Recent orders
During the Krebs cycle
During the Krebs cycle, Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrated and NAD+ is reduced to form NADH. In the electron transport chain, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ by passing it along to a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This journey produces 3 ATP per turn, and this is chemiosmosis production. The first protein complex in the chain is the Cytochrome b-c1 complex which transfers electrons from CoQ (Q) in the outer mitochondrial membrane to cytochrome c1. Cytochrome c1 then transfers electrons onto a pool of protons flowing into the mitochondria creating an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which can synthesize ATP by adding ADP and Pi back together (Ryan, Murphy et al., 2019).
The location of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria is within the inner mitochondrial membrane. The cyclic nature of the reactions in the Krebs cycle is because of the use of a compound called NAD+, which acts as an electron carrier during the responses, which passes its electrons to cytochrome c1 via NADH and via cytochrome c1 to the ATP synthase enzyme (Gasmi, Peana et al., 2021).
The production of ATP and reduced coenzymes during the cycle is by chemiosmotic production, which occurs in all steps in the electron transport chain. ADP is added back to ATP and Protein produced during the cycle. This process is known as chemiosmotic production, which occurs through the movement of extra protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane into mitochondria and allows Asp to be converted into NAD+ and FAD to be converted into Ubiquinone. At this point, ADP + Pi and Q are added back together, producing ATP (Ryan, Murphy et al., 2019).
The Chemiosmotic Production of ATP during the electron transport chain is also via the movement of protons moving from outside of mitochondria, out of the mitochondrial matrix down across the inner membrane. In the electron transport chain, protons pumped into mitochondria by ATP synthase go back into internal membrane space, creating a free energy difference that can be harnessed to synthesize ATP with ADP + Pi.
The Chemiosmotic production of ATP during electron transport is achieved by chemiosmotic coupling. During the first half-reaction, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space across the inner membrane. During this process, ATP synthase uses some of the free energy to synthesize ATP. In the second half reaction, the ATP synthase enzyme uses the remaining free energy to drive protons back out of the mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space in a coupled process that translocates protons and synthesizes ATP from ADP + Pi. The protons in the intermembrane space are free to move in either direction during the chemiosmotic process. However, under normal conditions, protons will flow from the matrix through ATP synthase into the intermembrane space. Protons moving in this direction cause rotation of a portion of the ATP synthase, causing phosphorylation of ADP and Pi, creating ATP. Following this phosphorylation, more protons are needed to produce more ATP so they continue to move through the enzyme, using some of the free energy to drive them back into the matrix (Kasumov, Kasumov et al., 2019).
References
Ryan, D. G., Murphy, M. P., Frezza, C., Prag, H. A., Chouchani, E. T., O’Neill, L. A., & Mills, E. L. (2019). Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer. Nature metabolism, 1(1), 16-33.
Gasmi, A., Peana, M., Arshad, M., Butnariu, M., Menzel, A., & Bjørklund, G. (2021). Krebs cycle: activators, inhibitors and their roles in the modulation of carcinogenesis. Archives of Toxicology, 95(4), 1161-1178.
Kasumov, E., Kasumov, R., & Kasumova, I. (2019). The role of alternative oxidase according mechano-chemiosmotic model of coupling electron transport to ATP synthesis. Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research for Sustainability, 128.
Film Analysis on the Color Purple
Film Analysis on the Color Purple
Name:
Professor: Institution: Course: Date:
Various themes like domestic violence are well depicted in the film The Color Purple. Whereby various characters in the film go through mistreatment and violence in their marriage, for instance, Celie is mistreated by her step father and husband. Sophia and her husband Harpo they fight severally due to various disagreements. The two ladies are varying at the beginning of the play. Sofia, due to her size and strength, tries to defend herself by fighting back and at last decides to leave her husband (http://youtu.be/vRSla1RaEiM). On the other hand Celie perseveres mistreatment, first by her step father, Fonso and later Albert. The theme of how the oppressed can redeem themselves through unity is well depicted in the film. This is shown when Celie and Sophia put away their differences and become fast friends.
Celie goes to an extent of nursing Sophia’s wounds when she is arrested. In addition, this is a feminist movie. It is about a lady finding out who she really is and the value she has and will always have. In the south, Celie endured the patriarchal culture which during her search for truth, she realizes is abusive to a woman. At the beginning, she thought that wife battering is a normal thing. That is why she even advises Harpo to regularly beat Sophia. She even doesn’t deny it when Sophia questions her about it. She later learns that women are equal to men in virtually everything, including knowledge, power and finance, when she escapes from Albert after meeting Shug. When she returns in Georgia, at the end of the film, she is a very independent not a submissive and weak lady she used to be.
