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Fashion and Clothing
Fashion and Clothing
Name
Course
Tutor’s Name
DateFashion and Clothing
The three brands of shirts can be alienated among diverse market segments in such a way that criminal damage brand is for the low class, billionaires boys club brand for the middle class and vivienne westwood for the rich markets respectively. YouTube, blogging, e-commerce, and social media applications such as Face book and twitter should be used in advertisement to target the rich and the middle class for Vivienne Westwood and the billionaires boys club respectively since they are likely to access these services. Furthermore, Mass media such as business directories, radio, magazines, and TVs should be used in adverting Criminal damage brand to the low class individuals who may easily access them.
Organizing for social activities and sponsoring events in the low class regions may be used in promoting the sale of criminal damage brand to the low class people. Celebrating company’s achievements with the rich and the medium class individuals by inviting music celebrities such as Jay z may and Chris Brown may promote the sales of billionaires boys club and Vivienne west wood respectively (Okonkwo 2007, p.145-147).
The company should have a smart, attractive, and very clear way of displaying the three brands of shirts irrespective of the class. Order catalogues and personalized letters with clearly defined features of the shirts should be mailed to the rich market to promote sales of Vivienne westwood brand. Phone calls, Emails, e-newsletters should be used to the rich and the medium class customers informing them of new fashion arrivals of the vivienne westwood and billionaires boys club brands respectively. Sales people should go to the low class regions to promote criminal damage brand (Lamb, Hair & Macdaniel 2009, p.206-208).
Company should be able to deploy pleasant sales promotion styles such as offering mystery rewards, coupons, discounts to their criminal damage customers upon purchasing the shirts. Mystery reward may comprise raffle tickets. There should be an arrangement for rebate and refunds incase the shirts are not of the same quality as was advertised or if the size is smaller than the customer’s order requirement. The refunds and rebates should apply to both markets.
Personal selling is very important as it builds relationship between customers and the sellers and is very suitable with the criminal damage brand, which targets the low-income earners. Low-income earners ought to be convinced and persuaded to buy this brand since they may deem it expensive. The sellers must have exceptional skills to achieve their target (Easey 2009, p.13-15). The sellers should visit areas of low-income earners since the middle level and the rich do not have to be persuaded to buy products in the same level as their low class counterparts. Salesperson should listen to the customers keenly and serve them with due respect and courtesy to make them feel important. Let the staffs assist and talk to every customer who gets into the store. Company should provide their contacts to all the customers for further information The vivianne westwood and the billionaires boys club customers should have privileged of accessing the company’s information (Shimp 2010, p. 17-18).
There should be a cool music and scent at the background of neatly arranged stores to attract the rich and the middle class to buy Vivienne west wood and Billionaires boys brands respectively. However, music that encourages the lower class to work smart in improving their livelihood should be played in stores where criminal damage brand is sold. Music and scent promotes pleasure and satisfaction whilst reducing monetary perception. The salespeople should be dressed in the various brands in respect to the customers they are serving. The general arrangement of the stores should be eye-catching to all the customers.
Works Cited
Easey, M. 2009, Fashion Marketing, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.
Lamb, W, Hair, J, & Mcdaniel, 2009, Marketing. Mason, Ohio, South-Western Cengage Learning
Okonkwo, U, 2007, Luxury Fashion Branding Trends, Tactics, Techniques. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Shimp, T, 2010, Advertising, Promotion, and Other Aspects Of Integrated Marketing Communications. Mason, Ohio, South-Western Cengage Learning.
Family Traditions in Japan Arranged Marriages
Katherine Rush
Krush@mc.eduSubmitted: 1/31/2011
Family Traditions in Japan: Arranged Marriages
Reference Materials
Websites
Erasmus-Lam, Simone. Japan’s Royal Weddings. 2011. 1992. Web. 6 April 2012
This website discusses how royal weddings are conducted in Japan since 20th century. The source indicates that royal marriages have always followed Japanese traditional culture and in most cases, the marriages are arranged. This source helps to understand the extent of this traditional practice in Japanese society.
Hays, Jeffrey. Marriage in Japan: History, love, arranged marriages, international marriages.
Reuters. July 2009. Web. 6 April 2012.
