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Chapter 5

Questions From 9th Edition Astronomy Today – Directly from the etext – for your utilization if you have purchased or access to earlier editions.

Chapter 5 –

Discussion Questions –

How does Earth’s atmosphere affect what is seen through an optical telescope?

What advantages does the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have over ground-based telescopes? List some disadvantages.

12. Are there any ground-based ultraviolet observatories?

14. What are the main advantages of studying objects at many different wavelengths of radiation?

15. How are telescopes like time machines? Why can larger telescopes see further back in time?

Multiple Choice Questions –

The main reason that most professional research telescopes are reflectors is that

mirrors produce sharper images than lenses do;

their images are inverted;

they do not suffer from the effects of seeing;

large mirrors are easier to build than large lenses.

The primary reason professional observatories are built on the highest mountaintops is to

get away from city lights;

be above the rain clouds;

reduce atmospheric blurring;

improve chromatic aberration.

The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) is stationed far from Earth because

this increases the telescope’s field of view;

the telescope is sensitive to electromagnetic interference from terrestrial radio stations;

doing so avoids the obscuring effects of Earth’s atmosphere;

Earth is a heat source and the telescope must be kept very cool.

Problems –

A 2-m telescope can collect a given amount of light in 1 hour. Under the same observing conditions, how much time would be required for a 6-m telescope to perform the same task? A 12-m telescope?

Adverse reporting events in medication

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Institution:

Adverse reporting events in medication may be explained as: “Any one of the many untoward medical occurrences in a patient or either a clinical investigation subject administered to a pharmaceutical product which never necessarily has to possess a causal relationship with treatment. In clinical trials, there is always a distinction between adverse events as well as serious adverse events. In general terms, any event that causes death, or permanent damage, requires hospitalization or causes birth defects is considered a serious adverse event. The results of the trials are usually included in the labeling of the medication in order to provide basic information for the patients, as well as prescribing physicians.

Adverse effects are always required by law to be reported, and also researched in all clinical trials and also included into the patient information that accompanies medical devices or drugs for sale to the public. Investigators specializing in human clinical trials are usually obligated to report the events in clinical study reports. Research is of the opinion that the events are usually inadequately reported in all publicly available reports. This is because of the lack of the data and the uncertainty about methods of synthesizing them, the individuals conducting systematic reviews as well as meta-analyses of all therapeutic interventions who unknowingly overemphasize the health benefit. To balance off the overemphasis on benefit, doctors and researchers have called for complete reporting of harm from the clinical trials.

There is the lack of certainty that the reported event was due to the product. Thus, it is not required that a causal relationship between product and event be proven, as reports do not usually contain enough detail to properly evaluate a particular event.

References

Reducing and Preventing Adverse Drug Events to Decrease. Retrieved from

http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/howtoreport/ucm053087.htmExpert working group (efficacy) of the international conference on harmonization of technical

Requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. (2007). “Guideline for Industry Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports.” (PDF). FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.Medication Administration Safety – Patient Safety and Quality – NCBIRetrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Mulan Joins the Army

Mulan Joins the Army

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Mulan joins the Army is indeed a patriotic play that is based on a filial woman, Mulan who manages to save her country from barbarians’ attack. Mulan seems to believe in her abilities and she is further driven by the need to fight and die for her country. She finds courage to amazingly represent her sick father at the war front after Mu shu refuses to join the military. Mulan hides her gender identity and presents herself as a man just to fight for her country by resisting foreign invasion. Her quality job earns her a place after she is promoted to sergeant (Kwa & Idema, 2010).

Similarly for the sake of the country Liu who is a close friend of Mulan identifies her identity but goes ahead to hide. Mulan is actually transformed from a father’s sympathizer to a savior of her country. This story tends to remind us about soldiers who sacrifice everything just to save their nation. Mulan goes beyond the traditional women culture in China to take up an opportunity in the military. Fighting against a nation’s enemy as was the case in the play is a show of unity and patriotism especially when it is done at the expense of other things such as gender norms and abandonment of family (Kwa & Idema, 2010).

Mula joins the army further shows a sign of cultural transformation by introducing an aspect of female patriotism. New emphasis on patriotism is achieved by depicting Hua Mulan as a true patriot who is ready to risk her life for the sake of her country. Mulan says according to Kwa & Idema (2010), “I risk my life for the sake of the country” (p. 43). Mulan has further proved that women’s role is not only to care for their families back at home as was traditionally thought. Women, just like men can take active role in the military to save their country. It is really impressive and encouraging to see a woman sacrificing herself to go to war and even hides her identity just to accomplish her task.

References

Kwa, S., & Idema, W. L. (2010). Mulan: Five versions of a classic Chinese legend with related texts. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co.