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Experiment To determine the rate of osmosis using different concentration of solutes
Introduction
Plants live due to nutrients, mineral salts and water that they obtain from the ground. These materials are obtained to the plant through osmosis, diffusion and active transport. The mineral salts are obtained through active transport. Water gets into the plant by means of the roots by a process known as osmosis. The water moves from a region of high concentration to low concentration. They pass through cell membrane which regulates the amount of water that is needed at each time. The plant need to have enough salt and water to for its survival. The excess water and needs to be eliminated and if the salt is less, it needs to be added. The addition of water is by osmosis (process by which water moves from a region of high concentration to low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane). When there is excess water outside the cell vacuole, the plant gains water but when there is less it loses to balance the outside environment.
Objectives:
a) To determine the rate of osmosis using different concentration of solutes.
b) To find out the rates of osmosis using similar but with different concentration of the same e substance (0.5M lactose and 1M lactose).
Methods
Parameters
Water
Different Solutions with different concentrations
The following are the test solutions that were used.
TEST SOLUTION CHEMICAL FORMULA MOLECULAR WEIGHT CONCENTRATION
(M)
Distilled water H2O 18 1
Sodium chloride
salt chloride NaCl 58 0.5
Glucose reducing sugar C6H12O6 180 1.0
Lactose reducing sugar C12 H22 O11 342 0.5
Lactose reducing sugar C12 H22 O11 342 1.0
Starch C6 H12 O6 232.5 250 ml of distilled water
Tray
Test tubes
Dialysis membrane
Procedure A
a) Place water in a tray
b) Weigh the Dialysis membrane without the solution. Record this x
c) Place solutions in Dialysis membrane and record the value to be y
d) Place the Dialysis membrane and the solution in tray containing 250ml of distilled water.
Wait for 15 minutes
Record the new weight after 15 minutes. Repeat the procedure for all the solutions and then tabulate them as shown below. Table1.
Find the change in the mass and tabulate them as well.
The change is gotten by (y-x) g.
The rate of osmosis is measured by determining the rate of change in the weight of the contents of the dialysis tube.
The change is taken and the time as well.
Rate is change in mass divided by change in time taken.
RESULTS:
The results obtained are below. Table two.
.
Time/test solution 0 5 15 30 45 60 Average change in mass
Water 13.7 14 13.9 14 14 14 Tube Cumulative Change 0 +0.3 +0.2 +0.3 +0.3 +0.3 0.5M NaCl 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.7 16 Wt Cumulative Change 0 +0.2 +0.3 +0.3 +0.4 +0.7 1.0M GLUCOSE 15.6 16.1 16.5 16.8 17.7 18.8 Wt Cumulative Change 0 +0.5 +0.9 +1.2 +2.1 +3.2 0.5M LACTOSE 17.0 17.7 18.2 18.5 20.2 22.1 Wt Cumulative Change 0 +0.7 +1.2 +1.5 +3.2 +5.1 1.0M LACTOSE 17.1 19.3 20.2 20.9 20.9 26.4 Wt Cumulative Change 0 +2.2 +3.1 +3.8 +5.8 +9.3 Starch suspension 15.7 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 16.1 Wt Cumulative Change 0 +0.1 +0.1 +0.1 +0.1 +0.4 Chemical test
Substance Procedure Results Deductions Average change in each test tube
Test for Chloride (Cl-) Add 2 drops of silver nitrate (AgNO3) the test tubes A whitish-grey precipitate (Cl-) present Test for Glucose Add about 1ml of Benedict’s reagent to the test tubes and place the tubes in a boiling water bath for 1 minute. color change from blue to yellow Presence of reducing sugar Test for Lactose Add about 1ml of Benedict’s reagent to the test tubes and place the tubes in a boiling water bath for 1 minute. color change from blue to greenish-yellow Presence of reducing sugar Test for starch Add several drops of potassium iodide-iodine (IKI) solution to the tubes blue-black color Starch present DISCUSSION
From the result obtained it indicates that there is a gradual increase in the masses and this can be the indication o f osmosis. Water moved from the tray through Dialysis membrane and into the solution. This increased the mass. The possible errors can be with the accuracy of the measurement instrument. It can only measure to one decimal place and this does not indicate the best results. The further improvement should be done on the measurement. A more sensitive machine should be used.
The vacuole of plant cells contains a variety of substances dissolved in water (eg. salts, pigments, amino acids) but they do not move out of the cell vacuole due to their sizes. They are large but the pores are too small to permit them to pass. This ensures that the plants do not lose them and become hypotonic. The mineral salt and Cholesterol as an example enter the vacuole of the cell by the means of active transport. Energy is needed and this is carried out by carriers which move them across the membrane. The energy is provided by the mitochondria. This indicates their importance in the cell.