This website discusses the history of marriage in Japan and how marriage practices have changed over time. It also predicts the future trend of marriage practice in the country. The source suggests that arranged marriages may not exist in the future, following the current trend. This source helps to understand the history as well as the trend of arranged marriages in Japan.
Hays, Jeffrey. Marriage in Japan. Facts and Details, 2010, Web. 28 January 2011.
This online resource talks about the history of arranged marriages in Japan and describes why this tradition is losing ground. This website says that Japan is traditionally unromantic and that “I love you” has no exact equivalent in the Japanese language. It describes how Japanese people are more used to saying “I love you” intuitively than verbally and links this to the different patterns or trends in marriage in the country.
House of Professors. Arranged Marriages in Japan. Walden University. 2012, Web. 6 April
2012.
This site provides an overview of the trends of family traditions in Japan. The site has useful information on how arranged marriages are practiced in Japan today and the changes that have occurred in the practice in comparison with the past version. Therefore, the information provides in the site links directly to the topic of study.
Japanese Marriage. History of Japanese Marriage. Mi Marketing Pty Ltd. 2011. Web. 6 April
2012.
This website offers a brief history of Japanese marriages until today. It mentions how arranged marriages are still common in the country and how Japanese version is different from versions of other Asian countries. The website has good information that helps the reader to understand how arranged marriages are being conducted in Japan, since the past.
Nielson, P. I. The History of Marriage Customs in Japan. May. 2010. Web. 6 April 2012.
This site provides a detailed history of marriage customs in Japan. It shows how marriage customs have shifted dramatically through time in the country. It explains that the majority of wedding ceremonies in the country still follow Shinto traditions of “arranged marriages.” Therefore, the source has valuable information regarding ‘arranged marriages’ in Japan
Omiai and Miai-gekkon, Arranged Marriages in Japan. Hanami. 2009. Web. 6 April 2012.
This website offers a detailed account of how arranged marriages are conducted in Japan. Miai-gekkon is a word describing love marriage, which is ideal for some Japanese. However, there is a marriage proposal called Omiai, describing arranged marriages is still considered worthy by the largest section of Japanese population. In short, this site explains how the tradition of arrange marriages sometimes conflict with preferences by some Japanese for love marriages. In the course of this discussion, the site provides useful description the traditions of arranged marriages in Japan, which is vital for this study.
Rank, J. Japanese – Marriage and Family. Advameg Inc. 2012. Web. 6 April 2012.
This site describes family institutions in Japan, how marriage is conducted and the principles, morals and values that are upheld in family institutions. The site provides a useful, but brief, description of arranged marriages in Japan. Therefore, it is also an important source for my study.
Savage, Lacey. The reality of arranged marriages. Ezine articles. August 2004.Web. Web. 6 April 2012.
This article discusses the extent or romance among couples who have been subjected to arranged marriages. The article suggests that there is minimal romance in most of these marriages due to lack of love match. The source therefore helps to understand the impact of arranged marriage on individuals’ lives in Japan.
Seabastian, Arranged Marriages – Past and Present. HubPages Inc. 2012. Web. 6 April 2012.
This website explains how arranged marriages were conducted in the past and how they are conducted today, giving specific focus to Asian countries. It evaluates how this tradition was and still is conducted in Japan. It explains that marriage takes place and love comes later among couples, where the arranged marriages are conducted. Therefore, the site has vital information related to the topic of study.
Trends in Japan. Tying the Knot: The Changing Face of Marriage in Japan, 1998.Web. 28
January 2011.
This website is highly valuable for the topic because it examines different attitudes of Japanese concerning arranged marriage. It provides reasons why only less than 10% of Japanese are involved in arranged marriage. The site reveals that an equal partnership in which husbands and wives enjoy work, leisure and life in general together is the newest trend in marriage.
Yoshikawa, Hiro. Arranged Marriage vs. Love Marriage. Oct. 1992. Web. 6 April 2012
This website explains the distinction between arranged and love marriages and discusses the different consequences of the two types of marriages on couples. The source helps to understand the principles, values and morals associated with arranged marriages in Japan
Books
Cox, Frank D. Human Intimacy: Marriage, the Family, and Its Meaning. New York: Cengage
Learning, 2008
This book presents a positive view of the family institution and explains the characteristics of successful intimate relationships. It also discusses decision making skills which lead to strong marriages and families. In Chapter six, the book describes family institutions resulting from love and arranged marriages in Japan. It offers a description of arranged marriages and evaluates its consequences.
