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Family and Drug Abuse
Family and Drug Abuse
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Family and Drug Abuse
INTRODUCTION
Family is a social institution and involves a kinship group consisting of two or more individuals who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, and adoption. Based on this, a family can be considered to be a group of persons that are directly related by kin connections, with the adult members of the kinship members adopting the responsibility of caring for the children. Family members live together in the same home and interact with each other in their separate social roles, usually those of parents, spouses, siblings, and children. It’s critical to differentiate between a household and a family since a household may include roomers or borders sharing a common residence. Also, a family should be distinguished from a kindred since although a kindred concerns bloodlines, it may be divided into several households. In most cases, a family is not differentiated from the marriage pair. However, the central element of a family group is the relationship between parents and children, which may sometimes be absent in marriage pairs. Therefore, a family is made up of an adult and their children. In most cases, a family is made up of two adults who are married to each other, generally a man and a woman (often of different ancestries and not related by blood), and their children. There are two main types of families: extended and nuclear families. An extended family may comprise not just the parents and their unmarried children who live at home but also their married children, their spouses, their children’s descendants, and maybe elderly relatives. On the other hand, a nuclear family comprises a mother, a father, and their children. All social stratification models regard the nuclear family as a solidary unit whose members share roughly the same social class rank. A nuclear family is thought to be the oldest and most often used type of family. Most people believe that the husband’s occupation is the best (or only) index of a family’s social status. Working wives are often overlooked as potential contributors to the same. The social stratification in a family tends to affect parental values due to the impact of the parents’ occupational self-direction on their values.
There is a wide range of alcohol and drug use behaviors that may be classified as substance involvement, ranging from the occasional use of these substances to the development of physiological dependency and the subsequent impairment of daily living function. Drug and substance abuse is a major social issue in the family, as children born of parents involved in drug and substance abuse often end up drug addicts. Children have a chance to make their own choices on drugs and substances; however, although children and parents may have different values, the predominant effect tends to come from the parents, greatly affecting the values that children exhibit. Supporting this statement, Solis et al. (2012) urge that one of the clearest and most significant risks shown by children whose parents abuse drugs is children’s a drug and substance use in adulthood. According to the author, 53% of children whose parents engage in alcohol and substance use compared to 25% of their counterparts have alcohol or drug use disorders by the time they reach adulthood. Also, heritability accounts for roughly 50-60% risk of developing drug and substance use behaviors, which indicates that family transmission of alcohol and drug use disorders is in part due to a significant genetic component. Drug and substance abuse has a negative impact on a child’s upbringing, especially when the parent’s substance use tends to interfere with their ability to raise their children and provide a safe, nurturing environment. According to statistics, 1 in 5 children grows up in a family where a parent or both abuses drugs or alcohol (Raitasalo et al., 2019). Most parents fall into drug and substance abuse due to depression and stress in which they use drugs to escape reality. At first, they are able to control it, but later, they develop addiction problems. Most children grow up witnessing their parents struggling at a young age, leading them to develop trauma that has long-term implications for the child. Thus, these youngsters are a three-time bound to be disregarded or genuinely and physically mishandled. These children are twice more likely to have an alcohol and drug abuse problem compared to their peers whose parents have no drug addiction problems. Family relations and their influence on children’s substance use can also be viewed in terms of family members’ connectedness. Since the family remains the main source of socialization, attachment, and nurturing for humans in today’s society, the change is likely to affect the entire family system when a parent starts to change their behaviors. Therefore, it is evident that the family institution plays a major role in influencing children to engage in drug and substance abuse. This study explores how drug abuse between parents influences a child’s upbringing.