When animal or plant cells are put into an environment that has higher concentration of water in the cell in relation to that outside, the cell will lose water through osmosis and it becomes plasmolysed. If the cells are placed in more concentrated environment than its contents, then it will gain water and bust (for animal cells alone) and the condition called hymolysis. Plant cells have rigid cell wall that prevents them from busting. This is essential for water plant where the cell contents are always hypertonic to the water outside. These two are dangerous to the affected cells. Some cells are in surroundings where water movement in and out is equivalent. If such occurs then we say the cells are in “osmotic equilibrium” and the cell experiences no dangerous conditions. In the balance of salt and water in the cells, the conditions outside and inside are considered by the cell. If the condition outside has more water than inside the cell, then the cell gains water. In this we say the cell is hypertonic and if the condition outside has less water, then the cell loses water and the condition of the cell compared to the environment is called hypotonic. If the two have equal percentages of water, then the cell neither loses nor gain water and the condition is referred to as isotonic.
When the solutions with higher concentrations were placed, the result obtained indicated different rates of osmosis. The more concentrated ones showed a greater rater than the less concentrated ones. This indicates that osmosis depends on the concentration of the solutions
The control in this experiment was the tube containing distilled water only. No net change in the weight of the tube would be expected because water molecules would be entering and leaving the tube at the same rate. IF any weight change did occur it must be due to some experimental error.
Report
There is uniform trend of rise across all excerpts with water. The masses increases gradually and then stops after some time. All the data obtained shows a positive increment. This can also be obtained from the graph.
The following test confirmed that it was only water that moved. It confirmed the presence of the salts.
Discussions
From the result it is evident that 0.5M lactose tube gained water faster than 0.5M NaCl tube. This can be because of the differences in the particle. Though the two have similar concentrations but it can be assumed that the cause is the differences in mass in the tubes. Lactose has 17.1 but Sodium Chloride has 15.6.
The tube that contained 1M lactose gained water faster than the tube containing 0.5M lactose. The rate of gain or loss of water depends on the concentration of the solute. 0.5M lactose had a lower concentration compared to 1M lactose. The higher concentration in 1M lactose facilitated the faster osmosis.
All the tubes increased in weight. The tube containing water shored unexpected results it rose from 13.7 to 14 then fell back to 3.9. This can be an experimental error. When placed plastic tray containing water, they were hypertonic to then water. In the balance of the two environments, the water moved from the dish to the tubes and this caused an increase in mass.
Part b
The result is graphed and the following figure obtained.
Experiment about the Effect of Using Mobile Phones in the Classroom
Experiment about the Effect of Using Mobile Phones in the Classroom
Name
Institutional affiliation
Course
Date
Introduction
Experiments done regarding driving shows the conversational aspect of cell phone usage leads to high risks due to the aspect of divided attention. Prior experiments also dictate that students using cell phones in class have a rate of decreasing their grades. The current study combined experimental and survey methods to determine the student’s expectations about and the actual performance regarding cell phone use conditions. On the survey, students indicated how often they use their phones when texting and not texting. The study also indicated the methodology used and the implication of the results attained.
The study decided to use the aspect and the hypothesis of the alternative statistical hypothesis. This hypothesis tries to explain the relationship between two aspects. This hypothesis tries to explain the inverse proportionality of using mobile phones and its relations to grades. This hypothesis explains that the more usage of phones in class due to the extensive use of social networks, which many students access in class, leads to the decreased and low grades in class (Campbell, 2006). This hypothesis states that in cell phones are regulated in class, then students grades would increase. The methodology applied by this study was quantitative research methodology. This is based on the aspect that we wanted to measure the relationship between phone usage and the performance of students in class.
The study also did a pretest so that we it could effectively ensure that its variables and results were real and presented the right information. The study used the control and experimental groups as a way of identifying how the manipulation of various students and control would help lead to positive results. There were various variables that could be controlled including students usage of mobile phones, so that we could identify how it resulted to reduced grades. There were variables like time, which could not be controlled, and which could have an effect to the results.
Results
Quiz scores were suggestively lower when pupils texted (M = 6.02, SD = 2.224) than if they never texted (M = 8.25, SD = 1.597), t(39) = 5.34, p < .01, effect size (t/ [square root of N]) = .84. The variance in scores signified a 27% decline when texting from the non-texting act. None of the two sides presented different stories.