Davies, Roger J. & Osamu Ikeno. The Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese
Culture. California: Tuttle Publishing, 2002
This book evaluates the aspects of the unique culture of Japanese. The discussion in the book includes the practice of arranged marriages and how the practice has changed overtime. It helps to clearly understand what really makes Japanese society and the key issues related to arranged marriages practice.
De Vos, George A. Socialization for Achievement: Essays on the Cultural Psychology of the
Japanese. University of California Press, 1975
This book examined the prevalence of arranged marriages in 1970s in Japan and the pressure that society had on the youth to engage in this traditional practice. The book describes the practice as a shame to Japan, a highly industrializing nation. The book helps to understand the practice of arranged marriages from various different perceptions.
Dore, Ron P. & Dore R P Staff. City Life in Japan: A Study of a Tokyo Ward. West Sussex:
Routledge, 2004
This book analyses the findings of a classic study by Ron Dore on urban life and social structures in Japan. In section three, the book describes the aspects of both love and arranged marriages and implications on the lives of couples involved. The book explains details related to arranged marriages in Japan in a concise manner and thus, it is useful for the chosen topic of study.
Ferrante, Joan. Sociology: A Global Perspective. London: Cengage Learning, 2010
This book introduces various theories and concepts in sociology and explains how they relate to various global issues in life. Chapter twelve of the book discusses the traditional practice of arranged marriages in Asian countries, including Japan, and explains the cause of decline of the practice. Therefore, the book has valuable information in understanding the trend of the practice of arranged marriages in Japan.
Hendry, Joy. Marriage in changing Japan: community and society. London: Taylor & Francis,
1981
This book explores the concept of marriage in Japanese case and how traditional practices influence the roles of major players in marriage. The book explains that, though Japanese society has changed overtime, the traditional practice of arranged marriages, is still prevalence in the country. Generally, The book provides a useful overview of the traditional cultural practices associated with marriage in Japan.
Kerbo, Harold, R., and John A. McKinstry.Who Rules Japan?: The Inner Circles of Economic
and Political Power. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. Print.
This resource converses about the elite families in Japan in which arranged marriages with or without consent are more common. The authors say that the abolition of arranged marriage is only applicable to the average families because the Japanese elites are less plagued by the democratic fancies of romantic love. They suggest that elites are still tied with creating powerful family alliances and mergers.
Kumagai, Fumie& Donna J. Keyser. Unmasking Japan today: the impact of traditional values on
modern Japanese society. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996
This book presents Japan as a complex nation in the area of family and family dynamics, among other aspects. In the book, traditional values of Japanese society are seen to coexist with modern values, resulting into a dual structure. The book reveals complex cultural assumptions that lead people into arranged marriages. Generally, the book has essential content related to the cultural values and principles which bind individuals into conducting arranged marriages.
Lebra , Takie Sugiyama. Japanese Culture and Behavior: Selected Readings. Washington:
University of Hawaii Press, 1986
This book offers insight into various aspects of Japanese society life in 1980s. The book male chauvinism as one of the impacts of arranged marriages in Japan and a source of domestic violence. The book therefore has vital content related to the impact of arranged marriages in Japan.
Quah, Stella R. Families in Asia: home and kin. London: Taylor & Francis, 2008
This source presents of various countries in Asia on family trends. It focuses on various aspects of family and kin including formation of families, gender roles, parenthood and breakdown. Chapter two of the book mentions how arranged marriages are formed and give few details on how couples relate to each other in such marriages.
Paludi, Michele Antoinette. Feminism and Women’s Rights Worldwide, Volume 1. Geneva:
ABC-CLIO, 2010
This book explores the progress of women rights from the past to present in the world. Chapter eight of the book discusses arranged marriages in Japan and how the practice often violates the rights of women involved. It examines the extent to which this traditional practice has been suppressed in the contemporary Japan. Thus, the book offers an insight into the trends in this traditional practice.
Rebick , Marcus E. & Ayumi Takenaka. The Changing Japanese Family. London: Taylor &
Francis, 2006
This book evaluates how Japanese society is shifting its old perception in fundamental issues related to family. The book cites various economic and social changes that have occurred in this society which are the sources of the rapid decline in traditional practices relate to family. The book offers an insight into the trend in practice of arranged marriages in Japan.
