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IIntroduction
Combat trauma
Introduction
Combat trauma is a common mental condition in active soldiers as well as in veterans. Trauma is caused by witnessing or going through terrifying happenings and is characterized by either consistent flashbacks to the event, hypersensitivity, anxiety and consistent thoughts on the event.
Thesis statement: This paper will provide a summary of the nature of combat trauma which include: Intrusive memories, cutting off people, shift in emotional reactions and consistent negative thoughts. It will also focus on the causes of trauma such as loss of friends, terrifying human suffering and survivor’s guilt among others. Lastly it will consider the different methods of dealing with the trauma, both long term and short term solutions.
Nature of trauma
Intrusive memories- these include flashbacks to the events that often trigger anxiety and negative thoughts. It is also characterized by nightmares or reliving the memories of the events by the patient.
Cutting off people- victims tend to think that family and the civilian community does not understand them hence tend to create walls in such relationships. It can also include avoiding visiting places that bring back memories of the traumatic event.
Shift in emotional reactions which involves being hypersensitive and aware of danger that is not even present, high irritability, destructive behaviors such as drugs and substance abuse, aggressive behavior and sleeplessness.
Consistent negative thoughts such as guilt, regret over doing things better at the time of the event or suicidal thoughts.
Causes of combat trauma
War is the biggest cause as brings with it intense human suffering which can be result to trauma
Death of colleagues in the unit can cause survivors guilt hence trauma
Change in environment upon returning home
Betrayal by a fellow soldier causing lack of trust
Ways of dealing with combat trauma
Therapy and counselling
Use of drugs such as morphine in cases where the victim is badly injured
Finding purpose through spiritual guidance
Rehabilitation and detoxification services by medical military professionals.
Conclusion
Combat trauma in active and veteran soldiers cannot be ignored. Trauma can take the form of intrusive memories, negative thoughts, cutting off people and changes in emotional and physical reactions. These people can however be helped through therapies and counselling sessions done by professionals, administration of drugs that are likely to reduce trauma once the patients recover, spiritual guidance and rehabilitation and detoxification services done by medical military professionals.
Abstract
Combat trauma is a common thing among soldiers; both veterans and those active in service. Soldiers are trained in such a way that they view each other family and as such a closely knit relationship is often seen when serving and long after they get off service. However, their time is can be characterized by traumatic events which can affect their lives in a very destructive way. Combat trauma often appears in the form of intrusive memories such as nightmares and reliving traumatic events, cutting off people or avoiding places where the traumatic event occurred, having negative thoughts some which may be suicidal and also changes in emotional and physical reactions such being aggressive and highly irritable. This paper also focuses on the causes of combat trauma and specifically looks at causes such as war and the terrific occurrences that happen, loosing fellow soldiers and never having enough time to grieve, changes in environment once they return home and also betrayal by fellow soldiers. However, this is a mental condition that can be dealt with before it morphs into a chronic mental disorder such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). These solutions include Rehabilitation and detoxification services, administration of drugs that reduce the likelihood of having PTSD, therapy and counselling and also seeking purpose and spiritual guidance from spiritual leaders.
References
Holbrook, T., Galarneau, M., Dye, J., Quinn, K., & Dougherty, A. (2010). Morphine Use after Combat Injury in Iraq and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. New England Journal Of Medicine, 362(2), 110-117. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa0903326
For Military Treatment Professionals. (2019). Retrieved from https://stoningtoninstitute.com/treatment-programs/starlight-program/military-treatment-professionals/
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2014. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57.) Chapter 3, Understanding the Impact of Trauma. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and causes. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967
Financing Options for Continental Carriers, Inc
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Financing Options for Continental Carriers, Inc
One of the primary factors that determine the success of a company is its financial power and ability to carry out the planned investment plans. Taking into account the costs and benefits that come with difference financing options that are available to the company, Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI) therefore has a number of financing options to choose from. However, every financing method preferred by the company has its benefits and associated disadvantages. It was on this ground that Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI) management evaluated all the option financing options at their disposal. The acquisition of this company would be critical in helping the firm realize its primary objective, that is, expansion of the CCI’s routes as well as cost reduction strategy. With the merger deadline set, the ICC opted for external financial sourcing and avoiding long-term debt was prioritized. The company had the following financing options to choose from; retained earnings, issuance of common stock (3 million shares), and issuing a 10% bonds with 15 years maturity. Although CCI Inc. had three external financing alternatives to choose from (debts, retained earnings, or issuance of shares), other factors had to be taken into account. Some of these key factors include the costs involved in each option, the amount of financing risks associated with each financing alternative, and the implications on the value of the firm. For instance, it was advised that the use of debt would add considerable amount of risks to the company in terms of the long term variations of the market price of the company’s common stock. On the other hand, sale of stock was likely to dilute the stock valuation. The dilution was measured in terms of the earnings per share instead of the replacement or book value of the shares. In this case, it was realized that the post acquisition earnings would raise $34 million before the interest and taxes, but if the common stock were sold, the earnings per share would be $2.72. Therefore, the use of debt would increase the earnings per share to $3.87.