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Primary socialization theory, young people’s major socialization sources are their families, and thorough assessments of therapies suggest that some family-based models may be beneficial. There are several ways in which the family may help to prevent and intervene with drug abuse. Children are less likely to engage in drug abuse if they have a strong relationship with their parents. As a family risk factor, social learning processes play an important role in modeling and encouraging drug use and giving access to substances (Lee et al., 2017). Researchers have led a great deal of examination in the endeavor to explore the effect of poor nurturing to impacting youngsters into becoming medication and substance addicts. Shek et al. (2020) conducted research on the influence of family factors on substance abuse in early adolescents and found that the mother-adolescent relationship was a high predictor of adolescent substance abuse. A similar study conducted by Becona et al. (2012) on the impact of parental styles and drug use found that authoritative parenting has a protective role against substance abuse while the neglectful style has a high risk of drug and substance abuse among children. Shakya et al. (2012) observed that youngsters with definitive moms are less likely to toast a mark of tipsiness, are more averse to hit the bottle hard, less inclined to smoke cigarettes, and less inclined to utilize cannabis than kids from careless families. Despite these research results, very few studies explore how families with drug and substance-addictive parents influence their children to become addicts. Supporting this statement, Schuler et al. (2019) urge that the degree to which associations between peer and family substance and drug use and adolescents substance use has not been fully examined. Thus, there is a need for more research to determine the correlation between addicted parents to drugs and substances and children who take drugs.
Schuler et al. (2019) further reveal that the limited number of existing studies that examine the relationship between parents’ alcohol and substance use and adolescents’ substance abuse have yielded inconclusive and inconsistent findings. On the same note, Latvala et al. (2022) urge that genetically informed research has yielded varied conclusions as to what degree parental drug usage contributes to child substance misuse and antisocial behavior owing to similar environmental and genetic variables. As such, there is a need to further investigate whether drug use between parents influences their children’s substance use. This study fills this research gap. On a different note, Rusby et al. (2018) established claimed that comprehending the predictors of early initiation of drugs and substance use among adolescents may inform efforts to prevent substance use and its related problems. Since drugs and substance use among teenagers is an increasing issue of concern in the contemporary world, this study aims to uncover how drug abuse between parents influences the upbringing of a child and the child’s engagement in drug and substance use. The study’s findings will inform the efforts to prevent substance use among teenagers.
METHOD
A literature-based approach will be utilized in this investigation. Research has shown that a researcher may use the knowledge they currently have and the knowledge they don’t have to support their claims (Newman & Gough, 2020). A complete systematic review and meta-analysis will be performed by the researcher to determine how drug abuse between parents influences a child’s upbringing. A systematic literature review is a research strategy, and procedure used to locate and critically evaluate relevant research and collect data from current research. Conversely, in a meta-analysis, data from many research are combined to compare and highlight any inconsistencies, trends, or connections that appear when several studies on the same subject are examined in different contexts. Journals on the topic regarding family and drug and substance abuse. Also, the research will look at case studies on how parental bringing influences a child. Having obtained the necessary data, a careful review of the data will be done to determine the relevance and credibility of the researchers. Then a comparison of the data from various sources will be carried out to determine the consistency of their findings. By doing this, I will have come to a conclusion as to whether children involved in drug and substance abuse are influenced by their addictive parents. An overview of the search strategy and selection criteria utilized to select the studies for review is provided below.
Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
To find the most relevant publications, the researcher will use a variety of reliable databases, including ProQuest, Science Direct, Scholar, EbscoHost, and Sage. The following search phrases will be utilized to locate relevant articles: “impacts of parents’ drugs use on children’s substance use,” “Parent’s substance use and children’s drugs use,” “the consequences of parent’s drugs and substance use of their children.” Boolean operators such as OR, Not, or AND will also be used in conjunction with truncation and wildcard techniques to limit the results. In addition, an ancestry search was used to track out potential inclusions. This will include keeping track of and incorporating in the evaluation of any relevant footnote references and referenced references. The researcher will devise a set of exclusion and inclusion criteria to find the most relevant and reputable sources of information for the review. These criteria will be applied in order to ensure that the sources included in the research are accessible, relevant, and reputable. The next paragraphs go through the criteria for inclusion and exclusion.