Sugimoto, Yoshio. An Introduction to Japanese Society. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2010
This book draws attention to the sub-cultural diversity of Japanese society and challenges the notion that has been held for a long time that the country has a uniform culture. One of the issues discussed in the book is the decline in the traditional cultural practice of arranged marriages and the turn towards love marriages. This book gives vital information about the trend of the practice of arranged marriages in Japan.
Sussman, Marvin B. Suzanne K. Steinmetz, Gary W. Peterson. Handbook of Marriage and the
Family. California: Springer, 1999
This book discusses the institution of marriage from various perspectives and addresses the perspectives of different societies in the matter in the past and at present. It also evaluates the changing patterns and roles of different players in family. The book offers an overview of the pattern of traditional marriage practices in Japan from the past to date.
Tokuhiro, Yoko. Marriage in Contemporary Japan. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2009
This book generally explores the contemporary state of marriage in Japan. In chapter five, it gives attention to the practice of arranged marriages and illustrates changing patterns towards love marriages. To that extent, the source helps to understand the trend of marriage practices in Japan.
Tokuhiro, Yoko. Marriage in Contemporary Japan. New York: Routledge, 2010. Print.
This book discusses how arranged marriage has turned away from being an important determinant of early marriage in Asia, particularly in Japan. The author clearly states that arranged marriage is no longer dominant in the Japanese society and an articulation of parental control. The book vividly states that such tradition serves as the ‘last resort’ for the modern Japanese individuals who engage in a long-term dating period that is correlated to the delay of marriage.
University of Pittsburgh. Ethnology, Volume 34. Michigan: University of Pittsburgh, 1995
This book explains the various factors that have informed the changes in marriage practices from arranged to love marriages. The book explains that most people today value and expect to be treated romantically by their partners. The thus believe that such treatment is likely to be absent in arranged marriages, but present in love marriages. Therefore, the book contributes in explaining the causes of decline in the practice of arranged marriages.
West, Mark D. Lovesick Japan: Sex, Marriage, Romance, Law. New York: Cornell University
Press, 2011
This book explores the official vision of the practices off marriage in contemporary Japan. Chapter three of the book discusses the issue of arranged marriages in Japan and describes marriages resulting from the practice as lacking emotional intimacy, personal connections and intimacy. Therefore, the source helps to understand the status of couples subject to arranged marriages in Japan.
Willerton, Julia. The Psychology of Relationships. Geneva: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010
This book discusses various aspects of human relationships, how they are developed, maintained and how they breakdown. Chapter seven of the book gives an overview of social changes occurring in Japan, particularly principles of marriage. It gives an account of how arranged marriages have declined over time and how people increasingly prefer love marriages.
Academic Journals
Applbaum, Kalman D.. “Marriage with the Proper Stranger: Arranged Marriage in Metropolitan
Japan” Ethnology. 34.1, (1995): 37 – 51. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012.
This article differentiates between love marriages and arranged marriages. It tackles the process of marrying the proper stranger including the criteria of the selection of mate and the match-making process. The author also discusses ‘marriage drought’ and the factors underlying it. He says that the different
Blood, Robert O. “Love Match and Arranged Marriage: A Tokyo-Detroit Comparison”. The
Free Press, 1967. 11.3 7. (1967): 221 & 264. EBSCOhost. Web. 6 April 2012
This journal examines both love and arranged marriages in Japan, examining characteristics of each. It also examines the consequences that each had on marital status of couples by 1967. It therefore provides basic understanding of the practice of arranged marriages in Japan to the reader.
Clark, Susan. “A Changing Heart.” Library Journal. 129.2., (2004) 138-139. ProQuest. Web. 6
April 2012.
This journal provides a review of the video A Changing Heart produced by Leigh M. Devine in 2004 discussing the sociology of marriage in modern Japan. The video, as explained in the journal, traces that shift from traditional practices of arranged marriages in Japan to love marriages. The journal further explains that though the shift has been there, traditional marriages are still prevalent. The content of the journal is that useful for the current topic of study.
