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Final Paper Outline (2)
Final Paper Outline
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Final Paper Outline
The Research Gap
In managing emergencies, leadership plays an imperative role in alleviating the harm inflicted by calamitous incidents. Accordingly, the absence of adequate and successfully executed leadership can aggravate effects of emergencies (Ga, 2014; Mazo, 2015). Managing catastrophes and disastrous events require leaders to possess specific abilities, competencies, skills, and aptitudes. Such attributes and traits enable leaders to effectively manage major emergencies that depend on the emergencies’ scope, the prevailing environmental conditions, and the firms these leaders lead (Demiroz & Kapucu, 2012). Emergency managers should also demonstrate the capacity and prowess to develop and implement policies and programs that meet the emergency management goal. Primarily, the goal entails enabling vulnerability curtailment, ecological protection, and multi-organizational emergency coordination enrichment while limiting the loss of life and property (Heintze & Thielbörger, 2018; Kapucu & Özerdem, 2011).
Leadership and crises are intertwined concepts because one naturally complements the other. While crises and emergencies do not have the same meaning, leaders in the management of crises must possess specific skills, knowledge, metacompetencies, and proficiencies to effectively execute their essential responsibility. This responsibility involves being able to respond to and manage unpredictable events, catastrophes, uncertainties, and threats arising from these crises, normalize situations, and reform institutional structures to facilitate damage control and prevention (Demiroz & Kapucu, 2012; Smits & Ally, 2003). Also, contemporary crises might emanate as effects of globalization, unprecedented effects of pandemics such as COVID-19, technological advances in information and communication technology, and cultural, financial, and operational processes in emergency management establishments. So, leaders should demonstrate an understanding of these causes of crises and their associated rapid changes to know how to provide proper direction on dealing with them.
Given the broad scope of leader responsibilities in handling challenging emergency conditions, it is imperative to explore the role of leadership in emergency management.
The Explanatory Questions
What role does leadership play in emergency management?
What skills and competencies are important in realizing this role?
The Thesis (Argument)
I believe that when responding to emergencies, leaders must take charge of the prevailing situations, manage networks, mitigate the emergency effects, and depict decisiveness and flexibility amidst uncertainty, chaos, and anxiety.
Leaders must possess specific characteristics, skills, and abilities developed via training and experience to enable them to manage crises and emergencies.
Themes
The three themes that will be part of my course term paper include the following:
Theme 1: Handling Routine Emergencies and Severe Events
This theme delves into the specific activities characterizing the role of leaders in managing catastrophes, routine emergency scenarios, and extreme incidents in diverse emergency contexts.
Supporting Perspective:
Demiroz, F., & Kapucu, N. (2012). The role of leadership in managing emergencies and disasters. European Journal of Economic & Political Studies, 5(1), 91-101.
The authors’ perspective is that an array of leadership competencies are necessary for emergency managers in their leadership role of handling routine emergencies, major catastrophes, and extreme incidents.
Alternative Perspectives:
Van Wart, M., & Kapucu, N. (2011). Crisis management competencies: The case of emergency managers in the USA. Public Management Review, 13(4), 489-511.
The article examines the role of leadership in crisis management and the competencies that the involved leaders must possess.
Trainor, J. E., & Velotti, L. (2013). Leadership in crises, disasters, and catastrophes. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(3), 38-40.
This article looks into the role and activities of leaders and leadership in managing crises, catastrophes, and disasters, emphasizing the significance of different leadership abilities.
My Perspective
Leaders should be competent and skillful to manage diverse incidents and scenarios in emergency settings.
Summary:
The articles will offer insightful evidence to support the theme of handling routine emergencies, major catastrophes, and extreme incidents in that they particularize the key activities included in the leadership role.
Theme 2: Competencies, Essential Skills, and Metacompetencies
Leaders in emergency management need to attain all-inclusive excellence by possessing a complete blend of competencies, essential skills, and metacompetencies.
Supporting Perspective:
Gerras, S. J., Clark, M., Allen, C., Keegan, T., Meinhart, R., Wong, L., … & Reed, G. (2010). Strategic leadership primer. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks PA.
These authors offer a comprehensive list of the strategic leadership competencies, which are deemed relevant to leaders in emergency management.
Alternative Perspectives:
Wong, L., Gerras, S., Kidd, W., Pricone, R., & Swengros, R. (2003). Strategic leadership competencies. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks PA, Strategic Studies Institute.
The article delineates the various metacompetencies that leaders in disaster and emergency management would find valuable in accomplishing their role.
Schoemaker, P. J., Krupp, S., & Howland, S. (2013). Strategic leadership: The essential skills. Harvard Business Review, 91(1), 131-134.
This article outlines several essential skills that leaders in emergency management must possess to effectively execute their mandate.
My Perspective
Leaders must work towards attaining a blend of competencies, skills, and metacompetencies to excel in emergency management activities.
Summary:
These articles will collectively guide my arguments for the theme of the competencies, skills, and metacompetencies that emergency managers need to effectively execute their roles.
Theme 3: Significance of Training and Experience
Leadership training and exposure to leadership experience are vital in facilitating the development of leadership skills, competencies, and abilities as they engage in managing catastrophic events that lead to emergencies.
Supporting Perspective:
McDermott, A., Kidney, R., & Flood, P. (2011). Understanding leader development: Learning from leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(4), 358-378. Doi: 10.1108/01437731111134643.
These authors examine how emerging and aspiring leaders can learn and gain insights from senior leaders’ leadership experiences to develop their leadership proficiencies.
Alternative Perspective:
Baron, I. S., & Agustina, H. (2017). The effectiveness of leadership management training. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(2), 7-16. Doi: 10.17512/pjms.2017.16.2.01
The authors emphasize the importance of leadership development training by quantifying the effectiveness of leadership management training for top-level executives.
My Perspective
Ongoing training and experience are imperative to developing the skills, competencies, and abilities of leaders in emergency management roles.
Summary:
These articles will provide evidence to back the theme of the importance of training and experience in advancing the proficiencies and capabilities of emergency management professionals.
References
Baron, I. S., & Agustina, H. (2017). The effectiveness of leadership management training. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(2), 7-16. Doi: 10.17512/pjms.2017.16.2.01.
Demiroz, F., & Kapucu, N. (2012). The role of leadership in managing emergencies and disasters. European Journal of Economic & Political Studies, 5(1), 91-101.
Ga, R. (2014). Leadership in handling disaster: Indonesian leaders in handling disasters. Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Gerras, S. J., Clark, M., Allen, C., Keegan, T., Meinhart, R., Wong, L., … & Reed, G. (2010). Strategic leadership primer. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks PA.
Heintze, H. J., & Thielbörger, P. (2018). International humanitarian action. NOHA Textbook: Springer International Publishing.
Kapucu, N., & Özerdem, A. (2011). Managing emergencies and crises. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Mazo, G. N. (2015). Lessons in leadership amidst the devastation of super typhoon Haiyan. International Journal of Social Sciences Research, 3(3), 97-110.
McDermott, A., Kidney, R., & Flood, P. (2011). Understanding leader development: Learning from leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(4), 358 – 378. Doi: 10.1108/01437731111134643.
Schoemaker, P. J., Krupp, S., & Howland, S. (2013). Strategic leadership: The essential skills. Harvard Business Review, 91(1), 131-134.
Smits, S. J., & Ally, N. E. (2003). “Thinking the unthinkable”- Leadership’s role in creating behavioral readiness for crisis management. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 13(1), pp. 1 – 23. Doi: 10.1108/eb046448.
Van Wart, M., & Kapucu, N. (2011). Crisis management competencies: The case of emergency managers in the USA. Public Management Review, 13(4), 489-511.
Wong, L., Gerras, S., Kidd, W., Pricone, R., & Swengros, R. (2003). Strategic leadership competencies. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks PA, Strategic Studies Institute.
Fatigue is the feeling of tiredness or exhaustion of the body due to the explosion of a person to long hours of working witho
Subject
Students Name
Institution of Affiliation
Date
Fatigue is the feeling of tiredness or exhaustion of the body due to the explosion of a person to long hours of working without rest. Nurse fatigue, on the other hand, can be described as the feeling of mentally, emotionally as well as physical exhaustion or weariness that is caused by the high demands of nursing, leaving the nurses to have less time in rest and refreshes, overburdening them with work and more work making them completely weary. According to studies, the causes of fatigue in nurses have been attributed to the lack of enough sleep or the low quality sleep due to the work demands as well as other personal responsibilities among the nurses. Studies have cited that the long working hours, inadequate recovery time between the shifts, rotating shifts, night shifts, and excessive workload are among the contributing factors to fatigue among the nurses. Also, staff shortages, job demands as well as dangerous working environments as well the major contributing factors of fatigue among nurses.
Population
The population of the United States has grown to a significant number of millions over the last few years. The number of people in a country necessitates an increase in the number of nurses registered to take care of the health of the rising population. According to the data obtained in the year 2014, the United States had 874 registered nurses per 100,000 people, but the registered nurses are not distributed evenly throughout the nation. Hospitals in the states with low concentrations of the registered nurses may have difficulties in filling the empty nurse’s position, and this contributes to the high rates of nurses vacancies in the hospitals all year round. With such a reduced number of the registered nurses, the workforce that is required to take care of the population is significantly low, and this contributes to the long working hours with lesser shifts contributing to the eventual fatigue among the nurses. It is due to the prolonged exposure to the jobs that make the nurses deliver poor services with some of the time increasing the rate of mortality among the hospitalized patients, not because of negligence but due to fatigue.
Intervention
Exposing the nurses to the prolonged hours of working, poor working environment, as well as reduced time during shifts, have the ultimate effects of increasing the mental as well as the physical fatigue among the nurses. Each worker needs to rest so that they are able to give out their best during service delivery. The reduced number of the staff in the nurses’ department especially the registered nurses imply that those that are hired and are already in the working environment are pushed to the extremes, with a large percentage being expected to cover longer hours than it is expected of them. The reason as to why the registered nurses are required to work on extra- time is because if they are allowed to work on the normal routine, there will be some incidences of nurses being completely absent from the hospitals due to their reduced numbers.
Increasing the number of registered nurses in the nation, by making sure that each state has a recommendable of nurses such that the ration of n(10,000) is reduced will help in reducing the cases of fatigue among the nurses in the United States. High staffing implies that the nurses will now work with no strains as the number of people in the population that they are expected to serve will be reduced. Furthermore, a high number of registered nurses imply that less working hours will be achieved and thus more shifts will be granted to the nurses, and therefore, the impact of fatigue will be very much reduced to close to zero as the nurses are not pushed to extremes.
Comparison
The need for comparison between hiring more nurses to work in the health care facilities that are increasing the staffing and working with the current population of the registered nurses will help in distinguishing as to whether the cause of fatigue is due to understaffing. For a better comparison, it would be possible if the hiring of more nurses is done in phases and at different times in the states. With the variations in the number of staff at work, it will be straightforward to identify which group of nurses were subjected or are at a higher risk of being mentally or physically fatigued. Therefore, it will be possible to measure the performance as well as the impact that result from the variations in the number of nurses across the nation.
Outcome
Through changing the current working environment, it might be possible to reduce the levels of fatigue as well as the ultimately reduce the rates of medical errors. Improving the working environment implies increasing the number of staff working as registered nurses in the health facilities. With a large number of registered nurses, there will be reduced number of shifts, and therefore the available nurses are able to relax coming to job during the next shift being fresh minded with little or no traces of fatigue. Besides, the reduced number of shifts provides ample time for the nurses to solve their personal issues back at home and therefore helps them clear their mind before returning to work. Therefore they are devoted to providing the best services without coercion and with no pressure and therefore deliver quality services to the patients leading reduced mortality rates that are related to nurses’ fatigue.
Time
To be able to evaluate the outcome of performance and the overall patient satisfaction, it is advisable that a period of 4 to 6 months be allowed so that the effects and impacts can be felt. The period of between 4-6 months will enable a significant number of patients to have noticed the difference in the quality of services being provided. At the same time, the nurses will as well be able to note a change in their service delivery and it will be possible to identify whether the nurses’ fatigue is still present in the regions as to which the number of nurses has been increased. The impact of the intervention will be able to be identified within that duration of 4 to 6 months.
References
Fatigue in nurses. Retrieved from: Http://ojin.nursingworld.org/mainmenucategories/anamarketplace/anaperiodicals/ojin/tableofcontents/vol-16-2011/no1-Jan-2011/compassion-fatigue-a-nurses-primer.htmlScott, L. D., Arslanian-Engoren, C., & Engoren, M. C. (2014). Association of sleep and fatigue with decision regret among critical care nurses. American Journal of Critical Care, 23(1), 13-23.
Steege, L. M., & Rainbow, J. G. (2017). Fatigue in hospital nurses—‘Supernurse’culture is a barrier to addressing problems: A qualitative interview study. International journal of nursing studies, 67, 20-28.
Final Letter to the Instuctor on quality of education
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Student’s Address
Date
Recipient’s Name
Title: The Instructor
Institution’s Name
Recipient’s Institutional Address
Dear Sir/Madam,
The quality of the information that students always acquire from their learning institutions is always crucial in assessing the nature and competence of such institutions. Several institutions always use inappropriate books and learning materials to teach their students. Some of these materials may entail outdated information on certain critical issues. The use of such outdated books in teaching the students always impact negatively on the academic competence of such students. This follows that such books may lack critical recent findings from previous researches necessary for enriching the knowledge of students. As such, students from such institutions may be half-baked, with lots of irrelevant information forming the bulk of their knowledge.
In addition, the nature of notes issued during class times may also affect the requisite information that any student needs. Notes that are outdated in contents, poorly researched and delivered to students may affect the students negatively in their quest for knowledge. As such, it is noteworthy to highlight that teachers and instructors should always ensure that the notes they give their students met the set criteria and goals of their respective institutions. In addition, the instructors need to follow the papers delivered by the students for assessment keenly. They need to issue credible feedbacks to the students on regards to such papers to help the students adjust accordingly.
In this institution, the quality of education given to students is credibly astounding. The students have always been impresses with the nature of the notes issued by the instructors in class. These notes meet the criteria for success. The notes have been thoroughly researched and refined in such a manner that conceptualizing them is easy. In addition, the nature in which the instructors deliver their contents to the students is just but satisfactory. The instructors always issue out the notes to the students in a manner that makes the students take little time to understand them. This follows that through the intense training that our instructors underwent, they have mastered the different ways of delivering messages to their classes. In this manner, they do it with lots of mastery and prowess, making learning in this institution be easy and enjoyable.
It is of critical importance to note that the nature of relationship that students maintain with their teachers always influence the rate of conceptualization of the materials delivered to them in classes. If the relationship between these two distinct parties is worse, then the issue of teaching will also not go easy. As such, students will fail to conceptualize certain critical concepts. This may be considered a failure on both sides. As such, it is always the responsibility of such instructors to look for various ways in which such issues may be rectified. However, in a situation where the relationship between the students and their instructors is good, learning becomes easy. This follows that students will develop a sense of liking, trust and faith. This makes conceptualization of the materials delivered to them by the instructors become easy. In this institution, the nature of the relationship that we share with our instructors is quite good. This has made us develop a sense of interest and liking to our instructors, thus making us conceptualize the notes delivered to us with relative ease.
The nature of the feedbacks that we have been getting from our instructors has always been quite informative. The feedbacks have always been encouraging, making us develop more trust and interest. They have helped us adjust accordingly with regards to their specifications. Some of these feedbacks have always centered on the nature of materials that we should be using on our studies, mostly the most recent works and books. This has helped us acquire the most up to date information on certain issues relevant to our learning area. In addition, we have been using the most up to date materials. This has ensured that we acquire the best information regarding the different study areas that we have been taught,
Therefore, it is critical to summarize that the nature of experiences we have had in this institution is commendable. We have had the best notes, delivered in the most appropriate manner by our qualified instructors. In addition, the nature of feedbacks we have been getting from our instructors have been quite encouraging and informative. Moreover, the learning materials we have been using are the most up-to date.
Yours Sincerely,
Signature
Name