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Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
The null and alternative hypotheses
The parameter of interest here is the population mean (µ), which is the diameter of part produced by a test run. The null hypothesis, the mean diameter of parts produced by a test run is equal to 6 inches, is represented by H0, while the alternative hypothesis, diameter of parts produced by a test run is not equal to 6 inches, is represented by H1. Thus;
H0: µ = 6 inches
H1: µ ≠ 6 inches
The decision rule assuming that n = 200 and α = 0.01
Because the sample size (n=200) is sufficiently larger, by Central Limit Theorem (CLT), the sample mean follows a normal distribution. Therefore, the decision rule holds that reject H0 if ∣z∣>zα/2. Since the level of significance (α) = 0.01, we use excel to find z0.005.
z0.005. = 2.575829304.
Thus, the decision rule is as follows:
Reject H0 if z < -2.575829304 or z > 2.575829304; where z is the test statistic.
What the Lazer Company should conclude if the sample mean diameter for the 200 parts is 6.03 inches.
z = xˉ- µẟn,
Where;
xˉ – Sample mean
µ- population mean
ẟ – Standard deviation
n – Sample size
z = 6.03- 60.1200,
From excel, z= 4.242640687
Recommendation
Based on the earlier developed decision rule, we reject H0 since |z = 4.242640687| > 2.575829304. At 0.01 significance level, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean diameter of part for Boeing Corporation produced by the test run is not equal to 6 inches. Thus, the Lazer Company should conclude that the mean diameter of a part of Boeing Corporation from the test run differs from the contract’s requirement.
Family Problems and Juvenile Delinquency
Family Problems and Juvenile Delinquency
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Institution
Introduction
Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D.B (1998). Relation of Family Problems To Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 26. No. 5.
Juvenile delinquency has been one of the key and fundamental problems in many parts of the globe. Juvenile delinquency refers to the participation of people below the statutory, legal age in illegal activities. Quite a lot of works have been written, and studies done to examine the various aspects pertaining to this problem. However, one of the most fundamental studies of this menace is the relationship between parenting or family structure and juvenile delinquency, as examined in “Relation of Family problems to Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth” by Gorman-Smith, et al.
This journal evaluated the relationship between patterns of delinquent behavior and patterns of family problems over a certain period among a sample of minority adolescent males from inner-city. The study identified and included empirically-derived groups of non offenders, escalators, serious, chronic offenders and chronic minor offenders. In addition, the study identified the patterns of family problems and differentially related them to delinquency problems. This study built on four paradigms of family problems identified by Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber encompassing the existing literature on the categories of family problems related to youth delinquency (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). These were neglect, deviant behavior and attitudes, disruption, as well as conflict. Neglect encompassed the lack of parental involvement in the lives of the children and the quality of parental supervision. Disruption encompasses the life circumstances such as parental absence from home, divorce, separation, parental psychopathology and health problems that may disrupt the family functioning, as well as affect the behavior of children (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). Conflict encompasses the conflict between children and parents as measured by support within family and discipline practices. Deviant behavior and values encompass families where deviant behavior and values are propped or supported, where the participation of children in deviant behavior does not conflict the beliefs and values of parents rather they are supported.
Two hundred and ninety-eight subjects were interviewed with questions covering the subject, family, peers, school and community. The subjects used in the study were Latino and African-American boys, as well as their caregivers. These subjects were derived from economically disadvantaged inner city neighborhoods of Chicago. 62% of the subjects lived in single-parent homes while 47.6% of families had an overall annual income below $10000. In addition, 73.5% of the subjects had an annual income falling below $20000. The subjects were aged between 11 and 15 years (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998).
Evaluation of the results was done in two sections. In the first, the researchers evaluated the relationship between each family problem, the involvement of the youth in each of the developmental pathway, and the virtual importance of each in the understanding of overall risk. In addition, the researchers evaluated the relationship between patterns of involvement in delinquent behavior and patterns family functioning over time.
The results of the study indicated that members of the group that participated in serious, persistent offenses had a higher likelihood of having families that are characterized my multiple problems such as conflict, disruption, as well as lack of parental involvement. In some cases, neglect was so severe that it surpassed the legal definition and requirement of neglect. In addition, these people had a higher likelihood of having families that were distinguished by deviant behavior and attitudes (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998).
The findings provide a test of concurrence between delinquent involvement and family problems. As much as the functioning of family affects youth delinquency and violent behavior, there exists a possibility that the behavior of youths affects the functioning of families. It is worth noting that serious, chronic offenders may disrupt their families to such an extent that the functioning of the family experiences multiple problems (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). In addition, the study showed that members belonging to the group that started later and escalated in their delinquent involvement had a significantly less likelihood of having families that incorporate multiple family problems. This group was clearly distinguished from serious, persistent offenders by the fact that they had started their participation in delinquent behavior later on in life, but reached serious levels of participation. This may signal at other factors such as peer influences, which may have considerably stronger relations to delinquent behavior in the case of this group.
The identification of patterns of behavior and its relationship to potential risk characteristics may offer information, which may be translated to action by indicating the outcomes and transitions that are possible for a certain individual. These results would form a fundamental pillar for basing prevention and intervention. It is worth noting that this study does not assume a general relationship between the functioning of family and participation in delinquency (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). These results, therefore, suggest targeting certain aspects pertaining to family functioning to impact the varied patterns of delinquent involvement.
This paper shows provides empirical indications that parenting has a key role to play in participation of an individual in juvenile delinquency. Of course, there are other factors that may be at play such as peer pressure in the case of individuals who start participating in the delinquency later on in their lives. This does not in any way undermine the role of parenting and nature of family structure in either eliminating or propagating juvenile delinquency.
References
Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D.B (1998). Relation of Family Problems To Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 26. No. 5.
Hypnotherapy Holistic Treatment
Hypnotherapy Holistic Treatment
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Introduction
Hypnotherapy is an alternative and complementary medicine treatment that employs hypnosis to help treat specific health conditions. It uses focused attention, intense concentration, and guided relaxation to attain an increased state of awareness known as trance. The patient’s attention is usually focused during this state and everything taking place around the individual is usually temporarily blocked or ignored. While in this state, an individual focuses their attention towards specific tasks or thoughts with their therapist’s help.
Psychiatric Condition
Hypnotherapy can help with treating various conditions which is why various people opt to try out hypnotherapy. Research has shown that hypnotherapy is a possible application for conditions such as dementia symptoms and chronic pain conditions. Hypnotherapy can be also be used to treat conditions related to chemotherapy, such as vomiting and nausea and pain associated with surgery, childbirth and dental procedures. Furthermore, hypnotherapy is effective in treating skin conditions such as warts and psoriasis. Worth noting, hypnotherapy is helpful in the treatment of conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and irritable bowel syndrome. Hypnosis can help boost the success of other treatments such as depression, stress, sleep disorders, post-trauma anxiety, phobias and anxiety, and grief and loss (Langham, 2019). Hypnotherapy has also proved helpful in overcoming habits such as overeating and smoking. Hypnosis is effective and helpful for people that have severe symptoms or need crisis management. Because hypnotherapy is used to change problematic behavior, it is used to help patients sleep better.
How Hypnotherapy Works
In a hypnotherapy session, a person is guided by a qualified professional and induced to a trance-like state. They focus their minds, respond more promptly to suggestions and become relaxed. Hypnotherapy uses heightened awareness of this state to help the patient focus more deeply. Relaxation is one of the techniques that hypnotherapy uses. Here, the patient is guided by the professional to visualize themselves in a state of relaxation and peacefulness even when they are confronting a problematic action or an object of their fear. Suggestion is also another technique employed in hypnotherapy. The therapists make subtle suggestions concerning behavior changes that help a person conquer the problem they are battling (Bhandari, 2021). For instance, one may be trained to see themselves as a supportive advisor whenever they go through a phobic reaction. This way, they learn to trust themselves and their ability to overcome a specific situation. Coping skills are also another viable technique that therapists can employ in hypnotherapy. The therapists can teach the patient-specific cognitive-behavioral coping skills like guided imagery as well as the STOP! Technique that one can use to confront their anxieties or fears. Exploring past experiences is also a viable technique that can be used to treat the psychiatric conditions associated with hypnotherapy. In this technique, a person is encouraged to speak about the first time they faced a problem or behavior that they are currently trying to get through at the moment. The patient is encouraged to talk about how they felt at that exact moment they encountered the problem. Analysis is also another way to approach the problem. In this approach, the professional uses the patient’s relaxed state to assess possible psychological root causes of their symptoms. This approach employs a relaxed state to gain access to the traumatic past problem that the person hides in their unconscious memory. After the trauma has been revealed, it is then addressed with the help of psychotherapy.
Treatment and Medication
During the first visit, a patient is asked to provide medical history details and the condition they want to address. The hypnotherapist explains what hypnotherapy is and how it works. The patients are then directed to relaxation techniques using various suggestions and mental images that are intended to relieve symptoms and change behavior (Fritscher, 2021). For instance, people who have panic attacks are told that they will be in a position to relax when they feel like relaxing in the future. The therapist teaches the patient the basics of self-hypnosis and may give them an audiotape to listen to while at home to help them reinforce what they learned from the session. Each session lasts for approximately an hour and the majority of the people begin seeing results after 4 to 10 sessions. The hypnotherapist and the patient monitor and evaluate progress over time. Children aged between 9 and 12 years tend to get easily hypnotized and are likely to respond even after 1 or 2 visits. There are various drugs used to treat hypnotherapy for sleep disorders, including amitriptyline, diazepam, zolpidem, and zopiclone. Notably, these drugs have varying generic and trade names. Amitriptyline is prescribed for depression and is used as a tricyclic antidepressant. Diazepam is prescribed for anxiety and is classified as a benzodiazepine. Zolpidem is prescribed for a patient with insomnia and is categorized as a sedative-hypnotic. Additionally, Zopiclone is prescribed for insomnia and is categorized as a sedative and hypnotic. Prior to considering hypnotherapy, one should always contact a professional for a diagnosis. This especially should be the case if they suffer a psychological condition such as anxiety or phobia. It is important that they are evaluated by a psychiatrist. Without a proper and accurate diagnosis, hypnotherapy only makes symptoms worse. It is rare for hypnotherapy to lead to the advancement of false memories formed by the unconscious mind.
References
Bhandari, S. (2021). Hypnosis and Mental Health. Retrieved 20 March 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-hypnotherapyFritscher, L. (2021). What Is Hypnotherapy?. Retrieved 20 March 2022, from https://www.verywellmind.com/hypnotherapy-2671993Langham, R. (2022). What is Hypnotherapy? Does Hypnotherapy Work? – TherapyTribe. Retrieved 20 March 2022, from https://www.therapytribe.com/therapy/what-is-hypnotherapy/