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Due to the purposes of enhancing safety while driving, vehicles are normally outfitted with the electronic anti-clock system
Introduction:
Due to the purposes of enhancing safety while driving, vehicles are normally outfitted with the electronic anti-clock system (ABS) … as a component of the breaking system to take care of the safety of the vehicle while driving. As a result, its reliability is critical. All the ABS components are two-state factors which are characterized by 2 states; the state of ability and the state of inability.
ABS operations focus in managing the wheel spin lengthwise (by way of controlling the braking system pressure) so as to retain the spin within the limits of the maximum interval, for instance, the interval by which the adhesive force valves are close to optimum (Erickson 189).
Six systems are capable of being differentiated among the units of ABS. They are distinguishable in their braking division, the number of channels for pressure control and the wheel speed sensor numbers. Regarding the braking control function, these solutions are classified into:
Diagonal
Rear or front
Concerning the channels for pressure control numbers, they include the following systems.
The units that have 2 pressure control channels (two channel ones)
The units with 3 pressure control channels (the 3 channel ones)
The units with 4 pressure control channels (the 4 channel ones)
When it comes to the wheel speed sensor numbers, the below systems are differentiated.
The ones that have two wheel speed censors
The ones that have three wheel speed sensors
And the last one is the one with four wheel speed sensors.
In the incidence of the failure of the hydraulic brake system (circuit), the driver does have the time or chance to brake. Thus, the hydraulic system is compartmented into 2 circuits to improve the reliability of the braking system. Therefore, when one circuit fails, the other one remains fully operational and the driver is able to brake.
Fault tree analysis:
Incident tree diagrams offer a coherent representation of the probable outcomes subsequent hazardous occurrence. Fault tree analysis offers an inductive method to risk and reliability evaluation and are designed applying forward logic.
Hence, the system may be delivered as a parallel series framework.
562927517811750058007259810750048768001381125Brake caliper of right rear wheel
00Brake caliper of right rear wheel
38385751381125Brake caliper
of left rear wheel
00Brake caliper
of left rear wheel
29527501438275Pressure limiting/proportioning valve
00Pressure limiting/proportioning valve
20288251485900Rear wheel solenoid valves,
00Rear wheel solenoid valves,
11525251485900Pipes delivering brake
fluid
00Pipes delivering brake
fluid
-161925120015000-161925168592500508635059055000-7715255334000089535017335500044958001781175003657600178117500269557517335500018192751733550001714501438275Section 2 of master cylinder
00Section 2 of master cylinder
571500304800Section 1 master cylinder
00Section 1 master cylinder
4229100533400004410075304800brake caliper of right front wheel,
00brake caliper of right front wheel,
3495675304800– brake caliper of left front whee
00– brake caliper of left front whee
3295650533400002505075304800Front wheel solenoid valves
00Front wheel solenoid valves
2343150533400001562100304800Brake fluid pipes
00Brake fluid pipes
134302553340000
Fig 1. Corrected analytical flaw, using the eight, numbered, basic events.
Once the diagram has been created, failure and repair gets to be equipped into the components of the system (Erickson 198). There after analysis is carried out, to determine the reliability and parameter availability for the system and establish the crucial components.
Cited work:
Erickson, C. Hazard Analysis Techniques for System Safety. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2005). Print.
Field note observation on How many people are looking down to texting using cell phone or any other usages
Field note observation
Name
Institution
Field note observation on How many people are looking down to texting using cell phone or any other usages
What was the research question?
The search question was: How many people are looking down to texting using cell phone or any other usages? The question aimed to determine the number of people who look down to testing using their cell phones or any other usages.
What did you set out to observe
I set out to observe how many people were looking down to texting using their mobile phones or any other usages at the Mall of America and Rainbow Grocery Store. The observation showed that many people look down to their phones testing of doing other activities with their phones which is very dangerous to their safety. While testing or using the cell phone, most of the people do not look where they are going and are likely to bump it each other and cause injuries. Even more dangerous, is the group of phone users who in addition to looking down to their phones, have earphones on and are thus totally oblivious of their surrounding. Their attention is torn between the phone and what they are doing and they end up totally disregarding whatever else they are doing by totally concentrating on the phone.
Where did you conduct your observation and how did you go about it?
