant’s first philosophy, he discussed about the synthetic a priori. He said a priori reasoning does not depend upon experience to inform it. For example, Mother is a knowledge of matter of fact, why? Because we have experience for the concept Mother. And by relation, why is mother a fact? Because I have experience of my relation with mother. Therefore, mother is a fact in the thing-in-itself, and in appearance to me as observed or experienced reality. Well, I disagree with this. My point is that how about analyzing the same argument but with the concept Father. What about children raised by mother only? Can the concept of father be both fact (thing-in-itself) and fact (in relation)? As for his other philosophies I mentioned above, to me, I think they’re credible and that I do not have experience it differently nor my culture.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, Kant is one of the most influential philosophers in history. One of his major works is the book of the Critique of Pure Reason. He discussed from synthetic a priori involving space and time, appearances, and the categories and specifically to the transcendental deduction. This philosopher seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics. The major role of this philosopher is to explore, and to study the limits of reason that will lead to examining the activities that takes place in the mind. Immanuel Kant was recognized for most of his comprehensive contributions to philosophy. I believe and I strongly suggest for further research on this philosopher in particular.
Work cited
Kemerling Garth, Experience and Reality, Britannica Philosophy Page-Experience and Reality, Accessed on 12 April 2019 http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/5g.htm PP 40-49
Kemerling Garth, Experience and Reality, Britannica Philosophy Page- The Moral Philosophy, Accessed on 12 April 2019 http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/5g.htm PP 109-143
The Transcendental Deduction, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Accessed on 12 April 2019 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-transcendental/ PP 56-70
Wilson and Denis, Kant and Hume on Morality, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Accessed on 12 April 2019 90-97
Flight Attendants and Dealing with Customer Service Issues In-flight
Flight Attendants and Dealing with Customer Service Issues In-flight
Flight attendants are basically trained personnel in the field of dealing with clients who are boarding planes to various destinations. Their major role is to ensure that the passengers, who in this case are the customers to specific airlines, are in comfortable hands and receive the best services and comfort possible. As opposed to other modes of transport, travelling by plane is confined to a smaller space with very short distance. This calls for maximum attention to the clients by the attendants to reduce any tension that may arise. We realize that when people are travelling, it is very likely that they are all from different areas, backgrounds and of varying characters. Similarly, they may need different kinds of attention and make varying demands to the attendants. Thus, to successfully ensure all the clients are satisfied by the end of the journey, (U. S Department of Labor, 2008) argues that they need to be sufficiently trained both academically and professionally to handle all sorts of people. This paper is aimed at exploring the customer needs when boarding a flight that begins from the ground to the end of the journey, thus efficiency of the ground attendants as well.
As discussed above, there are several issues that flight attendants need to be familiar with and well equipped to deal with in case they arise in the during the flight or before. This is because they are deliberately trained to facilitate the comfort of the passengers. Where solutions are not readily available, they are required to use due care and apply professional skill to provide a way out that will be satisfactory to the clients. Some of the customer services and situations that require their involvement include:
Ensuring Comfort for Anxious Customers
In an analysis of the requirements of flight attendants and the perceptions of customers regarding the same, Kossmann, (2006) stated that, “most customers perceive the onboard service provided as satisfactory and flight attendants as friendly, helpful and competent” (Pg 55). This is basically from the ground to the point where they get to their specific destinations. Due to the positive perception attached to the attendants, some passengers are quick to pass their anxiety over to them. They may have extraordinary demands and probably fear of the transportation mode especially for the first timers. Thus, it is the attendants’ obligation to ensure they are calmed down regardless of their response. They should maintain the friendly tone all along until they can ensure the passengers are comfortable.
Preparedness for the Clients
Waller, and Debbie, (2007) stated/argued that, “… the flight attendants need to tidy the cabin and prepare for landing” (Pg 23). Most customers, especially first timers may not be very familiar with the rules regarding landing. Thus, they may have many questions to avoid confusion at the time. However, the flight attendants are professionally trained to ensure they trust them and are comfortable enough to follow their lead. They similarly have to deal with distrusting and unsure clients who will be quite unsure of the process they are instructed to follow. Thus, they are required to appropriately prepare them and the designated path or route during landing so that it will not inconvenience the clients. It is therefore clear as argued by (Waller, and Debbie, 2007) that in their relationship with the clients and the course of service provision, preparedness is vital to ensure comfort.
Emergencies Such as Illnesses
It is clear that emergencies can occur at anytime regardless of the place and time. (U.S Department of Labor, 2008) is therefore very elaborate in stating that qualifications of the flight attendants both in and ground should entail good skills in handling emergencies. Though they should have a naturally friendly nature, they should be trained to handle situations that require diligence for professionalism.
For instance, where a client falls ill and needs immediate medical attention, it may be quite challenging since no doctor can be immediately availed when on air. Thus, basic medical training that includes first aid and curbing asthma should be known by the staff. Besides the requirements and obligations to serve them of edible staff, they should also treat this as a customer service. This adds to their major role which as previously discussed, is to ensure the comfort of the clients and knowledge on any necessary matters.
Conclusion
It has been undoubtedly proven that the flight attendants, whether flying or on the ground should be well equipped to deliver to the customers. Generally, the employees should be friendly, social and accommodating in nature before any training begins. This is because these aspects cannot be instilled but are considered inborn. With these in a person, the professional and academic training is offered so that they can be evaluated on their capability to handle different characters in people. Besides this, the flight attendants are the only employees who deal directly with the clients in matters regarding travelling. They therefore form an impression of the company/specific airline and their efficiency in offering services to the customers. Airlines can therefore not compromise in this field since it brands the firms. The most important fact however is for both the clients and attendants to know their place, rights and obligations for peaceful and professional relations.
Works Cited:
Kossmann, Mario. Delivering Excellent Service Quality in Aviation: A Practical Guide for Internal and External Service Providers. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006. Print.
U. S Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2009. New York: Skyhorse hey Publishing, 2008. Print.
Waller, Trevor, & Debbie Nafte. Flight Attendant. Choosing a career. Gallo Manor, South Africa: Awareness Pub, 2007. Print.