Based on the inclusion criteria, the review will comprise research that looks at the effects of drug abuse between parents on the upbringing of their child and their child’s drugs and substance intake. The study will include articles published in the past five years to ensure up-to-date information is used to address the research questions. Additionally, for the sake of this evaluation, only items written in English were considered. Peer-reviewed journal articles, academic papers, books, and dissertations will also be included in the review. Those papers in which the entire text will not be made available online were solely considered for inclusion in the review. Also, only articles with free access will be reviewed.
Based on the exclusion criterion, newspapers, periodicals, podcasts, and other online publications will be excluded. Also, any studies presenting conclusions in letters or abstracts to the editor will be excluded since they do not provide complete information. In addition, research that will not be published in English or that will not have open access will be excluded. Because they do not offer the researcher complete information, book reviews and summaries will also be omitted from the study. Studies that will not include any of the search phrases in the topic or abstract will also be omitted.
All relevant and reliable papers will be collected for examination after preliminary screening of the research is completed. The researcher will then create a data extraction sheet that will include information on the study’s publication date, sample size, geographic area, and design, as well as the study’s findings. The risk of bias will be examined by concentrating on the methodological concerns, such as whether the research design was adequate and if a sufficient number of participants were selected for each study.
IMPLICATIONS
The research on family and drug and substance abuse is important since it will help inform the role of addictive parents to children abusing drugs and substances. Children look up to their parents in regards to behavioral values. The parents are the role model of the child, and thus, if they have a poor upbringing, they might end up having a negative impact on their lives, including engaging in drugs and substance abuse, among other moral issues such as bullying and stereotyping. Drug and substance abuse is a major social issue in the United States as it is a public health issue. According to research, more than 21 million Americans aged 12 and above have at least one addiction. The drug overdose problem in the United States has more than tripled since 1990 (van Amsterdam, Pierce & van den Brink, 2021). The family has been in the frontline in influencing children to engage in drug and substance abuse in that they perceive what their parents are doing as cool, and this compels them to try and see whether they will look cool as well. As a result, they end up becoming addicted to drugs and substances, especially alcohol.
Addicted parents are neglectful, and this leaves the children with poor morals as they have to take care of themselves, and since there are no restrictions, they end up trying all kinds of drugs. Developing and enforcing policies can help reduce the menace of children’s drug addiction. Child welfare services should take away children with addictive or abusive parents and take them to foster care, where they will be raised away from drugs. As a result, they will not be exposed to drugs and substances at a young age, and this will shield them until they are of legal age to make a decision on whether to take alcohol or not. The implications of the policy regarding taking away children from addicted families will greatly help in reducing drug addiction among both parents and children. Parents will have lesser responsibilities and, thus, less stress in taking care of children, and since most engaged in drugs and substance abuse due to depression caused by poverty, they have a chance to improve their lives by seeking employment opportunities and getting rehabilitated. Children will also be brought up in an environment free from drugs, and this will help them avoid taking drugs.
CONCLUSION
A family is a group of people related by ties of blood, marriage, or adoption that live together in the same home and interact with each other in their separate social roles, usually those of parents, spouses, siblings, and children. Social stratification theories consider the nuclear family as a solidary unit whose members share roughly the same social class rank. In addition, most people believe that the husband’s occupation is the best (or only) index of a family’s social status. Usually, working women are often overlooked as potential contributors to the same. Drug and substance abuse is a major social issue in the family. However, the existing literature concerning the impact of parents’ substance use on the onset of children’s drugs and substance use is limited in scope. The limited number of existing studies that examine the relationship between parents’ alcohol and substance use and adolescents’ substance abuse have also yielded inconclusive and inconsistent findings. It has been established that genetically informed research has yielded varied conclusions as to what degree parental drug usage contributes to child substance misuse and antisocial behavior owing to similar environmental and genetic variables. Therefore, there is a need to further explore how drug abuse between parents influences the upbringing of a child and the child’s engagement in drug and substance use, a gap that the proposed study seeks to fill. To achieve this goal, the proposed study will adopt a literature review design. Meta-analysis and systematic literature review will be applied. Data sources will be retrieved from reputable data sources, including Google Scholar, ProQuest, Sage publications, EbscoHost, and direct science databases.