It was on this account that the entire management team and the board of directors convened a meeting aimed at exploring possible financing alternatives that would have been affordable and sufficient to meeting the financing needs of the company. These resources would be useful for expansion and acquisition of new plants by CCI. On that account, evaluation of these sources of financing was critical in order to settle for the alternative that is affordable and sustainable given the company’s debt and capital structure and policy. In order to raise extra financial resources to acquire Midland Freight, Inc., $50 million had to be generated. Given the importance of these financial resources to Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI), it is important for the management of the company to make the right choice after evaluating the disadvantages and advantage of their financing choices.
Analysis of the Options
One of the main objectives of many companies is to attain a sustained expansion mode which can increase the value of their assets and market command in their business environment. Expansion for a company encompasses increased marketing standards, increased capitalization, acquisition and many other business expansion stimulants. The management through the various stakeholders of a company makes a considerable amount of moves through the board of directors to substantially ensure there are sustained improvement, expansion, and growth of the whole company.
The recent board of directors’ disagreements alarmed the CCI’s management, headed by Mr. John Evans, president and the treasurer of Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI), Elizabeth Thorp, to assess the previous board arguments in order to make a preformed position in the meeting to follow. There was an earlier agreement of acquisition policy as the key to continued expansion in revenues and income, thus, the merger of CCI and Midland Freight, Inc. was eminent and with the board’s policy of avoiding long-term debt, the management realized that the fund for the acquisition would be raised from outside source. Following the three scenarios, the company could use its large amounts of retained earnings which were already supplemented with the proceeds of the 1982 stock offerings to fund the acquisition. According to Ms. Thorp, the firm would sell $50 million in bonds to a California insurance company to raise the fund, with the interest rate at 10% and a maturity of 15 years. Finally, in order to avoid major market decline of the CCI’s share market prices, new common stock could be sold to the public at $17.75 per share, leaving the net proceeds of the company at 16.75 per share after the underwriting fees and expenses. In this scenario, the acquisition would require issuance of a 3 million new shares.
Considering the scenarios, the management met with a considerable amount of arguments from the board of directors and the analysis of each scenario was comprehensively analyzed in the board meeting which followed. After disappointed market performances of the CCI’s common stock, the firm’s policy of avoiding the long-term debts became realizable to the management and thus it was felt that such a change might be justified by the anticipated stability of CCI’s future earnings. In this case, selling $50 million bonds to the California insurance company would make sense according to Ms. Thorp, considering the 10% interest rate with 15 year maturity duration. This would require a sinking fund of $2.5 million, thereby leaving a 412.5 million outstanding at maturity. This would be the best to be obtained according to Ms. Thorp although it would create some sizeable need for cash. Although the Midland acquisition received much approval at the May board meeting, the cost of the debt issue raised much alarm considering the exclusion of the annual payment to the sinking fund. Issues were raised, among which argued that the stock issue had smaller cost than the bonds since the cash outlay would be required by the bond alternatives and the $12.5 million maturity considering the CCI’s already existing lease commitments. Therefore, the use of debt would add considerable amount of risks to the company in terms of the long term variations of the market price of the company’s common stock.
On the use of retained earnings, it was argued that the company’s stock had become a ‘steal’ at $17.75 per share and the CCI’s policy of the retained earnings had built the book value of the firm to about $45 per share by 1987. According to this argument, it was realized that although the true value of the firm was known but understated since the company’s assets were considerably below their current replacement cost, there was a substantial dilution of the management efforts to control the shares at 3 million share offering. This meant that selling the common stock would gift the shareholders of the company in terms of the value held the current stockholders.
One of the interesting, but striking arguments was that the sale of stock would dilute the stock value, yes, but in essence, this dilution was measured in terms of the earnings per share instead of the replacement or book value of the shares. In this case, it was realized that the post acquisition earnings would raise $34 million before the interest and taxes, but if the common stock were sold, the earnings per share would be $2.72. Therefore, the use of debt would increase the earnings per share to $3.87.