For a closeness sample of 15 students, we verified the time participants essentially consumed reading or texting with their phone in the texting phase. Contributors expended an average of 2.69 minutes affianced in texting during the demonstration. The variety of texting times was from 1.5 to 4.25 minutes. Time betrothed in texting was negatively, still not considerably, correlated with quiz score during the texting phase, r (13) = -.472, p = .076 (Campbell, 2006).
Implication of the results
The results indicate that students who use their phones in class will lower their grades. This is based on the aspect of the disturbance that mobile phones bring. They lead to lost attention to teachers thus students fail to grasp all what is being taught. This indicates that the more students use their phones in class the more they are bound to fail.
The table below shows the experiments and results got during the study
Verbal and Quantitative Comparison of Self-Described Texting
How Would How Often Do You Text in a Day?
You Describe
Yourself as a 0-25 26-50 51 -75 76-100 100+
Text User? Times times times times times Total
Emergency-only 5 0 0 0 0 5
Minimal 53 7 1 1 1 63
Moderate 84 87 46 23 14 254
Avid 21 54 70 76 139 360
Total 163 148 117 100 154 682
References
Campbell, S. W. (2006) Perceptions of mobile phones in college classrooms: Ringing, cheating, and classroom policies. Communication Education, 55, 280–294. doi:10.1080/0363 4520600748573.
Huawei Marketing Strategy Analysis
Huawei Marketing Strategy Analysis
3. Examination of Relevant Challenges and Opportunities of Digital Business of Huawei
Strengths
Impressive Product Portfolio
High innovation in technology
Position leader in the smartphone sector in key markets like China and India
High international presence
Very competitive pricing
High quality products
Research and development Weaknesses
Unnecessary controversies
Weak American presence and market share
Weak image in key markets such as Europe, North America, and some parts of Asia
Cash/capital shortage
Opportunities
Artificial intelligence and the 5G technology
Indian and American market presence
Physical brick and mortar stores
21st century marketing
Online retail and sales
Advertising
Threats
Increased competition in the smartphone market
Rising cost of material and labor
Political pressure
Regulations in foreign markets such as Europe and the United States
Trade tensions between China and US
Challenges for Huawei
1. Competition and Changes in the Smartphone Sector
The smartphone sector has proven to be one of Huawei’s most tough challenges. The consumer technology industry is very competitive across the board, and the smartphone market is no exception. Along with competing against established brands like as Samsung and Apple (both of whom have far more cash on hand), Huawei must also contend with the possibility of new entrants into the market (Dmitrijevs, 2020). The introduction of a new rival into the market at any point, and the subsequent loss of a part of Huawei’s market share due to a single technical advancement, is a possibility, even if top-tier enterprises refuse to develop their own low-cost smartphones.
Political and regulatory authorities throughout the world are presenting global technology players as being in grave danger. As a result of rising political tensions and a trade war between China and the United States, Chang et al. (2017) found Huawei’s international activities to be in peril. In addition to the United States, other key markets such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan pose a danger to the stability of Huawei as an international brand. An enormous amount of political pressure is being applied on Huawei, which is posing a severe threat to the company’s future development. A consequence of this would be a significant setback for Huawei’s international operations.
2. The US-China Trade Political Influences and Poor Relations
Another key challenge for Huawei is the problematic relations with the US smartphone sector yielding poor business and market presence and fueled by the US-China trade conflict. Since its inception, the company has had a number of difficulties, which seems to be a significant disadvantage for the business. Furthermore, it has a tarnished image on the international market as a result of this (Tekir, 2020). Apart from the spying controversies, a slew of other incidents have tarnished Huawei’s reputation in a number of Western nations, most notably the United States, in recent years. This might be a consequence of the ongoing competition between the United States and China, as well as the close ties that exist between the Chinese government and Huawei. Even now, many people believe that Huawei’s public image has a serious weakness (Kee et al., 2019). Furthermore, the firm has been accused of snooping on its customers while using its financial resources. In addition, the company has lost the support of a number of other US partners as a result of the end of its relationship with AT&T in the United States.
Over the last several years, Huawei’s smartphone markets in the United States have had significant difficulties. While attempting to build a presence in the United States, which is by far the world’s biggest smartphone market, Huawei has encountered significant difficulties (Jaisal, 2020). The purchasing of Huawei cellphones is often opposed by the general people in the United States. Despite several inquiries from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom on a number of concerns, the brand does not seem to be a huge success in any of these countries, according to the information available. With each passing day, Huawei’s standing in the United States market continues to erode more. In a similar vein, the United States government is attempting to reduce the appeal of the brand in the country.