References
Becoña, E., Martínez, Ú., Calafat, A., Juan, M., Fernández-Hermida, J. R., & Secades-Villa, R. (2012). Parental styles and drug use: A review. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 19(1), 1-10.
Latvala, A., Kuja-Halkola, R., D’Onofrio, B. M., Jayaram-Lindström, N., Larsson, H., & Lichtenstein, P. (2022). Association of parental substance misuse with offspring substance misuse and criminality: a genetically informed register-based study. Psychological Medicine, 52(3), 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002135Lee, C. T., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2017). The role of parents and peers on adolescents’ prosocial behavior and substance use. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(7), 1053-1069. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407516665928Raitasalo, K., Holmila, M., Jääskeläinen, M., & Santalahti, P. (2019). The effect of the severity of parental alcohol abuse on mental and behavioural disorders in children. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 28(7), 913-922.
Rusby, J. C., Light, J. M., Crowley, R., & Westling, E. (2018). Influence of parent–youth relationship, parental monitoring, and parental substance use on adolescent substance use onset. Journal of family psychology, 32(3), 310. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Ffam0000350Schuler, M. S., Tucker, J. S., Pedersen, E. R., & D’Amico, E. J. (2019). Relative influence of perceived peer and family substance use on adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use across middle and high school. Addictive behaviors, 88, 99-105. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addbeh.2018.08.025Shakya, H. B., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2012). Parental influence on substance use in adolescent social networks. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 166(12), 1132-1139.
Shek, D. T., Zhu, X., Dou, D., & Chai, W. (2020). Influence of family factors on substance use in early adolescents: A longitudinal study in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52(1), 66-76.
Solis, J., M Shadur, J., R Burns, A., & M Hussong, A. (2012). Understanding the diverse needs of children whose parents abuse substances. Current drug abuse reviews, 5(2), 135-147.
van Amsterdam, J., Pierce, M., & van den Brink, W. (2021). Is Europe facing an emerging opioid crisis comparable to the US?. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 43(1), 42-51.
Draft Is Social Media Beneficial or Detrimental
Draft: Is Social Media Beneficial or Detrimental
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Draft: Is Social Media Beneficial or Detrimental
Social media has both positive and negative impacts on individuals using it. Many researchers and experts have come up with ways in which social media have impacted people during the covid-19 pandemic. Research done has shown that the impacts are either beneficial or detrimental.
The study focuses on the impacts of social media concerning covid-19. Berry et al. (2018) describe the effects of social media on patients with psychosis. The research shows the detrimental implications of both the users and non-user of social media. It is also concluded that most people with psychosis are not involved with social media. The people who use social media to express themselves are thought to have low self-esteem, mood, and paranoia. Another article contradicts Berry by suggesting that social media is an effective way of coping with anxiety and isolation brought by covid-19 quarantine strategies (Cauberghe, 2021). The author indicates that social media can reduce loneliness but cannot obtain social happiness; hence it is not a befitting option to consider often. Pleasure can be denied or boosted when one uses social media to compare others (Kraussa, 2021). When positive feedback is given, it raises self-esteem, and when mocked, the self-esteem deteriorates.
Social media can be used as a beneficial factor to create networks. It depends on how the user chooses to use the platforms (Clark et al., 2018). Using the media for social benefit, well-being, and creating connections is a beneficial method, but misusing them like cybercrime of social media shaming and impersonation can be a source of harm. Taking advantage of the covid-19 pandemic period to get into online marketing and creativity while in isolation or quarantine become a source of income and a beneficial way of using social media. Gruner (2018) talks about engaging in social media marketing strategies as an effective way. The study findings contradict the statement as organizations involved in social media marketing tend to be more effective and efficient even in terms of competition.
