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factors that usually shape how we relate with those around us and our environment
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A number of factors usually shape how we relate with those around us and our environment, resulting in what we define as out own identity. An important factor that actively serves to shape our identity and its definition is race. Richard Wright’s interactions, confrontations and relationships in “Black Boy” perfectly illustrates this point, as being born in a black family in a society that practices racial segregation, particular when it comes to black and white interactions, serves to predetermine Wright’s fate not just as a writer but also as a human being. Race or ethnic background therefore shape not just an individual’s identity, but also their prospects in life either negatively or positively
“Black Boy” an autobiography of Richard Wright, describes his life, starting with his Grandmother’s illness and his burning of the family house in Natchez as a four year old. Wright describes the hardships they go through after his father leaves the family for someone else as well as after his mother becomes ill and cannot fend for them anymore. These hardships actually result in Wright not being able to effectively attend school until after they move to Jackson Mississippi, where he is actually able to graduate from ninth grade as the valedictorian. Afterwards Wright ventures in to the adult world of employment, where he encounters numerous episodes of racism, some even violent. Richard works at a clothing store, two optical shops, a movie theater, a corrupt insurance agency and a café. He is then forced out of work due to the great depression and begins pursuing a career as a writer for a communist Party, a venture which does not really turn out as he would have liked, although he is not discouraged and continues to seriously pursue writing.
In each chapter, Wright narrates a different difficult encounter and how it served to shape his identity and turned him into what he became. In chapter one, Richard begins to understand the type of relationship that exists between black people and white people, when he hears of how a white man beat up a black boy, as such he develops a fear of white people, in addition to the resentment he already feels after observing the well fed white family his mother had taken him to. In chapter two, the fact that Richard is unable to understand why the train is divided according to race, fuels his curiosity about race and ancestry, to the point where he asks his mother who responds by saying “They’ll call you a colored man when you grow up. Do you mind, Mr. Wright?” (Wright 49). His curiosity and knowledge of the existing racial differences are further fueled by his observation of white guards guarding the black prisoners. This affects his willingness to sell his dog to a white woman, with these mixed emotions towards the white race being fuelled further by stories told of a black woman who exacted revenge on a white mob for killing her husband. In chapter three, the clear distinction between whites and blacks continues to appear to Richard as he makes friends in Arkansas with other black boys who seem to share the same hostility towards white people as he does. In addition he seems to develop a sense of racial pride, which sees him engage in fights between back boys and white boys, with one fight leaving him needing stitches, he however underlines how important this new found gang was important to him when he says “I promised my mother I would not fight, but I knew if I kept my word I would lose my standing in the gang, and the gang is my life.” (Wright 83). Chapter five sees Richard enroll in a new school, where he discovers the political side of the differences between whites and blacks, after selling a newspaper and discovering that they contain messages by the Ku Klux Clan, which prompts him to stop selling them.
The construct of the place of a black man in society continuous to dawn on Richard when in chapter six he gets a job with a white family but is forced to eat bad food, compared to the white family and constantly mocked by the woman who gave him the job over having hopes of becoming a writer and attending school. A second job with another white family also goes similarly. The knowledge of the killing of a black man due to what the whites suspected was collusion with a white prostitute, further underlines what Richard now understands as the white oppression of the black man. Chapter eight actually culminates with Wright giving a controversial speech completely disregarding the instructions of the principal to give a speech written for him in order not to unsettle the whites present at the ceremony.
Subsequent chapters which focus on his adult work life, are fraught with instances of unfair treatment meted out on Richard due to his skin color; with each of these instances encountered serving to strengthen his resolve to remain proud as a black man and detest the white population for what he clearly feels is unfair and oppressive treatment of the blacks. A good example is when he helplessly witnesses his boss and his son beating up a black woman and proceeding to tell him “That’s what we do to niggers who don’t pay their bills,” (Wright 184).
During his formative years, Richard’s encounters with racism serve to shape him into a rebellious individual who seems to resent authority as well as whites. Race therefore plays a very important role in determining his identity as he constantly felt the need to challenge the set norms when it came to how the different races were to behave. In addition, the opportunities that he has to succeed in life are quite limited, as aptly captured by his own admission that “I had once tried to write, had once reveled in feeling, had let my crude imagination roam, but the impulse to dream had been slowly beaten out of me by experience”. In fact, even Richard Wright himself underlines the effect that race has on people when he says “The fact of the separation of white and black was clear to me; it was its effect upon the personalities of the people that stumped and dismayed me.” (Wright 265) Perhaps an indication of his feeling of resignation to accepting the undoubted fact that an individual’s skin color did and still has massive influence over how they turn out.