De Vos, George. “The Relation of Guilt Toward Parents to Achievement and Arranged Marriage
among the Japanese.” Psychiatry. 23.3. 287-301. EBSCOhost. Web. 6 April 2012
This source evaluates the extent to which marriage patterns and practices in Japan have been influenced traditional practices. The journal finds that arranged marriage practices are still common in the nation and the social roles of couples subject to this type of marriage are guided by traditional practices. The information provided in the journal is thus crucial in understanding the prevalence of traditional practice of arranged marriages in Japan
Ghimire, Dirgha J. et al. “Social Change, Premarital Nonfamily Experience, and Spouse Choice
in an Arranged Marriage Society.” The American Journal of Sociology, 111.4. (2006):1181-1211. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012
This article associates social change to the transition away from arranged marriage. The researchers state that premarital non-family experiences along with media exposure, and participation in youth clubs have strong positive link to the selection of spouse. They imply that social change invoke new ways of thinking about finding lifetime partners which influence arranged marriage. Generally, the content of the source helps to understand the trend of arranged marriages practices in Japan and the factors that have diluted the practice.
Knight, John. “Municipal Matchmaking in Rural Japan.”Anthropology Today 11.2 (1995): 9-17.
EBSCOhost. Web. 28 January 2011.
This article discusses rural celibacy as one of the impacts of social change. Rural celibacy has been a key issue in Japan because it destroys the country’s “marriage culture”. The author associates female and male celibacy to demographic imbalance, co-residential situation and the influence of family members to marital choices. This resource initiates that celibacy is either a failure to conform to modernity and or a reflection of Japan’s transition from traditionalism. patterns of marriages are Japan’s own way of managing social change.
“Marriage in Japan.” All the year round. 11.274. (1874): 415-418. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012
This article examines the marriage practices in early empires of China and Japan, in the 19th century. It explains that these societies primarily practiced arranged marriages by 19th century. It also describes how the marriage ceremonies were conducted in these societies. The journal therefore, provides useful history about the traditional practice of arranged marriages in Japan.
Morgan, Charlie V & John P. Hoffmann. “International Marriages in Japan: A Prefecture-Level
Analysis.” International Journal of Sociology of the Family. 33.1. (2007): 157-182. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012.
This journal article discusses the prevalence of arranged marriages in Japanese society and how this practice takes place. This source finds that arranged marriages are more prevalent in rural areas in the country compared to urban areas. This information has a relationship with the chosen topic of study and thus, the article is essential.
Nakano, E. E., and Y. Y. “Attitudes on Marriage among Unmarried Youths in Contemporary
Japan.” Journal of population problems 50.3 (1994): 18-32. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012
This journal examined the attitudes of Japanese youth towards marriage in 1994. In a survey conducted by the authors during that period, the largest section of Japanese youth showed desirability for love marriages and openly showed dislike for arranged marriages. This source is helpful in understanding the implications of arranged marriages among Japanese population.
Otani, Kenji . “Time distributions in the process to marriage and pregnancy in Japan.” Popul
UK. 45.3. (1991) 473-473. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012
This journal provides the results of a study conducted by Kenji Otani in 1991 on the marriage status and perception of individuals who are subjects of both love and arranged marriages in Japan. The largest proportion of the respondents explained that they preferred love marriages. Generally, this journal helps to understand the intact of the practice of arranged marriages on couples in Japan.
Sakai, Yuichiro. The Institutionalization of Arranged Marriages and Go-betweens in Meiji Japan.
Soshioroji, 54.2. (2009): 89-105. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012.
This journal article describes marriage institutionalization practices among the general population of Japan. It explains the fact that arranged marriage in Japan are perceived as ‘correct marriages’ according to Japanese traditions and how love marriages have being sanctioned in the country since the Meiji era. Therefore, this journal article information that is quite relevant to the chosen topic of study
Wagatsuma, Hiroshi & George De Vos. “Attitudes Toward Arranged Marriage in Rural Japan.”
Human organization, 21.3. (1962), 187-200. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012.
This article describes Japanese culture in early 1960s and its influence on marriages. It explains how attitude towards the traditional practice of arranged marriages started changing during the period. The source has vital information related to how love marriages started replacing the traditional practice of arranged marriages, though the practice is still practiced today. It is therefore a useful source for the study topic.
Walsh, Michael & Jerome Taylor. “Understanding in Japanese Marriages.” Journal of Social
Psychology. 118.1. (1982): 67-76. ProQuest. Web. 6 April 2012.