Social media has not only internal effects but external. The use of social media results in forgoing or not attaining targets on a job (Rozzgonjuk et al., 2018). When one gets into the platforms, they forget or postpone the tasks assigned. Social media affects how people relate to each other. People tend to be lonely and with no social connections physically but with a large social group in the cloud (Ryan, 2017). The platforms create images in the mind that are impossible to find in the real world (Tiggerman, 2020). For example, the dating sites show people with physical features and personalities that are beyond impossibility. The results are people detesting what they see in reality and believing the fake images online.
To solve the social media detrimental impact, people should learn to manage the influence of social media in real life. Study shows that addiction to social media is a source of stress and unhappiness (Longstreet, 2017). Depending on social media for solutions results in unsolved issues that may result in depression. Social interactions are okay, but the preference should be physical, social interactions. There should be a way to control what is put on the platforms for access. As seen in the study that not all social media platforms are actual. People should learn to appreciate how and who they are without comparing. Instead, they should focus on the opportunities created online during the covid period to benefit themselves.
References
Berry, N., Emsley, R., Lobban, F., & Bucci, S. (2018). Social media and its relationship with mood, self‐esteem and paranoia in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 558-570.
Cauberghe, V., Van Wesenbeeck, I., De Jans, S., Hudders, L., & Ponnet, K. (2021). How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 250-257.
Clark, J. L., Algoe, S. B., & Green, M. C. (2018). Social network sites and well-being: the role of social connection. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(1), 32-37.
Gruner, R. L., & Power, D. (2018). To integrate or not to integrate? Understanding B2B social media communications. Online Information Review.
Yang, C. C., Holden, S. M., Carter, M. D., & Webb, J. J. (2018). Social media social comparison and identity distress at the college transition: A dual-path model. Journal of Adolescence, 69, 92-102.
Tiggemann, M., & Anderberg, I. (2020). Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’images on women’s social comparison and body image. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2183-2199.
Ryan, T., Allen, K. A., Gray, D. L., & McInerney, D. M. (2017). How social are social media? A review of online social behaviour and connectedness. Journal of Relationships Research, 8.
Rozgonjuk, D., Kattago, M., & Täht, K. (2018). Social media use in lectures mediates the relationship between procrastination and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 191-198.
Montag, C. (2019). The neuroscience of smartphone/social media usage and the growing need to include methods from ‘Psychoinformatics’. In Information systems and neuroscience (pp. 275-283). Springer, Cham.
Longstreet, P., & Brooks, S. (2017). Life satisfaction: A key to managing internet & social media addiction. Technology in Society, 50, 73-77.
Leyrer-Jackson, J. M., & Wilson, A. K. (2018). The associations between social-media use and academic performance among undergraduate students in biology. Journal of biological education, 52(2), 221-230.
Krause, H. V., Baum, K., Baumann, A., & Krasnova, H. (2021). Unifying the detrimental and beneficial effects of social network site use on self-esteem: a systematic literature review. Media Psychology, 24(1), 10-47.
Export Strategies for Companies in Dubai
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Export Strategies for Companies in Dubai
Fatema Fazal in her paper The Urban Development in Dubai postulates that the change in the direction of Dubai’s development from over reliance on the oil sector to diversification has been crucial in Dubai’s growth. Economic growth for Dubai came as a direct result of relentless efforts in various sectors of the economy. A large number of the firms operating in Dubai are multinationals (MNCs). MNCs due to their financial muscle can put immense pressure on the markets (Brik).
Dubai currently premises its economy on a vast array of business interests. However, the independence of the economy is not by fluke but a planned strategy. The government acknowledged earlier on that oil was only a reprieve and therefore focused on other areas that promised long-term results (Fazal, 2008). Dubai’s government has embraced free-market capitalism in totality. The minimum intervention by the government in the business environment has worked positively in pushing Dubai’s products internationally (Fazal).
