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Early Childhood
Early Childhood
Name
Institutional Affiliations
Early Childhood
The need for early childhood education has become of great importance not only to the children, but also to the parents who help those children to achieve their dreams. The most benefit of early childhood education is that, teaching young children provides them with learning skills that make them to grow socially as well as developmentally. It is true that children are growing and learning new things every day, and therefore the earlier the children start their education the better they gain more knowledge. Most parents have sacrificed a lot for their children so that they get the best education as they grow no matter how much income they earn. They believe that, their children have a chance of excelling in their own future. Therefore, the paper will elaborate more about early childhood in regards to education as well as, identifying the best practices for early childhood education.
Early childhood education provides children with enough knowledge which they may need for future success. As a result, more programs are needed to be established within the community because these will provide the children with the opportunity of gaining learning, development as well as social skills required for them to thrive in their own future. However, the programs offered should be successful in that, they should provide a safe and nurturing environment that will promote a social, physical and cognitive development. Research also shows that the benefit of early childhood education improves readiness to learn, early literacy, improves cognitive development as well as, decreasing the need for the remedial.
The purpose of education for children is to provide them with knowledge. It is evident that children who start their education at early age tend to perform well, since that is when they learn the most. However, these children should be encouraged so as to express themselves through verbal communication, pictures and art. Children usually learn through the manipulation of objects, and creative play. Hence, teachers should ensure that these children have enough space or playground that they can do various activities such as jumping, running, playing seek and hide games and many others. It is through group play and supportive teaching that helps children to grow physically fit, socially and emotionally. The group activities are of great benefit to the children because they teach the young children to live and play together. Conversely, independent and guided problem solving helps the children to gain greater independence since it is true that children need both independence and teamwork skills that enables them to become a well rounded person (Copple, & Bredekamp, 2004).
The contemporary curriculum approaches in early childhood education mainly stresses on the magnitude of making available to the young children so as to foster holistic development along with promoting positive attitudes. The approaches are also appropriate to life and learning of young children. It is therefore a recommendation for the early childhood teachers to ensure that they acquire enough knowledge which will be necessary for implementing and developing child centered curriculum practices which inherent and motivate the young ones desire of becoming engaged in their own learning. The rationale goals are to help the children to achieve intellectual growth and developing a positive self concept. This also would help the young children to enlarge their world of experience, ideas and people that will later help them in increasing the competence in dealing with social situations and emotional feelings.
Consequently, using constructive approach, most educators have been renowned to endorse children with active exchange between them and the environment. The activities in this case may include problem solving along with coming up with new ideas to foster the children learning while improving their thinking. Research shows that young children tend to be theory builders hence constructive approach to early childhood education will help in building a foundation of physical knowledge which later will help those children to become increasingly independent both morally and intellectually. The role of early childhood educator to engage in teaching approaches for the children in different occasions is said to be very vital. The direct approaches is said to fit best in classes giving the instructors instructions for problem to be solved. This is the best approach because it helps the instructors to get the child attention as well as getting to know what might be good or wrong (Copple, & Bredekamp, 2004).
Conclusion
It is evident that high quality education continues to generate long lasting benefits across the world. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECSADE) stated that the role of policy makers is to construct a comprehensive system of curriculum and programs. Therefore, combining the philosophies of direct instruction, and constructive approaches of early childhood education tend to help the children so as to make choices, reflect on what they learned, as well as, carrying out their ideas. The combined activities are important because they promote independence and initiative. Furthermore, children engaging in group activities and socializing during play time exercise their bodies during outdoor time.
References
Copple, & Bredekamp, (2004). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8 London: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Early Childhood, physical and socio-emotional characteristics
Early Childhood, physical and socio-emotional characteristics
Name
Institution
Course
Date
This paper is a report of observation of physical and socio-emotional characteristics of two children. The report contains the observed characteristic of the two children, ages between four to six years, and provides recommendations to guardians and educators referring to various socio-emotional theories. The table below shows the observations form the two children.
Actions Similarities/differences
When give strange objects First child took immediately, second child did not take immediately but took after sometime. When other strange objects were brought, they both became hesitant to take. When asked why, one child said mum said they should not accept new things from strangers. The second did not talk but ignored.
New plays The first child easily leant new things compared to second child. The second child however was more innovative. He formed new patterns with playing materials than first student.
When playing materials were retrieved from them The fist child cried and threw stones at us., the second said something almost to himself.