Celie being one of the major female characters in the film, she has a variety of character traits that make the play more appealing and make expression of the themes easy. The ability to love unconditionally, to endure and strength are the three major attributes that make up Celie’s personality. She endures because she believes in herself. In various instances she sees herself as worthless, especially when she has tenuous connection with others. But this doesn’t affect her endurance any bit. Since her adolescence into adulthood she endures all sorts of abuse, including sexual, emotional and physical abuse. This abuse don’t change her from being gentle and caring
In various instances in the film Celie considers others first before she considers herself. This is an act of loving others more that she ever loves herself. She takes abuse from Fonso in order to save Nettie and her mother from his cruelty. When she realizes that Nettie might be forced to marry Albert, she marries him to protect her from that. In addition she allows Nettie to move away from the farm, knowing very well that she is the only family and friend she has ever had. This is because she believes that this would protect Nettie from him. In spite of all the difficult circumstances that Celie finds herself in, she survives due to her endurance. She is not only able to put up with uncertainty of Shug’s love, but also to withstand sexual abuse of Fonso, poverty, prejudice, miscarriages, Albert’s cruelty, and loss of Nettie.
She is known to love unconditionally. She loves Shug even before meeting her and she is very happy when she realizes that Shug loves her back. Even if Shug doesn’t always treat hers well, she still loves her. When Shug goes away, she decorates a house for her and paints it with purple color and preserves it in hope that she will once return. She also has steadfast love for Sofia. When she is arrested, Celie helps in caring for her wounds, visits her often and encourage her to make her feel better (Caldwell, 2011).
The movie had a great impact in my life. First of all it provided me with the insight into how life was in the south then, where women were oppressed, men were very abusive and a society that was very judgmental. Although it is an interesting film, it is very emotional film. The various mistreatments that the various female characters go through in the film drove me into tears. It also made me to realize the importance of solidarity. When the three ladies come together, they are able to develop themselves. Although they pass through a bitter life, they don’t give up. Celie’s strength made me realize that whenever troubles come, I should always hope that tomorrow will be better. Such an optimistic life is what I was missing. The play also showed me that I shouldn’t be self-centered. Celie is not self-centered; this is a character that many lack. This is an attribute that I really desire (Klein, & Anonymous, 2006).
In searching for a scholarly article, the following process is followed. You first go to the library homepage then click on databases, use the name of the country you want and social issue you have chosen from the list of your assignment as a search item then click the Scholarly Journals tab that appears above the list of articles to find the academic article you want. A scholarly article is a publication whose target audience is academic, authored by academics and published by renowned society. Before it is approved it undergoes official review by various personalities who are experts in the area and there are various characteristics that it must have before it passes the test, for instance citation of the source of information and use of academic or technical terminology.
References:
Klein, J & Anonymous, (2006). Primary Colors: A Novel of Politics, Edition10, California, Random House Trade Paperbacks.
Caldwell, T (2011). The Film Analysis Handbook, New York, Insight Publications.
http://youtu.be/vRSla1RaEiM
Fashion Marketing and Strategies Case Study
Fashion Marketing and Strategies- Case Study
Students Name:
Affiliated School;
Date:
The “Second P” PRICE in the marketing Mix of UNIQLO. Briefly discuss the pricing structure operating at UNIQLO. How does it differ from a traditional apparel company?
When it comes to the marketing mix, there are four “Ps”, they include price, place, promotion and product. The second P, which is place, is used by UNIQLO to enhance their marketing strategy. Place is a feature that incorporates distribution and transportation of the commodity and the ease of access it is to the consumers. For UNIQLO, a clothing and shoes company, the location was a major issue. The company moves from a single casual selling point to an international company that has a global clientele base. The movement from Japan to China, then to Europe and Finally to North America was not an easy move. It was achieved through several mistakes and corrections, financial losses were also part of the mistakes.
The company first move to China and then to London led to massive losses because there was a hurried opening of many stress and the work culture was not adhered. However with time and proper analysis of the market and partnership with other renowned labels the company was able to succeed and prosper globally.
The second P is also inclusive of the number of participants involved in the distribution and transportation process of the clothes in to reach their consumer. The supply chain is also an important part as some raw materials require to be transported as well. Compared to the traditional Apparel Company, UNIQLO was able to find a way to decrease the cost of production and distribution. This made the price of the products to be of good quality yet cheaper as compared to Apparel Company.
In Apparel Company, 70% of the cost is taken up by purchasing of fabric, product manufacturing and wholesaling; however UNIQLO has reduced the number of participants between the manufacture and retailing of the products making the cost to be as low as 55%. The marginal expense for UNIQLO is only experienced at the retail point due to changes in consumer’s purchasing power but for Apparel Company, marginal expense is experienced at each point the product changes hands. This leads to an increase in the final price of the commodity.
The decrease in the average variable cost of production for UNIQLO, leads to lower break-even point and allows the company to sell their products at a relatively lower price attracting more and more customers in their global stores. The relative decline in sales experienced by the firm is caused by similarity in the products sold which deters women aged between 18-35 years from purchase of clothes as they would like not to look the same as their fellow age mates.
UNIQLO’s pricing strategy over time has not been based on placing a single price but has been based on a comparative analysis of other companies that sell substitute products. In the different places that the firm moves to, it does an analysis of the general price charged by the other firms that produce similar products. The firm will then offer a lower price of high quality goods because it can afford to be cost effective. This increases it market share control in every location it moves to. The pricing structure is based on the following steps.
Step 1- No Frills Offer
This is placing a lower price in order to create a lasting first impression and excitement on the clients. Once the desired sales are achieved marketing strategies aimed at client maintenance are embarked on and then this is followed by step 2.
Step2- Ladder Pricing
The price is slightly increased with time subject to increase in inflation rates.