Personally, being from Turkey means that I cannot claim to have experienced issues of race on a scale similar to those experienced by Richard Wright, although being a predominantly Muslim society, my ethnic background has played an integral role in shaping my identity. It has also affected how I relate with others as well as my opportunities, more so in the United States. Individually, my ethnic background has shaped my identity more so when it comes to gender. Within the Muslim community, there are clear distinctions when it comes to the gender roles. Growing up under these constructs has served to shape me into a traditionalist who believes in the set roles and norms, more so when it comes to behavior that is considered acceptable for a man or a woman. This belief in Islam has also affected how I relate with other people as well as how I interact with my environment. It is therefore possible to argue that indeed my ethnic background has played a huge role in shaping my identity as an individual. Further, I also believe it has to an extent affected my ambitions, as the society within which I grew up in essentially predetermined what roles I would be allowed to play within the society, as such, certain professions were definitely out of the question for me personally, therefore paving a clear path as to what I could and could not do career wise, essentially curtailing any other ambitions I might have otherwise had. Race or ethnic background therefore does play an important role in shaping our identities as well as our prospects right from childhood.
Work Cited
Wright, Richard. Black Boy. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1998. Print
Factors that Support Tourism in Saudi Arabia
Introduction
Tourism is noted a one of the biggest industries in the world because it is responsible for a large amount of employment opportunities as well as growth in the economy. This is also the case with Saudi Arabia. Research denotes that more than 5 million people are employment in Saudi Arabia within the Tourism Industry and it is expected that by 2020, the figure will triples. This indicates an improvement in the economy as well as indicates the opportunities for Tourism Business in Saudi Arabia (Burns, 2007).
Factors that Support Tourism in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia strategic position in the Middle East is not only the reason as to why the Tourism industry in the country is succeeding, but also is placed in the mindset and the hearts of billions Muslims around the globe. The countries has the most significant cities (Makkah and Madinah) considered as the holiest places in the Muslim diversity. Many pilgrims come visit the country during Umrah and Haj hence creating a dynamic Tourism potentials for the country. In addition, the country enjoys global esteem for its political stability.
As for the case of tourism potentials, there are various cultures and heritage amid its 13 provinces. The country has beaches that extent along the Gulf and the Red sea. In addition, Saudi Arabia has beautiful mountains in the north as well as the south, as well as archeological centers in Mada’in Saleh and Najran. In the East there are various modern industrial sites such as the Saudi Aramco tourist lavatories such as Oil Exhibits. One of the cities such as Al-Hassa is considered as the largest Oasis. It is also the second largest populated city around the globe (Henderson, 2011).
Future Growth
Saudi Arabia is working hard to ensure its tourism industry remains the best as well as improves its industry with a number of hotels being built to cater for the growing number of tourists. The investment into the industry means creation of more direct and indirect jobs in the future. Thus, alongside the development and investment of Saudi Arabian Industry, people will also get employment within the industry as well as in other sectors of the economy (Sadi & Henderson, 2005).
Impact on the Global Tourism Industry
Tourism destinations in the world should consider taking an example of Saudi Arabia’s tourism industry as it’s an outstanding example. Every year, the country sees an impressive development in foreign investment and spending. The country also enjoys both domestic and international tourism almost at the same rate, something that most countries cannot. The future of Tourism in the country is very impressive hence a global example to various countries that has failed domestic Tourism. For example, in 2012, the countries tourism spending reached $25 billion, with a foreign spending of about 87 percent (Zamani & Henderson, 2010).
In the last 10 years, Saudi Arabia has developed into a country that stands for tourism potentials. Saudi Arabia’s locals have high expectations when it comes to spending hence ready to spend in tourism; an issues that has made domestic tourism in the country as role model. In addition, development of tourism in the country has also lead to growth of infrastructure such as Roads and hospitality facilities such as Hotels amid others.
References
Burns, P. (2007). From hajj to hedonism? Paradoxes of developing tourism in Saudi Arabia. Tourism in the Middle East: Continuity, change and transformation, 215-36.
Henderson, J. C. (2011). Religious tourism and its management: The hajj in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(6), 541-552.