Analysis
According to Frost et al., 2008, at the early ages, children normally understand themselves as persons and as part of social world. According to the author, at this stage, children start becoming autonomous, and their cognitive abilities allow them know how they fit to be part of their family. As observed in the two children and confirmed by Frost et al., 2008’s theory, important characteristics to be observed at this age is emotional development in term so self-esteem, self-regulation, and emotional controls. It was observed that the two children had shared characteristics in terms of self-concept, self-esteem, self-regulation of emotions and empathy.
Self-concept: the observation of the two children confirmed the development of self-concept for both the children. The children developed a firm awareness that they were separated from other children and had personal characteristics. Their self-concept as started by Frost et al., 2008 are defined by their physical characteristics by their competencies and skills mastery. The children were quick to master and reflect on their past experiences and observations.
Self-esteem. The two children began the task of judging themselves on worthiness and competencies. All the children had the feeling that they were the best in performing tasks and reasoning. The children overestimated their skills mastery and underestimated how new task might be difficult to complete. They had a belief that they could complete all tasks on their own and could move distances their counterparts could not. The children, based on their behavior, liked and disliked things based on their parental influences, approval and disapproval. The children as asserted by Frost et al., 2008 t this age rapidly acquire new skills and translate them into negative or positive feelings.
Self-regulation of Emotions. Ag the age between three to six years, children, based on the observations, develop an awareness and understanding of their feelings and emotions. Because they understand the emotions and its causes in them and other children, they were able to initiate behaviors that permitted them to cope with others. There was an indication that the children picked strategies for dealing with emotion and this was based on their parental influences. This tells the parents that they need to teach their children how to deal with anger and hostility as their children copy from them. Children should be taught how to deal with negation emotions and other peers.
In conclusion, the two children had many characteristics to share in common. Based on the observations and theories related to child’s physical and social-emotional characteristics, it is evident that children copy for what their parents teach them. They children are aware of the dos and don’ts and their even refer to their parents to have told them. This calls for the parents, guardian and educators to instill good characters in their children as these act as their controlling factors.
References
Frost, S. Wortham, S. and Reifel, 2008. Excerpt from Play and Child Development, by J.L. edition, p. 140-141.
Financial Statement Analysis of Etihad Etisalat Co
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139965” Financial Statement Analysis for the year 2011 and 2012 PAGEREF _Toc394139965 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139966” Company overview PAGEREF _Toc394139966 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139967” Ratio Analysis PAGEREF _Toc394139967 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139968” Statement of cash flows PAGEREF _Toc394139968 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139969” References PAGEREF _Toc394139969 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139970” Appendix PAGEREF _Toc394139970 h 12
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139971” Income Statement PAGEREF _Toc394139971 h 12
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139972” Balance sheet PAGEREF _Toc394139972 h 13
HYPERLINK l “_Toc394139973” Cash Flow Statement PAGEREF _Toc394139973 h 14
Financial Statement Analysis for the year 2011 and 2012In the given report, analysis of the financial statement of the company Etihad Etisalat CO is conducted which help to provide a clear and precise idea at about the company financial performance over the given period of time i.e. 2011 and 2012. The financial analysis help to provide a clear understanding on the financial position of the company in the UAE business environment and the financial market and also help other user to take effective decision related to the investment in the given company (Horrigan, 1967).
Company overviewEtisalat is one of the first telecommunication firms in United Arab Emirates, which established in the year 1976 with around paid capital of (AED) 7906140000 and the par value of the share is 1.00 AED. The trade aim of the ETIHAD ETISALAT CO, which was launched in the year 2005, the company, is the winning bidder for Saudi Arabia second best GSM licence in the year 2004, which in real helps to provide mobile communication around the nation. The major owner of the the company is the federal government of UAE, which have 61.03% of total share of the company. The prime services of the company are to provide suitable offer, which suit each and everybody need. Etisalat is also provide several other core service to the nation which are TV, internet and host of other significant service which provide service across the UAE.
Financial statement helps to provide a clear knowledge of the financial position of the company in the financial market. The financial statement is generally prepared with the help of several key team or committee. The audit committees of the company consist of a Chairman and member. The Chairman of the audit committee is H.E. Essa Abdulfattah Kazim and the team member of the audits committees six key member, which under the supervision of the Chairman prepare the audit report of the financial statement. The auditor report to the shareholder help to provide a identification of the problem determined from the financial statement analysis which is evaluated on the basis of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) (Helfert, 1987). According to the auditor report, the company consolidated financial statement determined fairly and the financial performance, cash flows for the given year ended in accordance with the international financial reporting standard.