I conducted the observations at the Mall of America and Rainbow Grocery Store. At the I conducted the observation on the North side of the Mall. I position myself and a peculiar position in front of a coffee shop and observed the shoppers as they went about their business. I observed people noting their activities with their phones, their gender and age. I noted young girls and boys who were either alone of per groups such as families looking down at their phone texting or doing other activities with their phones. The phones were a big distraction to these people expressing them to the risks of causing serious accidents. In my observation, about 30% of the people were deeply engrossed in activities such as texting. The second observation also too the same approach, however, I was more mobile with in the location of my observation, the Rainbow grocery store uptown. My mobility made me noticeable by the shop attendants, and I had to move to another Rainbow grocery store. I wandered in the second store noting the activities of the shopper, their gender and age. Most of the shoppers were mainly middle aged women. In this store only there people, all men, looked at their phones texting. Of the three men, two were together. They looked like college students. The observation at the store did not meet my expectations since I expected may people to look at their phones. Definitely, the observation s I made to the Mall of America and Rainbow Grocery Store were different. Although I did the same kind of observation at the two stores, the results were very different. However, all the results indicated that texting while walking is a serous social problem. Texting while walking predisposes people to accidents and injuries.
What would you say were the merits and drawbacks of using covert and overt observations to collect data on the research question at hand?
Observation as a means of collecting data can be covert or overt. Using observation as a means of collecting data has several advantages and disadvantages. In covert observation the researcher fully takes part in the activities of the group he is researching without informing the members on the why he is participating in their activities. This way he conducts the observation secretly. The researcher only uses a gatekeeper, who is member of the group to introduce him to the group. The main pros to this approach are:
The researcher could access groups that can’t freely consent to being researched
The observer could avoid misleading behaviors know as observer effect (whereby group members change when they know that they are being observed). The researcher may however have a difficult time in recording the data.
In addition to difficulties in recording collected data, covert observation of participant has several other cons:
The researcher may have to get involved in the same activities as the participants
Researchers may find the challenges of having to engage in the activities of the participants unpleasant.
The researchers had to employ a level of deceit especial on the reasons of hi presence in the group.
There is a problem of going native, whereby the researcher may stop being a researcher and become a group participant on fulltime basis.
Overt observation, on the other hand, involves a researcher being open to the group on their reasons for joining the group and gain permission to conduct research on the group before he can commence researching. The researcher uses a sponsor-an individual who commands respect in the group-to access the group. Using a sponsor lessen the hostility a research is like to encounter while studying the group. The main disadvantage for over observation if the risk of observer effect, since subject are like to change their behavior because they know they are being observed. However, the approach has several advantages:
The researcher avoids ethical problems associated with the group since every one know of his presence
The shoppers can be observed from a natural setting
Data is easily and openly recorded
The problems of going native are avoided
Another appropriate research method
The other research method that I would have used to conduct this study is in In-depth interviews. This method would generate qualitative data about the habit of texting while walking. Through the interviews the selected sample of interviewees can give information in regard to why they look at their phone while walking e.g. are they normally texting or there is another activity that do when looking at the phones. The responders can also give information on how frequent the look at their phone when walking, whether they have ever cause an accident or injury to themselves or other people through the active. The interviewees can also provide information how they feel about texting while walking.
Your role and the relationship between you, the “researcher” and the “researched
In any research situation, the researcher and the researched share a unique relationship. The researcher is a seeker of information and the researcher is the provider of the information the two must have a proper cordial relationship in order to exchange the information. However, in a covert observation study such as this one, the only the researcher know of the relationship that exists between her and the researched. The researched were not aware that they were being researched. Based on the data collection approach used, the researcher can be termed as the observer while the researched are the observed. They are customer to different malls. The researcher is an experimenter and must provide the necessary factors for the element being research to yield usable data. In this research as the experimenter, I did not need to provide any condition since the experiment was conducted in situ. I observed elements in their natural environment without any controlled variables. This provided opportunity to watch shopper use their phone when they are shopping or conducting other activities at shopping mall. The observer does bit interfere with the subjects thus giving them authority to yield more observable details through undertaking their activities the way the always do. Power is a common component of relationships and also affects research and researched relationship. Always, the researched has an upper hand since they can chose to answer question or reject to participate at all. On the other hand, it always better when a researcher assumes a low power profile since this way, it is easy to persuade the researched to participate. In this research, powered was rather balanced since as researcher I not manipulate the variable associated with the participants and participants could no know what was taking place otherwise they could have changed their behavior due to
Fashion As Art
Fashion As Art
One of the most celebrated and influential Fashion designers Italy has ever born. His fashion house being reported to be the most financially successful that Italy has produced. His remarkable haute couture designs are known throughout the world for their timeless sophistication and elegance.