(Karlsson & Kindblom, 2006) Posit that positioning is one of the most widely used methods in marketing. Dubai adopts dominant marketing strategies. In addition, Dubai is strategically located as a central hub for transit of goods. Therefore adopting international standards of transport is crucial to the viability of Dubai as a business center. Dubai International Airport ranks among the busiest airport in the world. Therefore, investors and business persons alike readily move in and out of the city (Karlsson & Kindblom, 2006).
On October 24th, 2007, Dubai’s leader His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum issued a resolution mandating new buildings to comply with internationally approved practices (Maguina, 2011). In a study conducted in a sampling frame of 820 companies, Brik seeks to establish the drivers of the green supply chain in economies. The study used a data collection method of emails and faxes. The sample was representative of Dubai’s economy; 30% manufacturing, 35% construction and real estate, 18% tourism, 8% trade and 6% transport. The results showed that green supply chain positively correlates with MNC pressure. The OLS regression analysis showed that the adoption of the green supply chain significantly associates with export country regulation, MNC’s policy, and leadership. The study complimented the long published assertion by many pundits that Dubai adoption of green supply chain follows global markets dynamics.
To actualize its goals, Dubai’s government plan to transform the emirate into a global export hub. Therefore, various government policies such as Dubai Strategy project 2015. Dubai Urban area strategic plans creation of free trade zones and minimal interference in the private sector work towards achieving the set goals (Karlsson & Kindblom, 2006). Fazal using the four-quadrant model proves that access to oil, population growth and the incentive from the government promotes growth leading to the growth of Dubai’s export sector. The incentive for the bank changes the demand curve, the capitalization rate and the cost curve.
Dubai exports need to maintain global competitiveness. Revealed Comparative Advantage is a measure of a country’s export potential. It examines a country’s product relative competitiveness in the world. As of 2011, Dubai had the highest relative competitiveness in the aluminium, precious metals, and ceramics sectors (Government). Mining and quarrying activities failed to dominate in their contribution to the GDP by other sectors. Wholesale and retail services were the backbone to Dubai economic profile. A study conducted by Fazal sought to demonstrate how Dubai does its businesses in a bid to conquer the mind of investors. The study used the triangulation method of data collection. As such, the study used qualitative data incorporating the use of tools such as interviews and an evaluation of the place. The research minimized by bias by double-checking the facts acquired. The study revealed that in order to persuade investors, Dubai had paid due diligence to the importance of the place in investing. The study claimed that Dubai had invoked the cardinal rules of developing an area as an attractive business hub; design, infrastructure, services, and attractions. In addition, the place ought to be aware of its strengths and weaknesses; costs, location, access to customer and supplier market, infrastructure, quality of life, taxes and regulation and caring and supportive environment functions.
Karlsson & Kindblom highlight the importance of having strong brands. The knowledge that consumers have about brands is of vital importance. A brand is distinct association intended to identify goods and services of one seller and differentiate them from those of competitors. Dubai involves using reliable methods to brand itself as a global business leader. Dubai creates consumer based brand equity by creating brand awareness and brand image.
Works Cited
Anis Ben Brik, Kamel Mellahi, Belaid Retab. “Drivers of green supply chain in emerging economies.” (n.d.).
Dubai Government Information and Services Portal (2007), ìDubai Strategic Plan 2015, < http://www.dubai.ae/en.portal> (2008-12-28)
Fazal, Fatema. “The urban development in Dubai.” Department of Economics Uppsala University (2008).
Kindblom, David Karlsson & Henrik. “How can a place conquer a position in the mind of potential business investors?” School of Business, STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY (2006).
Maguina, Marco. “Implementing sustainable construction processes in Dubai-a policy instrument assessment.” Malmo Hogskola (2011).