Total asset, Total liabilities and Total stockholder equity
ETIHAD ETISALAT CO (7020) BALANCE SHEET
Year 2011-12 2012-12
Total assets 37501 38623
Total liabilities 19113 17717
Total stockholders’ equity 18388 20906
From the analysis of the table given above clear indicate that the total asset and total stockholder equity is increase for the given company which is a positive sign for the company financial potion in the market as the liabilities is decreasing the capital flow for the company is increasing. On the contrary, the liability of the company is decreasing which help to provide the company increase in the liquid asset.
Ratio AnalysisThe financial ratio analysis is obtained from the key financial statement, which are income statement, statement of financial and the cash flow statement. The three financial statement are the most essential statement which help to calculate the significant ratio which help to determine the company several significant aspect such as solvency risk, liquidity risk, profitability, efficiency , activities and market ratio (Gil Lafuente, 2005). The ratio helps the company and other key several users to determine the company current financial position in the market and its ability to generate income and sustainability in the coming future.
Liquidity: Liquidity ratio help to provide a clear and precise idea about the company current asset and liabilities also help to determine the company capability to meet its short-term obligation. In the year, 2011 the company is at liquidity risk as the current and quick ratio are both below one. It indicate in the year 2011 the company is not able to meet its short-term obligation. On the other hand the company financial capabilities increase which is indicate in the current ratio and quick ratio which signify that the company was able to meet its short-term obligation in the year 2012.
Liquidity/Financial Health 2011-12 2012-12
Current Ratio 0.55 1.03
Quick Ratio 0.44 0.72
Activities: The activities help to determine the significant ratio of the company, which is calculate from the financials statement, which are also termed as the efficiency ratio. The efficiency ratio include the days sales outstanding, days inventory ratio, payable period, receivable turnover ratio, inventory turnover ratio, fixed asset turnover ratio and the asset turnover ratio (Fridson & Alvarez, 2002). The given ratio helps to identify the overall management capability of the company. The company is able to manage it overall business operation or not is determined with the help of significant activity. From the overall analysis of the activities of the company, indicate that the company is efficiently manage it inventory, fixed asset turnover, payable turnover and receivable turnover which help the company to maintain its asset management which eventually help the company to earn more revenue for the given period of time.
Key Ratios -> Efficiency Ratios
Efficiency 2011-12 2012-12
Days Sales Outstanding 110.06 94.52
Days Inventory 14.38 18.73
Payables Period 271.66 215.61
Receivables Turnover 3.32 3.86
Inventory Turnover 25.39 19.49
Fixed Assets Turnover 1.39 1.4
Asset Turnover 0.57 0.62
Leverage: Leverage also help to determine the company susceptible to the long term solvency risk. The gearing ratio is determined with the help of the debt equity ratio and the financial advantage ratio or debt ratio. The financial leverage ratio which indicate that the total capital used to increase the level of profit is better in the year 2011 which help the company Etisalat to have greater degree of independence and higher financial leverage. Debt to equity ratio is one of the most significant indicators of the leverage of the company which is determined with the help of the debt to equity ratio. The debt to equity ratio indicates the ratio between debt and equity. The ratio is less in the year 2011 however in the year 2012 the ratio increase which indicate that the company is able to meet its current liabilities.
Financial Gearing Ratio 2011-12 2012-12
Financial Leverage 2.04 1.85
Debt/Equity 0.05 0.36
Profitability: Profitability ratio is determined with the help of the income statement of the company. The income statement is also known as the profit or loss statement, which helps to signify the income, incurred and expense occurred for the given period. The profitability ratio include net profit margin, gross profit margin, operating margin, asset turnover, return on asset, financial leverage, return on equity and return on invested capital which collectively help to indicate the profitability ratio of the company. The profitability ratio analysis helps to determine that the company net profit margin is increasing which is a positive for the company overall growth (Palmer, 1983). The higher the profit margin more the better it is for the company overall growth which help to lower the relative price of the product which are sold. Return on asset help to calculate the profit incurred with the available asset, which from the analysis indicate that the company is generated profit from the last year. Return on equity is one of the most significant factors to determine the profitability ratio of the company. It helps to determine the return total earned on common stockholder investment in the company ETISALAT. The analysis help to determine the ROE, which indicate that the company were off better in the year 2012 than in 2011as the return on equity, is increasing in the year 2012 (Financials.morningstar.com, 2011).