This source provides a dimension that arranged and love marriages had on couples in Japan by the time of publication in 1982. It examines the roles that each partner in marriage had in love and arranged marriages in the country. As such, it offers a useful understanding of the principles, morals and values upheld in arranged marriages.
Magazines
Kristof, Nicholas, D. “Main Street, Japan: For Better or For Worse; Who Needs Love! In Japan,
Many Couple’s Don’t.” The New York Times. 11 February 1996. N. pag.Web. 28 January 2011.
This article reports about the distortion of the Japanese sanctity of family. This report is important because it shows that Japan has one of the strongest family structures among the industrialized nations. This article clearly shows how economic needs, other than love, are able to keep a family intact and remain as solid as ever in this tough time.
Kato, Mariko. “Matchmakers’ ‘Marriage Hunts’ Beating Out Fate to Secure Mate.”The Japan
Times. 14 January, 2009. N. pag.Web. 28 January 2011. <
This article emphasizes that those individuals who prefer to wait for the ‘right one’ instead of jumping into the hunting bandwagon may never make it to the altar. This report divulges the sociological term “ kon-katsu” which means marriage hunting, the answer to the singlehood problem in Japan. Marriage hunting is also seen as the democratic face of arranged marriage because it allows an individual to meet new people who possess wife- or husband-potential.
Ferguson, Sue. “From Japan, To Meet a New Husband.”Mclean’s.N. pag. 28 Oct. 2008. Web.
28 January 2011.
This resource is important to the project because it explores how men lure women into marriage contracts. The author discusses women as mail order brides emigrating to Canada to build a life with Japanese men in the country. This article testifies to how much the sanctity of family and marriage are greatly distorted by the search for money and good life.
Blogs
Panda B. Asian Culture: Japanese Marriages. April 2010. Web. 6 April 2012
This blog discusses Asian culture and the aspects that have influence of marriages. It examines how different Japanese marriage practices are from the rest of Asian countries. It also provides details of how Arranged marriages are conducted in Japan.
Peter. Omiai, Japan’s “Arranged Marriages” (Not Quite). August 2011. Web. 6 April 2012.
This blog briefly explains how arranged marriages are conducted and organized. The author describes his case and how his marriage was arranged and organized by his aunts. Therefore, the blog contributes effectively to the topic of study as it helps the reader to understand how the arranged marriages are conducted.
Soneeka. Arranged Marriage in Japan. December 2009. Web. 6 April 2012
This blog provides a brief analysis if arranged marriages in Japan. The author seeks to make readers understand that there is no pressure on people to marry people persons they do not want. According to the author, most arranged marriages eventually turn out into love marriages
Fascism Criticize the First Ideology from the Standpoint of Liberalism
Name
Professor
Course
Date
Fascism Criticize the First Ideology from the Standpoint of Liberalism
Fascism is counter-evolutionary politics that emerged in Europe in the early years of the twentieth century. The system was a way of responding to social turmoil and devastation brought by the First World War. It was also a response to the Bolshevik Revolution (Kallis, (2003, 3). Fascism is a political ideology where authoritarian measures are used to empower the government, as well as deny citizens their rights. In most cases, an absolute dictator suppresses citizens through violent acts and strict laws (Ringer, 2006, 204). Rulers such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini used this system to govern their nations. Fascism may consist of characteristics such as racism, dictatorship and militarism. There are various ideologies associated with fascism such as the populist, elitist and the extreme right-wing principles. Philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, George Sorel and Georg Hegal are the philosophers whose ideologies shaped the Fascist theory. The populist ideology tries to activate the citizens as whole against enemies or oppressors, and also to enhance national unity. Fascism also takes an elitist approach because the will of the people is personified in a select group or a supreme ruler whose authority is the most significant. The system forcibly subordinates all spheres of the society to create an organic community through totalitarianism. It also uses mass organization to enhance integration and control. Organized violence helps to suppress opposition although the intensity of violence is not similar in all circumstances.
