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Chapter 7 Ethics
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Chapter 7: Ethics
Section seven of the book “A Text with Readings” by Manuel Velasquez centers on ethics. According to Kant, ethics is about how individuals are to be worthy of happiness rather than being a doctrine concerning how to make themselves happy. In their daily activities, individuals are faced with moral questions that need to be addressed by values they have selected for themselves. In broader terms, ethics consists mainly of studying morality. It thus tries to define the things that are morally good in life as well as the actions that tend to be ethically correct. Ethics centers on morality, but it is not morality itself. Morality comprises of the standards that a person or a group possess concerning what is good and evil or what exists to be right and wrong.
The chapter further discusses ethics in terms of relativity and introduces two crucial words, and that is descriptive relativism and ethical relativism. Descriptive relativism articulates that societies typically differ in their moral standards. On the other hand, ethical relativism is the perception that the things that are morally right or wrong depend on an individual’s culture or society. Moreover, it further argues that there is no correct set of moral standards that are outlined for individuals to follow, but they should follow the norms that are accepted by their societies and culture. Therefore the author maintains that the ethical relativist should not assert that their moral standards are mistaken nor those of another culture.
Ethical relativism outlines that individual’s need to respectful and tolerant of other cultures moral beliefs and rejects the perception that their moral beliefs are the correct ones. However, they can criticize their own moral beliefs as well as those of others by rationally evaluating them. According to several traditional beliefs, individuals need to decide on what is morally right and wrong by observing the consequences of their actions. This leads to the consequentialist theory that holds that if one’s actions are right, then the act is correct and otherwise. However, there are those individuals who have adopted hedonism which is the outlook that only happiness or pleasure is inherently moral and it is only unhappiness or pain that is intrinsically immoral.
The chapter also discusses ethical egoism which asserts that morally right action is the one that initiates good and less bad consequences for an individual compared to any other activity. According to Harry Browne who is an American author, individuals should put their happiness ahead of others since the other individuals are doing the same. This is what is called ethical egoism. However, ethical egoism tends to have some disadvantages. Several philosophers maintain that ethical egoism is not impartial since it tends to favor an individual’s interests first and hence it is not morally dependable. In discussing the issue of ethics, rules, and consequences, Velasquez manages to answer the question of whether these issues makes an action right and whether they define morality. The author emphasizes on Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism holds that individuals should always act in a way that their actions generate the utmost happiness for every individual. Rule utilitarianism maintains that individuals should follow the rules that produce causes maximum pleasure.
The nonconsequentialist theories argue that the morality of an action critically depends on other factors rather than consequences and the issue leads to the Divine command theory as well as Buddhism. The Divine command concept tends to be a nonconsequentialist theory, and it commands individuals to abide by laws of God while Buddhism stresses on deliberate action, and it links morality to wisdom. The chapter closes by discussing that ethics are grounded on an individual’s character and emphasizing on the application of theories such as the normative ones to address issues such as abortion and euthanasia.
Works Cited
Velasquez, Manuel. Philosophy: A text with readings. Cengage Learning, 2016.
Multinational corporations documentary
Multinational Corporations
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Multinational corporationsAbstractA company is assigned as a lawful person under law. What sort of person would it be? Answer: A sociopath. While this may strike a few as self-evident, others will discover The Corporation a genuine eye-opener as it dives into the attitude and character of corporate America. This astute documentary comes to us from Mark Achbar Jennifer Abbott and Joel Bakan, whose book The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power serves as the premise for the film. Through meetings with left-wing staples activists and informants; and highlighting particular instances of corporate misdirection, the three-hour scaled down arrangement paints a kind of the unflattering picture of multinationals. The absolute most dooming confirmation originates from Fox News CEO Ray Anderson, who was forced to execute a story that laid open connections to malignancy in an engineered Monsanto cow-like milk hormone. The Corporation addresses three separate subjects. In the first program, the Pathology of Commerce, movie producers look at the neurotic eagerness toward oneself of the current business. Planet Inc. takes a gander at the extent of business and the advanced, even clandestine, strategies advertiser’s utilization to get their brands into homes (John, 2011).
The last program, Reckoning, analyzes how companies cut arrangements with any style of government from Nazi Germany to tyrannical states today that permit or even support sweatshops, as long as deals go up. The Corporation accepted basic recognition at the Toronto International Film Festival and has quite recently been named as one of the Festival’s “Canada’s Top Ten 2003” movies. The Corporation additionally collected the Joris Ivens Special Jury Prize at the Amsterdam Film Festival in November and will be screened at the Sundance Film Festival in January.The documentary shows the improvement of the contemporary business enterprise, from a legitimate element that started as an administration sanctioned foundation intended to influence particular open capacities, to the ascent of the advanced business company qualified for the greater part of the lawful privileges of an individual. The documentary thinks for the most part upon North American companies, mainly those in the United States. One topic is its appraisal as an “identity,” as a consequence of the 1886 case in the United States Supreme Court in which an announcement by Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite prompted companies as “persons” having the same rights as individuals, taking into account the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.Points tended to incorporate the Business Plot, where in 1933; General Medley Butler uncovered a claimed corporate plot against then U.s. Through vignettes and meetings, and The Corporation analyzes and scrutinizes corporate business drills. The film’s evaluation is effected through the demonstrative criteria in the DSM-IV; The Corporation endeavors to analyze the way companies are methodically forced to act with what it claims are the DSM-IV’s side effects of psychopath, e.g. hard carelessness for the sentiments of other individuals, the insufficiency to keep up personal connections, careless dismissal for the wellbeing of others, misdirection, the inadequacy to meet the blame, and the disappointment to comply with social standards and admiration the law. Then again, the DSM has never incorporated a psychopath finding, rather proposing withdrawn identity issue (ASPD) with the DSM-IV. ASPD and psychopath, while imparting some demonstrative criteria, are not synonym (Drucker, 1993).This documentary points at nothing short of what a full-scale picture of the most prevailing business on the planet Earth in our lifetime- -a sensation all the more excellent, if not out and out startling, when you consider that the business as we know it has been around for just about 150 years. It used to be that enterprises were, by definition, brief and limited in motivation. In the event that a town required a scaffold constructed, an organization was set up to back and complete the task; when the extension was a refined truth, the partnership stopped to be. At that point came the nineteenth century criminal nobles, and the courts were influenced to characterize companies, not as get-the-occupation done instruments however as persons under the fourteenth Amendment with full social liberties to life, freedom, and the quest for bliss forever.The Corporation characterizes this interminably changing life-structure in exhaustive point of interest; measuring the many ways it has come to rule as well as to distort lives (Post et al. 2002). The film performs a running analysis of this element with the qualities of a prototypical insane person: an insensitive unconcern for the sentiments and security of others, an insufficiency to meet coerce an imbued propensity of lying for the help. We are cleared away on an insane odyssey through a modified universe, in which manufactured chemicals are made for the benefit and, of course, help a malignancy scourge; in which the people who brought us Agent Orange devise a milk-expanding medication for a world in which there is as of now an overabundance of milk; in which an American machine organization rented its frameworks to the Nazis- -and overhauled them on a month to month premise -so that the Holocaust could go ahead as an efficient procedure.The film collects a clothing arrangement of corporate sins: Bovine Growth Hormone, Agent Orange, and advertising research on the most proficient method to leave kids to bother their guardians to purchase items. It is in the light of a legitimate concern for companies to offer items, and along these lines in their enthusiasm to have those items guaranteed as sheltered, attractive and bravo. Nobody who knows anything about the sequential construction system preparation of chickens would consume a non-natural chicken. Dairy animals, which are vegans, have been bolstered transformed creature protein, prompting the enchanting probability that they can pass along frantic cow infection.
The opposition to globalization development or counter-globalization movement is a social development disparaging of the globalization of corporate free enterprise. The development is likewise ordinarily alluded to as the worldwide equity movement; adjust globalization development, hostile to globalist development, against corporate globalization movement or development against neoliberal globalization. Members build their reactions in light of various related ideas. What is imparted is that members restrict what they see as huge, multi-national organizations having unregulated political force, practiced through exchange understandings and deregulated budgetary markets. Particularly, partnerships are blamed for looking to augment benefit at the cost of work security conditions and guidelines, work employing and recompense measures, ecological protection standards, and the trustworthiness of national administrative power, autonomy and sway.Individuals are contradicting globalization accept that global assertions and worldwide money related foundations, for example, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization undermine neighborhood choice making (Bakan, 2004). Organizations that utilize these foundations to support their own particular corporate and fiscal investment can practice benefits that people and little businesses cannon, including the capability to: move openly crosswise over outskirts, extract wanted characteristic assets, and use a wide assortment of personal property. The expansion points for an end to the lawful status of “corporate personhood” and the disintegration of free market fundamentalism and the radical financial privatization measures of the World Bank, the IMF, and the World Trade Organization.