Key Ratios -> Profitability
Year 2011-12 2012-12
Revenue 100 100
COGS 48.51 49.1
Gross Margin 51.49 50.9
Operating Margin 53.14 26.19
EBT Margin 25.62 25.75
Profitability 2011-12 2012-12
Tax Rate % 1.06 1.15
Net Margin % 24.68 25.45
Asset Turnover (Average) 0.57 0.62
Return on Assets % 14.98 15.81
Financial Leverage (Average) 2.04 1.85
Return on Equity % 29.56 30.63
Return on Invested Capital % 26.12 25.19
Market ratio: Price earnings ratio (P/E) helps to determine the amount of the investor who is interested to pay each dirham of the organization total earning. Higher the rate of the share betters the chance or the confidence level of the investor in the company ETISALAT. The market ratio consists of the book value, earning per share which collectively help to determine the market of the company.
Price earnings ratio of the company in the year 2011 and 2012 help to provide clear and precise idea that the company is better in the year 2012 which help to increase the level of confidence in the investor to invest in the given company which will yield the investor a better return in the coming future (Financials.morningstar.com, 2011).
Financials
2011-12 2012-12
Revenue SAR Mil 20,052 23,642
Earnings Per Share SAR 7.12 7.82
Dividends SAR 2.95 4.55
Shares Mil 700 770
Book Value Per Share SAR 26.95 27.15
Statement of cash flowsThe statement of cash flow is one of the most significant financial statements, which help to provide a clear and precise idea about the company three primary activities, which are operating activities, financing activities and investing activities, which help to generate the net cash inflow and outflow incurred for the given period.
Determine the changes in cash
The net cash flow is determine with the help determining the difference between the cash at the beginning and the cash at the end of the period which is also termed as the total cash inflow and total cash outflow. The change in the cash flow calculated in the year 2011 is positive on the contrary, the total cash flow in the year 2012 is negative which indicate that the company is not able to generate revenue from the overall activities (Financials.morningstar.com, 2011).
ETIHAD ETISALAT CO (7020) Statement of CASH FLOW
Fiscal year ends in December. SAR in millions except per share data. 2011-12 2012-12
Net change in cash 28 -387
Cash at beginning of period 1661 1690
Cash at end of period 1690 1302
Net change in cash 28 -387
Determine the net cash flow operating activities
The cash flow statement consists of three primary activities, operating activities is one of the activities in the cash flow statement. The net cash flow from operating activities helps to provide the cash flow from key operating activities. In the year 2011 the cash flow from operating activities is 6673 where as the cash flow from operating activities in the year 2012 is increases 7037 (Financials.morningstar.com, 2011).This indicates the cash flow from the operating activities is increases in the year 2012.
ETIHAD ETISALAT CO (7020) Statement of CASH FLOW
Fiscal year ends in December. SAR in millions except per share data. 2011-12 2012-12
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Inventory -173 -252
Prepaid expenses -1094
Accrued liabilities -356
Other working capital -1423 46
Other non-cash items 8269 8692
Net cash provided by operating activities 6673 7037
Determine cash flow from investing and financing activities
The cash flow statement consist of the three core activities investing and financing activities are the two core part of the cash flow statement which help to generate the net cash flow for the given period of time (Ardalan, 2000). The cash flow statement helps to determine the cash flow from investing activities and financing activities, which indicate that the company that the company is making efficient use of the resource. The investing activities of the company in the year are -3408 and -5408 in the year 2011 and 2012 respectively. On the other hand, the financing activities the company cash flow is -3237 and -2338 for the year 2011 and 2012 respectively which indicate the company net cash flow from investing and financial activities is not efficiently managed.
ETIHAD ETISALAT CO (7020) Statement of CASH FLOW
Fiscal year ends in December. SAR in millions except per share data. 2011-12 2012-12
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Investments in property, plant, and equipment -3700 -4860
Property, plant, and equipment reductions 10 84
Acquisitions, net -168
Purchases of intangibles -310
Other investing activities 450
Net cash used for investing activities -3408 -5086
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Debt issued 870 7415
Debt repayment -1832 -6253
Dividend paid -2275 -3500
Other financing activities
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities -3237 -2338
ReferencesArdalan, A. (2000). Economic & financial analysis for engineering & project management (1st ed.). Lancaster, Penn.: Technomic Pub. Co.