Opportunities for Huawei
1. A Growing Need for Better Technology and the 5G Technology Buzz
5G refers to the fifth generation of mobile communications systems, which is currently being developed. Huawei has consistently been one step ahead of the technical curve, developing and producing 5G-ready mobile modems before major chipmakers such as Intel and Qualcomm (Agbebi, 2018). As one of the early adopters of 5G, Huawei may be able to position itself as a premium brand by providing technology that even top-tier competitors such as Apple and Samsung would be unable to compete with (Tekir, 2020). The Chinese company Huawei has even shown interest in selling its 5G modems to Apple, which would certainly result in a big profit for the company. It goes without saying that selling technology to a large competitor would have all of the drawbacks that come with it.
2. The US and Indian Markets
A key opportunity for Huawei is the US market, which has predominantly been opposed to Huawei products due to poor relations, and the Indian market that is growing significantly in terms of demographics and in smartphone usage over the last few years. Strengths are sometimes disguised as flaws or as untapped potential. Former Huawei executives have expressed concern about the company’s bad brand image in the United States (Schaefer, 2020). The fact that Huawei has a low level of market penetration in the United States is not surprising given the situation. In the case of the Indian market, the same is true. As a result, both India and the United States now provide hitherto untapped income sources to businesses. Given the large number of prospective consumers in these two sectors, it is possible that Huawei may see a significant rise in overall revenue if they are successful in developing a compelling plan to target these two areas.
4. Recommendations and Conclusion
Digital marketing is vital because it links a company with its consumers while they are online, and it works in any industry. It links companies with their potential consumers on Google via SEO and PPC, on social networking sites through digital marketing, and via email using email marketing. To this end, it is recommended that Huawei uses the following:
Use of a digital marketing strategy led by social media and influencer marketing
Presently, social media has become a top-of-mind marketing medium for firms. Social media is a great factor in fostering leads and create business connections, and it’s also great for getting vital information about what your consumers want. Huawei will benefit from social media and influencer marketing through increased brand awareness in its Indian and US markets, more inbound traffic to its website for online sales, higher and improved conversion rates, more brand authority, and improved search engine ranking.
Email marketing
In addition, email is undoubtedly the most tried-and-true, scalable marketing medium accessible to today’s businesses. As a result, email marketing software is a must-have for both large and small organizations. Huawei will reap the benefits of email marketing via the cost effectiveness of the strategy. It is a very cost-efficient form of marketing as there are no advertising fees and other expenses. Additionally, the marketing list will be made of individuals who have given Huawei permission to receive marketing communication. Therefore, they are more likely to become customers. It is also easy to measure success and benchmark results against previous performances.
SEO tools
In terms of SEO tools, it seems that, as the digital world grows more competitive, any company that can improve their search visibility is a bonus. Huawei will see the advantages of SEO in digital marketing through the quality traffic that it will attain. SEO tools will also help Huawei in its public relations exercises in the US and European markets. It will enable, also, a reporting and analysis structure that will be used as KPIs in checking progress.
Conversion optimization tools
Finally, when it comes to convincing customers to convert on-site, even the slightest improvements may make a tremendous effect. These tools will bring Huawei increased profits in form of revenue, they will also help to implement changes fast, they will maximize the marketing spend, improve the search performance, improve brand equity, reduce the development cost and time, and help the organization to make decisions based on data.
References
Agbebi, M. (2018). China in Africa’s telecom sector: opportunities for human capital development? A case of Huawei in Nigeria. Human Resource Development International, 21(5), 532-551.
Chang, L. C., Ho, W. L., Tsai, S. B., Chen, Q., & Wu, C. C. (2017). Dynamic organizational learning: a narrative inquiry into the story of Huawei in China. Asia Pacific Business Review, 23(4), 541-558.
Dmitrijevs, R. (2020). Research on Marketing Strategy of Huawei Mobile Phone in European Market. Open Journal of Business and Management, 8(03), 1138.
Jaisal, E. K. (2020). The US, China and Huawei debate on 5G telecom technology: Global apprehensions and the Indian scenario. Open Political Science, 3(1), 66-72.
Kee, D. M. H., Chee, C. K., Ng, C., & Yao, T. (2019). Analysis of Challenges faced by Huawei on the launching of 5G Technology and the Strategies to Overcome it. Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education (APJME), 2(3), 37-44.
Schaefer, K. J. (2020). Catching up by hiring: The case of Huawei. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(9), 1500-1515.
Tekir, G. (2020). Huawei, 5G Network and Digital Geopolitics. International Journal of Politics and Security, 2(4 (Çin Özel Sayısı)), 113-135.