Activists are particularly restricted to the different misuses which they think are propagated by globalization and the global companies that, they say, elevate neoliberals without respect to moral measures or natural protection. Common targets incorporate the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and facilitated commerce bargains like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), the Trans Pacific Trade Agreement (TPPA), the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). In the light of the investment hole between rich and poor countries, disciples of the development assert that the unhindered commerce without measures to ensure nature and the wellbeing and wellbeing of laborers will only expand the influence of industrialized countries. Advocates of this line of thought allude to the methodology as polarization and contend that current neo-liberal budgetary approaches have given wealthier states leeway over creating countries, empowering their misuse and prompting an augmenting of the global riches hole (Hessen, 1981).A report by Jean Ziegler, UN Special Reporter on the right to sustenance, notes that “a huge number of agriculturists are losing their occupations in the creating countries, yet little ranchers in the northern countries are likewise enduring” and reasons that “the current inequities of the global exchanging framework are constantly sustained instead of determined under the WTO, given the unequal equalization of force between part countries.” Activists point to the unequal balance and power between created and creating countries inside the WTO and as for global exchange, most particularly in connection to the protectionist arrangements towards farming authorized in numerously created countries (Martin, 2010). These activists additionally bring up that overwhelming sponsorship of created countries’ agriculture and the forceful utilization of fare subsidies by some created countries to make their agrarian items more alluring on the global business are a real reasons for decreases in the rural areas of many creating countries.I have been contemplating the GMO talk about, and particularly how progressives have received an expansive against GM stance that on the substance of it gives off the impression of being precisely like the progressive hostile to a dangerous atmospheric deviation stance. Both are fundamentally unreceptive to science. At the same time you raise a deeper point: the opposition to GM backers is precisely the crude milk, neighborhood, natural, aged supporters as well. So here we have the underhandedness enterprise Monsanto against the beneficent new companies that try to upset business as usual. But then on the other side we have enthusiastic GM new companies like the gleaming plant Kick.
ReferencesJohn Hilary, (2011). The poverty of capitalism: economic meltdown and the struggle for what comes next.Martin Wolf, (2010). In defense of globalization JagdishBhagwatiWhy Globalization works.
Drucker, P. F. (1993). Concept of the corporation. New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A: Transaction Publishers.
Bakan, J. (2004). The corporation: The pathological pursuit of profit and power. New York: Free Press.
Post, J. E., Preston, L. E., & Sauter-Sachs, S. (2002). Redefining the corporation: Stakeholder management and organizational wealth. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Business Books.
Hessen, R. (1981). In defense of the corporation. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press. Stanford University.
Multinational Corporations (MNC)
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MNC
Different organizations aim at attaining a global competitive advantage through implementing different unique strategies. Multinational corporations find it difficult operating under a collection of nationally independent subsidiaries forcing them to link their strategic activities across different locations globally. The global strategy requires an institution centralizes its operations to a specific location that gives other subsidiaries mandate to produce. The concept of global subsidiary mandate, therefore, involves firms developing strategies aimed at winning the global competition through giving mandate to specific subsidiaries located at different locations of in the world. For example, an organization operating branches in different countries across the world would decide to give mandate to one subsidiary in each continent to manage operations of all other branches.
Multinational Corporations (MNC) makes use of the global subsidiary mandate concept in achieving the three main international marketing goals. Firstly, managing operations in a central headquarter provides MNC with an opportunity to manage their global operations efficiently, hence achieving the goal of global scale efficiency. MNCs are capable of making a complete follow-up of events across the world in a central location avoiding instances of inefficiencies created by lack of accountability occurring through utilizing different management points. Secondly, the concept promotes multinational flexibility because ideas are generated from a central area and distributed to different subsidiaries across the globe. Availability of different subsidiaries across the globe gives MNC chances of investing in different areas promoting flexibility. Finally, the global subsidiary concept helps in achieving the worldwide learning goal among MNCs. Integration with different firms through global competition provides an opportunity for MNC to learn new ideas and strategies that they utilize in winning the global competition. In addition, global competition introduces innovations enabling the organization to prepare for future changes.