Sadi, M. A., & Henderson, J. C. (2005). Tourism in Saudi Arabia and its future development.
Zamani‐Farahani, H., & Henderson, J. C. (2010). Islamic tourism and managing tourism development in Islamic societies: the cases of Iran and Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(1), 79-89.
Drug Abuse and Effects on Crime on Juvenile Justice System
Drug Abuse and Effects on Crime on Juvenile Justice System
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Drug Abuse and Effects on Crime on Juvenile Justice System
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction is a social issue that influences the general public on different levels. It influences the ways individuals relate in the public arena. It has unfavorable monetary and wellbeing effects on the general state of the public. The issue of drug abuse is available in numerous parts of the globe. It is a test that is confronting all the nations on the planet. Drug abuse and addiction transforms are completely working people into potential unsafe parts of the general public who represent a danger to themselves and any other individual around them.
It is significant that there are numerous types of drug abuse. First, there is abuse of regular drugs like cocaine, heroin, coke et cetera. Second, there is the abuse of medicines by patients who are dependent on them. Painkillers are among the most normally abused drugs in the United States. Drug abuse is a test to all the social orders everywhere throughout the world. It has ended up hard controlling the issue in light of the addiction and tremendous benefits that radiate from the practice (Barnard, 2007). There is a need to think of an answer for the issue.
Individual and Social implications
Abuse is a more extensive issue including sexual abuse, psychological abuse or psychological mistreatment, verbal abuse, budgetary abuse, financial abuse and physical abuse. The examination demonstrates that the culprits of spousal abuse can either be a female or male as might be the exploited people. Then again, the greater part of the information gathered in the wake of the directing examination demonstrates that, abused victimized people are female, and battered men cases are uncommon. Drug abuse was evaluated as the real reason for this issue realized by the abuse of drugs. An accomplice who is abused can get to be weak, bite the dust and need social force of cooperation subsequently staying a confined life from his or her companions.
Drug and substance abuse is interfaced to different sorts of flippant conduct, for example, unprotected sex or viciousness. Such dangerous practices may prompt monetary, social, and wellbeing issues as people and country. For instance, some young take part in freak associate gatherings, unprotected sexual intercourse, interpersonal brutality, devastation of property and others. Optional schools are confronting a lot of issues on account of understudies who are included in substance abuse. Thus, there are numerous indiscipline cases happening at school. A portion of the understudies who abuse drugs and substances won’t perform well in their studies or they will simply drop out of school prompting high number of unskilled individuals.
The trends of drug abuse results are worrying at least according to the trends that have been defined. According to the results of Home Office Research in US, the juveniles arrested were found to have 11% of the 16 to 20-year olds tested positive for opiates and 5% of this age bracket tested for cocaine. A greater number, approximately 65% of this age population had used cannabis while 20% had the greater feeling of using it (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2014). 10% of this age group had used cocaine and averagely 6% had used heroin. Among the serious offenders that were convicted last year, 2013, aged between 12 and 17, 38% were males and 20% females and had used the drugs for more than a year. Thus, among the offenders it is established that crack cocaine and heroin are the most abused drugs. Most cases, the offenders, would commit crimes to get money for alcohol or drugs (Gary, Linda & Karen, 2004).
What do the experts say about the problem?
Young people abuse drugs and substances for different reasons, for example, peer pressure weight, family issues, formative stage, anxiety and easing, accessibility among others. For a nation to develop must its youngsters to be educated, to buckle down and get to be dynamic and dependable nationals. Regardless, the issue of drug and substance abuse remain a significant issue among the youngsters and adolescents. Parents and teachers ought to be mindful of the degree of drug and substance abuse and its belongings. It is consequently paramount to focus the reasons and nature of substances abuse in youth to can propose measures that could be connected to avert and control the substance abuse issue.
There is a direct connection between drug abuse and delinquency. Some of the consequences that arise from the juvenile justice system include arrest, adjudication and intervention for several youths that are betrothed in drug abuse and use of alcohol (Gary, Linda & Karen, 2004). One cannot clearly claim that the abuse of drugs results in delinquent behaviors or that delinquency causes drug abuse though there is a strong correlation between the two. The correlation and the intertwinement of delinquency and drug abuse be seen to bring about school and family problems mostly individuals engaging in negative activities. Some of the known negativities include lack of social restraint in the neighborhood, physical and sexual abuses. Possession of the drugs, as well as the use of the drugs, is illegal for all youths given the several side effects that are seen (Paddock, 2005).
However, there is a strong correlation between alcohol use and drug abuse and delinquent behavior seen in juveniles. The abuse of drugs is linked with both violent and income-generating crimes by youths. Owing to this there is an increase in fear among members of a community or residents that often demand the juvenile services and criminal justice services. Consequently, the resources available have been stretched (Holloway, Bennett & David, 2005). Some of the negativities that are linked with the drug abuse among juveniles include gang, drug trafficking, prostitutions, increased incidents of homicides among the youths.
Response and Measures by the Society
Taking a Smart Crime Approach
Drugs and crime are frequently connected, which the reason is tending to genuine drug-related crime and savagery will dependably be an indispensable segment of our plan to secure open health and security in America. At the end of the day, we can’t capture out of the drug issue. There is have to concentrate on more than the constrained Federal drug implementation assets on individual drug clients. Rather, our drug approach underscores the extension of inventive “smart on crime” techniques demonstrated to help break the cycle of drug use, crime, capture, and imprisonment.
There are measures taken for considerable reforms to Nation’s criminal equity framework to lower detainment rates and decrease recidivism while securing open security. Reforms like the extension of specific courts that redirect peaceful drug guilty parties into treatment rather than jail (Wilson, Mitchell & MacKenzie, 2006). Reforms like smart preoccupation programs that recognize first-time guilty parties who have substance utilization issue and give group health benefits rather than a prison cell or capture record (Aos, Miller & Drake, 2006). Reforms like reentry projects, which help guide previous wrongdoers go into society, help their recuperation from addiction, and help them evade a come back to the criminal equity framework.
Treatment in the Criminal Justice System
Prison situations are inalienably coercive; 77 and unique shields have been produced to guarantee that prisoners can pick unreservedly whether to partake in biomedical examination without alarm of result (Aos, Miller & Drake, 2006). Past minor equipoise, clinical trials must be planned, so the exploration is of profit to the prisoner member paying little mind to the appointed study bunch. Inside these requirements, it is vital to direct research to help enhance substance abuse treatment and to support in the effective move of the substance abuse to the group. To encourage investigate here, the National Institute on Drug Abuse made the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies research cooperative,78 a system of remedial offices interfaced with treatment exploration focuses and group treatment programs.
Sedative agonist prescriptions utilized for the treatment of heroin addiction, for example, methadone and buprenorphine are underused in restorative populaces. Naltrexone, a sedative adversary, was produced to treat heroin addiction additionally has been endorsed for treating liquor abuse. Naltrexone is liable to be more adequate in the criminal justice setting than agonist meds. In any case, the poor consistency with naltrexone has constrained its utilization in the treatment of heroin addiction. The late advancement of a dependable warehouse detailing for naltrexone79, 80 deters this impediment, and a multisite clinical trial (Nct00781898) is presently assessing its viability in heroin-dependent probationers. An alternate range of examination proposed to decrease backslide independent wrongdoers is the improvement of antibodies against cocaine, methamphetamine, or heroin.
A few streets presently exist for giving drug abuse treatment as an option to detainment. Drug courts were expected to give a scaffold between drug treatment and medication; from the first drug court created in Miami in 1989, drug courts have expanded in number to almost 2000 today (Wilson, Mitchell & MacKenzie, 2006). States, for example, Arizona, California, and New York have made treatment options to detainment for first-time drug wrongdoers, adolescent guilty parties, and others. Numerous states are going under political weight to diminish the expenses connected with imprisonment by occupying peaceful drug guilty parties to treatment.
Emphasizing prevention over incarceration
Preventing drug use before it starts especially among youngsters is the most practical approach to decrease drug use and its results. Late research has reasoned that each dollar put resources into school-based substance use prevention programs can set aside to $18 in expenses identified with substance utilization issue.
There are plans aiming at the development of national and group based projects, for example, the Drug-Free Communities Support Program. This program aims at addressing issues of youngsters in schools, in colleges, and in the work environment with customized data intended to help them settle on healthy choices about their future. At the same time prevention alone is insufficient.
Describe an alternative solution to the problem.
Drug abuse has various ramifications on the general prosperity of the public. First and foremost, the issue of drug abuse and addiction costs the general public a great deal of cash. As per research, the United States uses more or less a large portion of a trillion dollars in overseeing drug abuse and expansion (US Department of Justice, 2001). Socially, drug abuse and addiction makes insecure parts of the general public who are inclined to brutality. It is tricky to manage individuals who are dependent on a drug. The general public is troubled because it needs to tend to individuals who have been diminished to cabbages by drugs.
Drug abuse and addiction has influenced the general public vigorously. The quantity of people captured for drug related offenses is in charge of expanding the number of inhabitants in state prisons by a third. These actualities affirm that drug abuse and addiction is a gigantic load that the group is compelled to convey.
In the light of the issue of drug abuse and addiction, the general public has concocted distinctive approaches to help take care of the issue. Initially, the legislature has executed tight laws that dictate the use of drugs and dishearten the exchange of illicit drugs. It is illegal to offer or devour a few drugs in the United States. Second, the general public has framed recovery focuses that offer asylum to drug abusers who wish to recoup from their addiction. By and large, the administration has put such a great amount of cash in inquiring about the best treatment for drug abusers in connection to the extent of the issue. Various science-based medications have recorded tremendous accomplishment with a significant number of drug addicts.
The intercessions projects executed by the applicable powers have been advantageous to some degree. It has been conceivable to achieve various drug addicts and execute change in their lives. Notwithstanding, the viability of these projects is influenced, by the way, that the exchange of unlawful drugs is still a tremendous issue. Youthful children have simple access to illicit drugs, which encourages addiction at an early age (Heymann & Brownsberger, 2001). Schools are still places where understudies can get to a few drugs. It is fundamental to discover the answer for the issue of drug access among the young. Simple access to drugs guarantees that the quantity of individuals tumbling to addiction surpasses the quantity of individuals being spared by the distinctive intercession and treatment programs. The adequacy of these treatment programs has been hampered by the expense of the treatment. Some individuals can’t stand to pay for the aggregate expense of treatment.
An alternative response to the issue of drug abuse and addiction would be to encourage shabby treatment alternatives and execute tight laws on unlawful drug exchange. Also, ought to be must be without drug zones at all times. A tight rope on unlawful drug exchange will decreases the likelihood of youngsters getting to the drugs. In this way, there will be no opportunity to experiment. It will decrease the extent of the issue by a tremendous edge. The main drawback of this options reaction is the expense. The administration would need to utilize such a great amount of cash to cater for the expense of treatment. It would need to put set up extravagant reconnaissance gear to guarantee no drug enters the country.
CONCLUSION
Adolescent offenders demonstrate high rates of substance utilization and substance utilization disorders, which are related both with kept culpable and a more extensive scope of negative conclusions (Gary, Linda & Karen, 2004). Despite the fact that the justice framework ordinarily screens adolescent offenders for substance use disorders. Additionally, new strategies are required to expand the utilization of institutionalized screening routines and to guarantee the screening happens early enough the whole time to permit adolescents to be occupied out of the justice framework into group based projects when suitable. Drug courts are one guaranteeing model, yet they ought to make more prominent utilization of observationally accepted mediations and behavior take after ups to measure longer-term results (Heck, 2006).
In spite of the fact that the justice framework is a real wellspring of treatment referral for adolescent offenders, the unmet requirement for treatment stays considerable. To designate rare assets most adequately, new approaches must expand the accessibility of astounding, proof based treatment focused at the subgroup of adolescent offenders with substance utilization disorders (Marlowe, 2010). The guaranteeing yet blended achievement of current treatment methodologies highlights a few difficulties, including the requirement for better techniques for captivating adolescents and their families in treatment. The other difficulties highlighted include the need to better address natural danger components and comorbid conditions and the absence of information concerning social and sex customized mediations (Sallybanks and Wendy, 2003).
More research in these zones is vital before it is conceivable to backer any one specific treatment approach. For the present, strategy ought to empower more extensive utilization of exactly accepted treatments and of “best practices” inside existing projects (Gary, Linda & Karen, 2004). Besides, considerable backslide rates point to a more prominent requirement for aftercare administrations and to the need to oversee substance use disorders as unending disorders described by backslide and reduction (Homel, 2004). The lack of aftercare administrations and the absence of administration coordination point to the need to create administration framework displays that better integrate and direction various administrations for adolescent offenders, especially group based methodologies. In this way, strategy ought to backing the reconciliation, congruity, and financing of these administrations for energetic offenders both amid and after their justice framework inclusion.