In conclusion, management’s main focus was to make a full preview of the concerns and making logical strategic moves on them. Upon the analysis of these options, it was also realized that CCI was one of the few companies in the trucking industry which had no long term debts in their capital structures, yet it had one of the lowest retained earnings in the same industry. In this way, the possibility of considering the issuance of the preferred stock came into discussion. It was therefore important, as proposed, that CCI could also consider selling 500000 shares of the preferred stock having a dividend of $10.50 per share and a per value of $100. Notably, the focus on the sale of stocks, and other financial sources were very critical in their consequences. However, the management and therefore the board of directors would not have neglected the power of other stakeholders of the Continental Carriers, Inc. It was crucial to involve all the stakeholders of the company at some points in order to avoid regrettable consequences as argued in the May board meeting, especially on the issues involving the debts and stocks of the company.
If we steal from each other we do not become richer. Discuss
MACROECONOMICS
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A 1.If we steal from each other we do not become richer. Discuss?
A stolen item is a valuable resource that has been taken away from a source without the knowledge of the owner. Richness is the creation of more wealth and increasing the value of current wealth. For people to become rich they need to invest more so that they can create a multiplier effect which will cause an increase in GDP. This is not possible when we steal.
Stealing will show lack of security and people will scared to invest the money hence they won’t become richer. If there is much stealing people will only t prevent stealing rather than try and invest.
Through stealing there is no investment since wealth just circulates around the same place. When one steals no increase in wealth takes place only that the person who stole the money is rich.
2. Explain the determinants of investment.
Interest rate.
There is a negative relationship between interest rate and investment. When interest rate is high people will invest less. If the interest rates are low people will invest more since profits from investment is higher than that of securities.
Technology
An introduction of superior technology reduces cost of production hence attracting investors thus investment increases with all other factors held constant. But when technology is inferior production cost becomes high thus investment level goes down.
Stock of capital at hand.
If there exist unsold inventories it implies there is excess investment, this would make investors not invest more. But if there is less capital at hand investors invest more.
Expectation of future profits.
Expectation of increase in future profits investors will invest more now but an expectation of losses more investment will be carried out now.
Taxes
An increase in the level of taxes reduces the rate of investment. But when the level of taxes is low investment rate is high.
Acquisition, maintenance and operating cost of capital.
When all this three factors are high level of investment goes down. But when they are low investment goes high.
3 .Briefly explain three theories of money.
Quantity theory of money (fishers equation/by irving fisher)
According to this theory value of money depends on the quantity of money in circulation with other things held constant, double the quantity of money double the prices. Factors being constant are: number of transactions, velocity of money, barter transactions, hoarding.
The cash balance equation theory/Cambridge equation.
It is also known as the demand & supply theory of money. The theory supports the Keynesian theory that depends on; transaction motive, precautionary motive, speculative motive. While supply of money depends on; currency notes, coins, bank notes. It states that price level is equal to total money in circulation divided by volume of production multiplied by proportion of national income people prefer to hold.
Money demand and supply equilibrium theory
The amount of money supplied depends on interest rate since money demand also depends on interest rate. To increase demand & supply we lower interest rate.
4 .Briefly explain the law of comparative advantage.
It is a law that states when each country specialises in production of that commodity in which the relation has comparative advantage the total world output of commodity necessarily increases with the result that every country becomes better off. A country is said to have comparative advantage in production of a commodity in which its degree of superiority is high.
5. Prove that the investment multiplier is k=mps-1
B.1. using the Keynesian theory discuss the national income equilibrium.8
Equilibrium GDP is that output which creates spending just sufficient to buy that output, equilibrium is always along the help line. Introduction of a certain consumption function equilibrium will be at a certain point in the, help line beyond that point there is no equilibrium. Meaning all GDP not been bought hence there will be spending of investment which will change the equilibrium. The economy will be in no time be in disequilibrium due to: multiplier, paradox of thrift, Say’s law.
2. it’s unfair to have rich people while others are extremely poor. Discuss.
Inequality of distribution of national income is caused by the following reasons.
Inherited resources. People in rich families inherit land factories and business. They become rich because they are born in rich families while poor families don’t get the chance to be rich.
Private ownership. People are free to increase their wealth to any extent. People who get a chance to succeed become rich.
Social evils this is the main cause of unequal distribution of income in underdeveloped countries. it includes corruption, smuggling etc. A few persons become too rich.
Better opportunities, the lucky ones get better opportunities in life. They become rich.
Natural gift, naturally gifted people earn a lot of money due to extra ordinary talents. Persons with ordinary talents remain poor.
Arguments in favour with equitable distribution of income.
Higher consumption. Income distribution is fair when all persons spend more than their basic wants. Consumption of goods and services is higher as a result of production increase.
Equity of opportunities, this enables the talented persons to come up and succeed in life.
Political stability, fair and equitable distribution enhances population stability conflict between the rich and the poor brings political instability.
Social justice, income distribution is fair when the whole population maintains high living standards. Social justice is enhanced in the society.
C1. Explain the determinants consumption function.
There are two groups of determinant of consumption function. They subjective and objectives.
Subjective.
Precautionary motive-every person has a strong feeling to prepare for emergencies. So they build up reserves for such emergencies.
Foresight motive-every man has future needs. They need to save for their old age.
Motive for independence-most of us have a strong desire to be independent financially .so we tend to save by sacrificing present consumption.
Standard of living- we always want to improve the standard of living for which we reduce consumption and save for the future.
Objective function.
Distribution of income-this is an important factor of propensity to consume. The more inequality in income distribution, the lower will be the propensity to consume. poor people have a higher MPC , their basic and primary needs are not satisfied. So, increase in income tends to increase MPC whereas rich people have lower MPC.
Expectations-every consumer has certain calculations about their future changes. This may be regarding price, income or employment. When they expect price increase in future, they tend to consume immediately, or if they expect unemployment in future, they tend to consume less and save more.
Windfall gains and losses-when the consumers get huge profit, they tend to consume more as income increases. However, loss will make them consume less due to decrease in income.
Fiscal policies-fiscal policy is related to tax structure and government expenditure. When the taxes are decreased the disposable income with people with increase and so will the consumption and vice versa.
Stock of wealth-if any individual has enough stock of wealth in the form of bonds, fixed deposits etc. He tends to consume more of his current income. But if the stock of wealth is low, the individual will spend less and tend to save more.
2. The world is just recovering from an economic depression. Discuss the demerits of this fearful business situation.
Low economic activity. This is because there is great uncertainty in the economy hence few activities
Low prices. Prices of commodities are usually too low that investors find it hard to invest. This lowers the economic growth of the state even further.
High wage rates. There are high wage rates for employee as they are affected by poor standards of living and the higher living standards.
Unemployment, there higher rate of unemployment since investment for one isn’t taking place due to the low prices. Again companies want to minimize the number of employees.
3. Explain the function of the central bank to the government
It acts as a banker’s bank.
Its serves as a lender of last resort to commercial banks and also the government.
It encourages the adoption of the financial system according to the changing needs of the market.
It administers external results, exchange controls and handles external financial relations.
Manages the national reputation. It takes into account accumulated borrowings undertaken by the government to fund expenditure
It has the sole responsibility of issuing currency. Regulates issue of coins and notes.
Acts as a government banker. It does not maintain business accounts and individuals in the private sector. It only maintains the accounts of the government sector. This usually starts a bank returns as public deposit.
Important of all is that it acts as a government agent. This is when it implements the monetary in the pursuit of the governments’ national economic development. As part of this process, the bank acts as a medium for two way transmission between the government and the financial market. Among other things it collects extensive statistical information on all financial institutions. The information is usually about the following: the volume of the business, the sector of the economy that would need lending.
The central bank has the obligation to supervise banking industry in general. The bank can directives to commercial banks and other financial institutions indicating how much they should be lending. This has been done through what has been known as persuasion. The bank is mandated to inspect and supervise the directives given to non- governmental institutions and commercial bank.
D.1.in the 1990’s the government of Kenya exercised exchange rate control. Discuss some consideration for this policy.
Improve the balance of payment. A government fixes a high exchange rate that would discourage importation but on the other hand encourage exportation.
To protect domestic industries. In order to protect domestic industries against foreign competition higher exchange rate is fixed.
To maintain a stable exchange rate. To develop the economy by use of foreign currency. Development of a country depends on foreign exchange reserves which are required to purchase items necessary for development.
To check flows in capital. If in a country there symptoms of foreigners wanting to withdraw their capita a high exchange rate would devalue their capital.
2. Explain some measures the government can use to counteract the ever raising exchange rate.
Exchange clearing- in these two countries agree to match their receipts and payments. Imports in either country will pay in local currencies.
Fixed exchange rate- the government maintains exchange rate at a specific level and ensures that the rates stay in the prescribed limits by buying and selling the currency to bring the rates into this limits.
Exchange restrictions- the government requires that all foreign exchange deals must be transacted through most preferable channels e.g. the central bank.
Blocked currency account- where payments by citizens or residents to foreigners are paid in blocked accounts with the name of foreigners. These beneficiaries can only draw such funds from such accounts with the permission and approval by the central bank.