His first fashion headline was made in the mid 1970’s when he reinvented the jacket, by removing the lining, slope of the buttons and shoulders so that the garment was softer, sensuous and more comfortable.
Famous for turning ordinary looking people into sensual style icons, his clientele list goes on for miles, with starlets such as Michelle Pfeiffer, Jodie Foster and Julia Roberts among the many.
And although his garments are rather understated, and do not grab the front headlines through shocking sensational designs, none-the-less his label is highly successful. So what is it that makes Armani a triumph in the Fashion world?
Born in 1934, Piacenza, a small town near Milan in Italy. From a young age Armani attended a public school and developed a love for the theatre and cinema. During the war these later proved to be significant to his work. Commencing his love of the theatre he took inspiration from films in the 40’s that were made in America and admittedly said: “The 30’s and 40’s has always influenced me. There was an elegant simplicity-clean white blouse, a simple skirt, a duster (coat), a slim lame evening dress. By the 50’s, fashion was getting too extreme.” Armani 1991
His ideas were also partly influenced and created from styles worn by stars like Hepburn, Bacall, and Bogart, to everyday people that he saw in the street.
Armani did not originally set out to become a fashion designer. He said: “I wanted to become a country doctor and save lived…like a hero in a Hollywood film.” His studies at the University of Bologna (from 1952) were interrupted by the Military service in 1953-54, including working in a military hospital, which fuelled his enthusiasm for his medical studies.
It was in 1954 that he took a job first as an assistant window dresser and then moved on to become an assistant fashion buyer. He then worked for Nino Cerutti’s company where he worked for several years as a designer. This was probably the turning point in his life which developed his understanding of tailoring garments and giving him valuable practical experience which educated him on the value of fabrics in Italian Fashion.
Soon after the war Armani met architecture student Sergio Galeotti who quickly became an intimate friend. The two got on so well that Armani launched his first ever label collection with Galeotti which paved the way for his career.
At the age of 40, Armani successfully presented his first show under his name and made huge profit of around £60,000 pounds, his garments proving to be more than popular.
With the shrewd help of his friend, Armani’s company expanded so rapidly that it quickly became one of the most outstanding business successes of the 1980’s, with the best known Italian label.
Armani’s designs were mainly tailored towards softening men’s clothing and fortifying women’s. He created men’s jackets without stiff and harsh lines, as for women his designs held a slightly masculine air, taking away the curvaceous lines of the female form. In effect balancing the image of what men and women should look like in society, so that they were not at extremes, but in harmony with each other.
As Eric Clapton said in 1992: “Versace is all about sex and rock and roll-very raunchy. Armani is about harmony, harmony in tone and colour and fabric – harmony in atmosphere”
In 1981 the Emporio Armani collection was created for a younger more trendy market, his £95 pound designer jeans, £250 pound beaded tops and £450 pound suits were quickly popular and became the backbone of the thriving Armani Empire.
Everything was not to continue up hill for Armani though. Sadly in the mid 1980’s Armani’s close friend, Galeotti, died, leaving Armani to take over the business as well manage his busy lifestyle as a designer. It was a harsh awakening for the designer who had never dealt with the business side of fashion before.
“Sergio protected me from everything. The outside world was like a foreign country to me…then he died…I had to defend myself from lawyers, deal with the press, and get to know the people who worked for me.”
Armani did this to the point where he became the director of the company and his control absolute over every facet of his empire.
His company is situated in Milan in a seventeenth century palazzo on the Via Borognuovo. His main apartment is on two floors at the centre of the palazzo, and its no surprise to learn that it is decorated in grey, white, beige and black. It becomes apparent that these colours play a large role in Armani’s designer lifestyle. His mother was a vital influence on Armani and it’s not difficult to see where his love of these plain colours comes from, for his mother favoured the colours black, cream, white, taupe and grey.