Bowlin, O., Martin, J., & Scott, D. (1990). Guide to financial analysis (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Financials.morningstar.com,. (2011). Growth, Profitability, and Financial Ratios for Etihad Etisalat Co (7020) from Morningstar.com. Retrieved 26 July 2014, from http://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=7020®ion=sau&culture=en-US
Financials.morningstar.com,. (2014). Growth, Profitability, and Financial Ratios for Etihad Etisalat Co (7020) from Morningstar.com. Retrieved 26 July 2014, from http://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=7020®ion=sau&culture=en-US
Fridson, M., & Alvarez, F. (2002). Financial statement analysis (1st ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Gil Lafuente, A. (2005). Fuzzy logic in financial analysis (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer.
Hansen, B., & Palmer, A. (1997). FRAN, Financial Ratio ANalysis and more (1st ed.). Radnor PA (5 Radnor Corp CTR Suite 200, Radnor 19087-4585): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Helfert, E. (1987). Techniques of financial analysis (1st ed.). Homewood, Ill.: Irwin.
Horrigan, J. (1967). An evaluation of financial ratio analysis (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago.
Horrigan, J. (1978). Financial ratio analysis (1st ed.). New York: Arno Press.
Morley, M. (1984). Ratio analysis (1st ed.). Berkshire, England: Published for the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland by Gee & Co.
Palmer, J. (1983). Financial ratio analysis (1st ed.). New York, N.Y.: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
AppendixIncome StatementETIHAD ETISALAT CO (7020) INCOME STATEMENT
Fiscal year ends in December. SAR in millions except per share data. 2011-12 2012-12
Revenue 20052 23642
Cost of revenue 9728 11608
Gross profit 10324 12034
Operating expenses
Sales, General and administrative 2870 3443
Other operating expenses 2149 2399
Total operating expenses 5019 5842
Operating income 5305 6192
Interest Expense 213
Other income (expense) 46 -104
Income before taxes 5138 6088
Provision for income taxes 54 70
Net income from continuing operations 5083 6018
Other -5083
Net income 6018
Net income available to common shareholders 6018
Earnings per share
Basic 7.82
Diluted 7.82
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic 770
Diluted 770
EBITDA 7500 8591
Balance sheetETIHAD ETISALAT CO (7020) BALANCE SHEET
Fiscal year ends in December. SAR in millions except per share data. 2011-12 2012-12
Assets
Current assets
Cash
Cash and cash equivalents 1690 1302
Short-term investments
Total cash 1690 1302
Receivables 6334
Inventories 470 721
Prepaid expenses 2493
Other current assets 1399 5910
Total current assets 9893 10427
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment
Gross property, plant and equipment 16412 24716
Accumulated Depreciation -7461
Net property, plant and equipment 16412 17255
Goodwill 1530
Intangible assets 10942
Other long-term assets 9665
Total non-current assets 27607 28197
Total assets 37501 38623
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Short-term debt 6096
Accounts payable 8002
Other current liabilities 3949 10075
Total current liabilities 18047 10075
Non-current liabilities
Long-term debt 977 7506
Other long-term liabilities 89 137
Total non-current liabilities 1066 7643
Total liabilities 19113 17717
Stockholders’ equity
Retained earnings 9810 11726
Accumulated other comprehensive income 8578 9180
Total stockholders’ equity 18388 20906
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 37501 38623
Cash Flow StatementETIHAD ETISALAT CO (7020) Statement of CASH FLOW
Fiscal year ends in December. SAR in millions except per share data. 2011-12 2012-12
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Inventory -173 -252
Prepaid expenses -1094
Accrued liabilities -356
Other working capital -1423 46
Other non-cash items 8269 8692
Net cash provided by operating activities 6673 7037
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Investments in property, plant, and equipment -3700 -4860
Property, plant, and equipment reductions 10 84
Acquisitions, net -168
Purchases of intangibles -310
Other investing activities 450
Net cash used for investing activities -3408 -5086
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Debt issued 870 7415
Debt repayment -1832 -6253
Dividend paid -2275 -3500
Other financing activities
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities -3237 -2338
Net change in cash 28 -387
Cash at beginning of period 1661 1690
Cash at end of period 1690 1302
Free Cash Flow
Operating cash flow 6673 7037
Capital expenditure -3700 -5170
Free cash flow 2973 1867