Fascism also involves the ideology of extreme right-wing. It acknowledges the nation or race as an organic society that is above other loyalties. This ideology accentuates a belief of racial or national rebirth when a region has gone through a period of destruction or decline. Fascism considers aspects such as materialism and individualism as signs of ethical decay, so its main aim is to eliminate forces that pose a threat to the organic community. Fascists believe that the decay of a society occurs naturally and the most efficient way of eliminating this decay is through violence. Violence is enhances acquirement of power in a society that is experiencing moral decay. The leaders must be willing to use violence to slow down the decay. Hegal believed that war was significant in unifying of a nation, and that peace created a weak nation (Grigsby, 2012, 127). This creates the need for military forces to enhance war. War unites a nation because citizens have to come together to fight their enemy. He also claimed that the members of a community had the responsibility of sacrificing for their nation. The duty of the corporate organization is to make the laws of the state. The system also celebrates aspects such as masculinity mystical unity, renewing power of violence and youth. The system also promotes ethnic persecution, genocide, imperialist expansion and racial superiority doctrines. These occur when a community is against authority. Internationalism in the fascists’ world is based on ideological or racial solidarity throughout the nation. Male supremacy is also dominant in the system (Flood, et.al. 2013, 188). At times, the privileged race or nation encourages female solidarity (Brock, 2009, 262). Nietzsche came up with the idea of a superman to lead the nation. This individual must be creative and also possess a high intellectual capacity. Nietzsche’s idea came from the moral codes in ancient empires that consisted of master and slave morality.
Liberalism in the political sense is when a representative government tries to preserve the rights of the citizens and also maximizes freedom of choice. People can choose what they want with their lives (Joyce, 2003, 1). Fascists deny people their rights because they practice totalitarianism. Liberalists claim that all individuals have equal opportunities before the law. Class privileges are not a common feature in this form of governance. Fascists believe that liberalism enhances materialism and individualism. They claim that individual freedom enhances the division of a nation. Liberalists believe that a human being should focus on their own interests without interference from the society. They criticize the elitist ideology when they suggest that the people have a right to choose their leaders and also to reject oppressive rule. In liberalism, there is one leader but he does not make decisions for the rest of the people. People have to vote to decide what they want. The work of the leader is to ensure that individual interests do not harm other members in a society. This is not the case for fascism because the leader in this system is has absolute authority. This means that the people have no rights. They must follow what the leader wants. The work of the leader is to ensure that people have no freedom to choose what they want. The leaders also come up with mass organizations that punish those who are against the laws of the government. In liberalists’ societies, people carry out their activities as individuals and not as groups. Liberalists claim that he society decays when individuals do not have freedom to do what they want. This leads to war and other negative occurrences. War does encourage unity in a liberalist society; it creates division since people have personal interests. It does not achieve the main objective of liberalism, instead, it causes destruction.
Liberalism encourages active participation in law making. The people have the freedom to choose the appropriate laws. This is the case for fascism because only the corporate organization has the power to create laws. Liberalist societies also have class divisions but according to the law, the upper class has no authority over the lower class. The only difference is that the upper class has more money than the lower class, so they have a more options concerning how to use their money. The fascist society has social classes, but the upper class has authority over the lower class. The people who belong to the upper class made decisions for those in the lower class. Liberalists claim that this system is oppressive because no one choses to be poor or rich. Some people are only rich because of luck. They were born in rich families, so they inherit wealth. For this reason, the rich should not oppress the poor because everyone is equal in the eyes of the creator. Liberalism also discourages racism because everyone is equal before the law (Zafirovski, 2007, 421). The criticize fascism because it encourages discrimination on racial grounds. Power belonged to the whites, so the blacks were treated unfairly because they had no representative in the government. Liberalism also encourages equal opportunities for males and females while fascism encourages a male dominated society. Women from rich organizations were the only ones who had authority. The rest followed what he males said. Liberalism encourages freedom for all. Women can perform the same tasks as men as well as govern the nation.
References
FLOOD, M. et.al. (2013). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. New York,
Routledge.
BROCK, R. G. (2009). Rapture and Revelation. Tate Pub & Enterprises Llc.
GRIGSBY, E. (2012). Analyzing politics: an introduction to political science. Belmont, CA,
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
JOYCE, P. (2003). The rule of freedom: liberalism and the modern city. London, Verso.
KALLIS, A. A. (2003). The Fascism reader. New York, Routledge.
RINGER, R. E. (2006). Excel HSC modern history. Glebe N.S.W., Pascal Press.
ZAFIROVSKI, M. (2007). Liberal modernity and its adversaries: freedom, liberalism and anti-
liberalism in the 21st century. Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill.