Recent orders
Family Life Cycle Project
Family Life Cycle Project
Students Name
Professors Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Tittle
Date
Family Life Cycle Project
The life cycle of a family involves all the stages that a family goes through at a given time in life. Theories have been developed to help understand the different and more comprehensive stages of human development and the family life cycle. The family life cycle begins with one becoming an adult and maturing and ends with aging. Families have to send their children out of their homes to start a life of their own to ensure the family continues in all generations. In this project, an analysis of how Johnson’s family has gone through the family life cycle stages from the initial stage to the last will be discussed.
1st Stage: Maturing
The first stage of the family cycle is when a child becomes an adult and is ready to start their own life. At this point, parents need to allow separation from their grown-up children for the family cycle to continue. At this stage, my father (Johnson) had already completed his teaching course but had not yet got a job. He was doing small-scale farming in his father’s land, and it is from this, he earned a leaving. After two years of practicing agriculture, my father got employed as a teacher in a public school.
2nd Stage: Establishment and Marriage
Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1 courtesy of jewelry mart
The second phase is the phase of self-realization, and a grown-up adult starts making plans for future life. By the time my father wanted to marry, he had saved some finances that made him start a new life of being husband and wife. My mother was married at the age of 20, and she had completed her teaching course but had no permanent job.
3rd Stage: Child Bearing
Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 2 courtesy of deposit photos
The childbearing stage comes with many shifts in the parents’ lives, and some goals need to be achieved for this stage to be successful. With the first year of marriage, my parents conceived their first child. Being their first pregnancy, they had a hard time understanding the pregnancy journey, but since my grandmother was around them, she helped them through the journey. After the first successful pregnancy, my parents had captured what needed to be done, and they were ready to give birth to more children.
4th Stage: Children in Pre-School
Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 3 courtesy of clipart library
This stage involves many children being brought up in a family. By this stage, my parents had already given birth to four children, and they had most of them joining pre-school. My siblings were all grown, and they started experiencing differences within each other. At this point, our second eldest brother felt like my parents did love him since they concentrated more on our last born. My sister (cate), who is the eldest, complained of too much work allocated for her. At this point, my parents started to experience increases in financial demand as learning started.
5th Stage: School-Aged Children
At this point, everyone in our home was in an education facility since education was termed as the key to success. My siblings and I were subjected to school curriculum forcing our parents to create a relationship between teachers and religious leaders. At this point, we could tell our future aspirations, and our parents helped us work towards our dreams.
6th Stage: Families With Adolescents
The sixth stage can be overwhelming to parents if they lack an effective way of dealing with adolescents. The age gap between my siblings and I was not that big, and this made us be in the same age group. When adolescence began, it started from my elder sister and later to the youngest. My mom and dad explained how difficult this stage of growth was to them. Every child started developing identities, and they felt that our parents needed to give them space. The adolescent stage also came with sharing responsibilities, and everyone had a duty to perform.
7th Stage: Family With Young Adults
At this stage, all of my parent’s children were fully grown. My elder sister, immediately after her first degree she decided to start a life of her own. After a few years, my second-born brother also moved out. This series of events continued until the last-born child moved out. The family size becomes smaller since it was only my dad and mom who left home. My brothers, after some years, got married, and this widened the family circle.
8th Stage: Parents At Middle Years
when parents are at their middle age, this marks the start of the 8th stage. At this stage, they were still working, but they had a few years to retire. Since they did not have a lot of bills to pay, they started planning for their retirement. They started a real estate company that would help them survive after they had retired. This life stage made my parents close to each other, and they even renewed their marriage vows. Three of my siblings gave birth, and my parents started welcoming grandchildren.
9th Stage: Aging Family Members
Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 4 courtesy of dreamstime.com
The 9th phase is characterized by retirement and a decrease in financial income. After sixty years of working as a teacher, my parents retired. Life after retirement was not hard for them because they had already worked on the retirement projects that would finance them.
10th Stage: The Oldest Old
The last stage of the family life cycle is somehow challenging for most families. Parents at this point become old, and they start having health problems. After retirement, my parents decided to relocate to their retirement home upcountry and continued practicing farming. Although they face some physical limitations, they are still fighting to stay alive.
Reference
Chalea Waite. (2017) Family Development Theory.
https://youtu.be/bZeFN_1zcXU
Emily Stephens (2016) The Family Life Cycle
https://youtu.be/ZN_5nMQfDFw
Multicultural Family Institute. 2020. Family Life Cycle Video: A Framework for Systems Therapy.
https://youtu.be/YMUwHG0TYTA
Factors that may influence the equality of opportunity for individuals
Factors that may influence the equality of opportunity for individuals
There are various factors that influence equality of opportunities for all individuals. Discrimination or unfair treatment of certain individuals or groups of people is not uncommon in many organizations and social settings. In the health and social care settings, unfair treatment can be avoided through offering services that promote equality of opportunity for all people, regardless of their differences. Below are some of the factors that influence equality of opportunities for all people in the society and health and social care practices that promote equality for all in regard of these factors.
Ethnicity
Ethnicity refers to classification o discrimination of individuals based on their racial origins, cultural norms and language ( HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Anita+Atwal%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Atwal, A. & Jones, 2006, p. 79). People are sometimes treated unfairly or be discriminated against through restricted access to equal access to part or all services and benefits in the society due to their ethnic backgrounds. Good health and social care practices ensure that all individuals feel that they are valued and receive equal treatment regardless of their ethnic background. Most health and social care centres have policies in place to be followed by care workers to make sure that the best of interests of all service users are upheld and that are not mistreated based on ethnic background language ( HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Anita+Atwal%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Atwal, A. & Jones, 2006, p. 79).
Gender
Unfair treatment based on gender relates to the differences between men and women in their access to benefits and treatment in the society. In the health and social care sector, this factor affects the health outcomes of men and women if not well addressed . A huge gender gap is likely to result into to underuse or inefficient use of health recourses to either men or women which could lead to higher mortality rate for either gender (Pyne, 2009, p. 6). Good practices in the health and social care sector promote gender equality and equity through tackling gender biases in communities and providing similar services to all people regardless of gender. The health and social workers need also to focus on strengthening the group discriminated on the basis of gender to respond better to physical and social environment and have better control to determinants of health (Evans, 2001, p. 185).
Sexuality
An individual whose sexual orientation does not conform to prevailing and established patterns can be the target of verbal, psychological and physical violence and acts of hate (Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2010, p. 176). Discrimination based on their sexual orientation refers to unfair treatment of a person or a group of people based on their emotional and sexual attractions, relationships, self identity and behaviour. An individual’s sexual orientation may be heterosexual, bisexual or homosexual. Effective health and social care services should promote equality of opportunities for all individuals by ensuring that their staff are well trained to provide similar services for all people irrespective of individual’s sexual orientation (Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2010, p. 176).
Age
Discrimination based on age affects different individuals and groups in different ways. For instance, it may apply to the retired whole population of retired individuals in a given society. It may also be marked amongst individuals in ages of 80s and 90s who experience long-term illnesses, mental health problems, and higher levels of disabilities and thus, rely more on health and social care services (Behan, 2009, p. 4). Good practices in the health and social care sector should promote the principle of treating people of all ages equally. Their services should emphasize on the policy of ‘putting people first’ and offering treatment to people of all ages and help them to maintain independence and control over their lives (Behan, 2009, p. 4).
Disability
In the society, barriers may exist for disabled persons with certain physical, psychiatric, sensory, intellectual or neurological impairments to receive appropriate and effective healthcare support. Health and social care services should deal with such inequity by promoting rights of disabled individuals to health and disability services which are affordable and accessible. They should help to reduce the burden placed on such disabilities by the society and the demand placed on the disability and health services (Carnaby & Cambridge, 2006, p. 40). They thus ought to promote care practises that lead to effective management of disabilities and improvement in the health and well being of such people.
Discrimination
Discrimination simply refers to unequal treatment based on individual’s personal attributes such as sexual orientation, gender, age and disability or it may be as a result of a person’s group membership such as belonging to a certain ethnic group (Bulatao & Anderson, 2004, p. 78). Discrimination can determine an individual’s or a group’s living conditions and access to vital resources such as food, shelter, healthcare services, education and employment, among others (Bulatao & Anderson, 2004, p. 78). Anti-discriminatory practices should be adopted in health and social care settings by promoting equality, upholding value diversity, respect for the rights of consumers.
References
HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Anita+Atwal%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Atwal, A. & Jones, M., Preparing for Professional Practice in Health and Social Care, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, 2009
Behan, D., ‘Age equality and age discrimination in social care: An interim practice guide’ 2009, Accessed 31 January 2012 from, [http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/guides/guide35/files/guide35.pdf]
Bulatao, R. A. & Anderson, N. B., Understanding racial and ethnic differences in health in late life: a research agenda, Washington: National Academies Press, 2004
Carnaby, S. & Cambridge, P., Intimate and personal care with people with learning disabilities, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006
Evans, T., Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action, Oxford University Press, 2001
Pyne, S., ‘how can gender equity be addressed through health systems?’ 2009, Accessed 31 January 2012 from, [http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/64941/E92846.pdf]
Mooney, L. A., Knox, D. & Schacht, C., Understanding Social Problems, California, Cengage Learning, 2010
Drone Cals Cost Accounting Analysis
Drone Cal’s Cost Accounting Analysis
Student’ Name
Institution
Professor’s Name
Date of Submission
DroneCal’s Cost Accounting Analysis
Question 1: Cost Classification for the Navigation system
Indirect costs, taken together, denote the biggest class of expense incurred under navigation contracts. Latest appraisals made by the DroneCal Management, in concurrence with top management on their overhead initiative, show that indirect costs occupy roughly $90 billion of the $170 billion total DroneCal work in development at all the service provider plants (Murphy, 2009). This shows the significance of Ancillary Costs for a break between direct and indirect expenditures for this approximation of the work. As shown, the indirect costs of 15 percent sustained by subcontractors and dealers and the 36 percent incurred by leading service provider indicate approximately 52 percent of the total cost (Murphy, 2009). Indeed, the fraction of indirect cost to the total cost varies considerably among service providers within the navigation industry since it rests upon many factors. That is to say, there are several dissimilarities in both personnel and accounting classifications as to direct or indirect costs, kinds of yields, assembly methods used and degree to which resources are equipped by the federal systems. This is as well as the degree to which subcontractors are used, and the arrangement of amenities’ proprietorship (Murphy, 2009).
Rationale and analysis
The rationale behind the classification of DroneCal’s cost as Indirect cost is that the organization demands more and more mechanical developments (Nevitt, Fabozzi & Mathew, 2000). A corporation is regularly required to improve on acquisition of new resources in order to stay on the foremost edge of expertise and to continue to persist its competitiveness. This will most probably necessitate new procedures, tooling, apparatus, and staff (Murphy, 2009). Product analysis and assessment is remarkably costly as it often encompasses making of sample products. In addition to the study, growth, and industrial efforts of DroneCal’s, navigation prime contractors, will be accountable for administering the work of several subcontractors and vendors who are manufacturing new, very nominal products. DroneCal servicers will be obliged to make vast reserves in tender and application expenses in response to intricate federal and navigation requests procedure (Murphy, 2009). Highly technical management switch systems are essential in order to conform to strict US federal terms for production, manufacturing, and product support (Nevitt, Fabozzi & Mathew, 2000).
Question 2
Determining reasonable, allowable, allocable, variable, fixed & semi-variable costs for the company.
The indirect overhead expenses perhaps may be are composed of fixed overheads of $161 million and flexible costs of $241 million (Bush & Johnston, 1998). Therefore, the variable overhead is $1.5 for every $1 of direct labor or $241 million divided by $201 million. In the first year of operation, the maximum allowable amount for executive compensation for navigation and engineering contractors was $249,000. In the following year, this will perhaps be reduced to $200,000 (Bush & Johnston, 1998). Later, this amount may increase back to its base position of $249,000. The allowable and allocable cost in the contract may be $45 million or more. As well as a total of $40 million may be incurred in manufacturing, of which at least one exceeded $7.6 million during the previous cost accounting period.
Method of Price Analysis
Break-Even Analysis
A rather more refined tactic to cost-based pricing is the break-even analysis. The data required for the method is available from the accounting annals in most firms. The break-even price is the value that will produce adequate income to cover all outlays at a given level of manufacture (Murphy, 2009). Overall cost can be divided into fixed and variable (Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost). Reminiscence that fixed cost does not change as the level of production varies. The rental fee paid for by DroneCal’s premises to house its operation might be an example. No cost is fixed in the end, but in the short run, several overheads cannot credibly be changed. Variable cost does change, as production varies. For example, the cost of raw materials to make the company’s product will vary with production (Murphy, 2009).
One of the limitations of break-even analysis is that it undertakes that flexible costs are constant (Murphy, 2009). Nevertheless, the company’s wages will increase after a while, and shipping discounts will be obtained. Second, break-even assumes that all costs can be carefully classified as fixed or variable. Where marketing expenses are arrived at, break-even analysis will devour an imperative effect on the successive break-even price and capacity (Murphy, 2009).
Upheld mark-up is another significant concept. The maintained mark-up proportion is an important figure in valuing working profits. It also offers an indication of the effectiveness (Murphy, 2009). Maintained mark-up, sometimes called gross cost of goods, is the difference between the real price for which all of the commodities are sold, and the aggregate cash supplied cost of the goods elite of deductions. The maintained mark-up is normally less than the original mark-up due to reductions and stock contractions from theft, damage, and the like (Murphy, 2009).
Conclusion
Maintained mark-up is predominantly significant for cyclical commodities that will probably be marked-down markedly at the end of the time of year. Although this pricing method may seem exceedingly simplified, it has a positive value. The normal mark-up mirrors the actual profitable margins and offer, a good parameter for pricing.
References
Bush, J., & Johnston, D. (1998). International oil company financial management in nontechnical language. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell.
Murphy, J. E. (2009). Guide to contract pricing: Cost and price analysis for contractors, subcontractors, and government agencies. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts.
Nevitt, P. K., Fabozzi, F. J., & Mathew, J. V. (2000). Equipment leasing. New Hope, Pa: Frank J. Fabozzi Associates.