Armani’s designs seem to border on indulgence at the same time as abstinence, reflecting perhaps the ethics in society at the time. It certain that he does not agree with certain designers saying they are turning fashion into “a porno show”. Saying this however, in 1994 Armani’s spring/summer collection showed a first-time level of femininity, with many of his designs including bustiers and high heels. The designer explained this as a reflection of the change in society, expressing his belief that women didn’t need to “dress like a man to be taken seriously” anymore.
He has travelled all over the world to places such as Asia and China. Which have had a hand in stylising his designs, the use of foreign influences is not difficult to miss when viewing the heavy silk fabrics laden with glittering sequins.
Using these foreign influences he has successfully blended them together with current fashion trends to create a distinctive different look from anything else on the catwalk.
Finally, for all to see, a collection of Armani’s finest has been exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in front of Burlington Gardens in London. The gallery, acquired by the Royal Academy in January 2001, has been brought to life by this current exhibition organised by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York and due to travel on to Rome, Tokyo and Los Angeles. It is sponsored by Mercedes-Benz. The exhibition called “Armani: A Retrospective” offers a unique look back through Armani’s contributions to the fashion world over the last 25 years.
This accomplished collection boasts over 400 garments, including those worn by Richard Gere in the film American Gigolo in 1988 and a suit worn by Arnold schwarzenegger from his earlier filming days. There are also sketches of his rough designs as well as video footage.
There is an obvious androgynous feel to the costumes, which looking back into Armani’s past can be seen to be influenced by Marlene Dietrich a 1930’s movie actress.
With shafts of blue/gold light intertwined with silken threads you are led through a series of dark rooms categorised by theme through out Armani’s career. The designer of the exhibition Robert Wilson got his idea for the layout from a scene from his theatre work ‘The Life and Times of Joseph Stalin’ where “there were golden rays of threads spanning the set from the top right to the bottom of the stage.”
Walking up the stairs a series of catwalk clips are being shown just below the first floor balcony. Moving along down a long dark corridor there are glass displays with glittering sequined dresses. There are a whole glorious selection of rooms were the neutral theme continues with a sequence of silvery grey suits and a subsequent room of beige outfits.
There is also another room that combines both Armani’s belief in minimalist styling and his love of Eastern influences acquired from Indonesia and Polynesia. Like all of Armani’s clothes, these were made with thick decorated material that despite its appearance was made to hang and cling lightly to the frame. These are based on local peasant costume as much as that of wealthy sheiks and maharajahs. Part of the charm is seeing all the costume’s in luxurious fabrics that you wouldn’t normally see anywhere else.
One of the star outfits was the sequined fish-scale dress from the 2003 spring/summer collection with an intriguing scarab beetle clasp. It was a slinky little number that just begged to be touched. Though unfortunetly for the public, no touching was allowed.
Next door was a stark contrast, devoted entirely to an elegant array of minimalist black and white tuxedo dresses.
On a more colourful note there was a room dedicated entirely to an assortment of lush red evening dresses. Off the shoulder, strapless and full bodied with sequin detail and beautiful soft lines, this room held dresses any women would kill for.
These articles of clothing are beautiful and the epitome of style, with an obvious amount of thought put into the making of them. Which is why it is not surprising that they would be exhibited in a gallery for all to see, because they are fine works. And which is why they still continue to remain so popular with the cream of Hollywood.
So what is it that makes Armani’s designs such a success? Is it the uniqueness, the motivation behind the creation that goes beyond the aesthetics? The answer to that could be seen in the reason as to why Armani’s clothes successfully exhibited at an Arts museum or why they were chosen to be exhibited in an Arts museum in the first place.
It could be said that Armani’s designs surpass the usual requirement of fashion and move onto another subject altogether, that of Art. Like a painter or a writer, his imagination is a wonderful tool that he wields to create a magnificent master piece out of fabric. This is the ongoing debate as to whether Fashion can be classified as Art. This perhaps is part of Armani’s success, in that his designs can be seen as something beyond fashion and so in that respect they are unique.
To make up your own mind of course and join the debate, you will just have to go and see the Royal Academy of Arts in London, and visit Armani: A Retrospective.
Bibliography: