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Answer 1) Estate tax is a tax which is imposed on value of the asset that a taxpayer left to heirs. According to the paper Dying to Save Taxes: Evidence From Estate Tax Returns on the Death Elasticity,” published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, taxes are great motivators in economic decisions, an individual decision to buy stocks, his decision on how many hours to work, how much to save and how much to invest, Whether to sign up for additional training or to take entrepreneurial risks all are influenced by taxes. Since, leaving an asset to heirs is also an economic decision we can state that it is also influenced by taxes. An estate tax on one hand will discourage the individual desire to save and transfer an asset to his heirs where as a zero estate tax on other hand, will encourage future investment and individual desire to save for his heirs. Therefore, the cost to government of imposing the estate tax is low investment on durable goods such as property this is because estate taxes destroy the incentive to leave bequest.
Answer 2) An estate tax will discourage the individual desire to save and transfer an asset to his heirs therefore with an introduction of estate tax his own consumption and desire to live till estate taxes fall will rises, in addition to it his savings to transfer asset to his heirs will fall this happens because an estate tax destroy an incentive to leave bequest by the individual.
Answer 3) Ability-to-pay principle in taxation states that tax should be imposed on individual according to his capacity to pay. Because an estate tax is a tax which is imposed on value of the asset that a taxpayer left to heirs and while imposing the tax heirs ability to pay the tax is not taken into account we can conclude that estate tax are not based on ability-to-pay principle.
Answer 4) Benefit principle in taxation concept that those who benefit more from government expenditure should pay more taxes to support such expenditure this is measured on utility enjoyed by individuals from public good and near public good. Given an estate tax is imposed on benefits received by private goods (since the asset transferred by taxpayer to his heirs is excludable and rival in nature we can call it a private good). We can conclude estate tax has nothing to do with benefit to pay principle.
Answer 5) No, there is no difference between the person(s) who pays the tax from the person who bears the burden of the tax under estate tax this is because these taxes are non transferable. Estate taxes are imposed on value of the asset that a taxpayer left to heirs. Because, the person(s) who is/are the legal heir’s of the asset enjoy the benefit and rights on assets and pays the concerned tax on the asset we can state there is no difference between the person(s) who pays the tax from the person who bears the burden of the tax under estate tax.
Analysing International Migration to the UK
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Analysing International Migration to the UK:
Trends, Patterns and Implications
Institution
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What is the definition of international migration?
International migration is the movement of people from one country to another, due to pull or push factors. These factors may be to secure employment, to get spouses, to spend holidays or on business. This movement may be short term or permanent stay that involves the change of citizenship.
What are the factors which influence people to move between countries?
Push Factors may include factors such as poor Medical Care, political fear; bullying and the pull factors may include better job opportunities, enjoyment, medical care, security. These factors also form the incentives for migration from one country to another. While most immigrants go for long-term stay, business immigrants generally transfer to other countries for a specific period and then back to their countries after the completion or achievement of their objectives
Discuss these factors in relation to migration to the UK.
The key factors that contribute to the movement of the people into the UK are pulling factors. For one, the UK has a remarkably strong financial condition as compared to other countries, this attract immigrants from other poor countries, thereby increasing the influx of immigrant to the UK. On the other hand, the economic stability f the country is also valid considering the facts that the country has experienced one of the best political conditions for nearly a decade as compared to the countries that experience a lot of political uprisings, wars, cultural clashes and others. The country also as improving living standards; better living standards is essential in countries such as the UK with stable economic and political regimes
. Enjoyment and security are also contributing pull factors. Most of people go to the UK on holiday or employment, however, those who go on vacation go back then due to the attractiveness of the country. Last but not least, most people migrate to the country for the main purpose of getting spouses and marrying and never to come back after getting married
What impact did the expansion of the European Union into Eastern Europe have on movement of people in Europe?
the number of immigrants spiked as people moved in for greater pastures, economic condition and security reasons
resources were strained and people started suffering
some people moved out of the country in search of greener pastures
The labour market was affected as most people lost their jobs to low wage labourers, mostly Bulgarians and Romanians, others came from Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania. (many A10 workers arrived and only 20% returned)
the country went into a recession that hit the economic position of the country
2.What has been the trend in the overall migration pattern to the UK in the period between 1991 and 2010?
Anderson-Darling A-Squared 0.488
p 0.198
95% Critical Value 0.787
99% Critical Value 1.092
Mean 135.700
Mode 163, 198
Standard Deviation 80.055
Variance 6408.853
Skewedness -0.398
Kurtosis -0.887
N 20.000
Minimum -13.000
1st Quartile 70.750
Median 155.500
3rd Quartile 198.000
Maximum 252.000
Confidence Interval 37.467
for Mean (Mu) 98.233
0.95 173.167
For Stdev (sigma) 60.881
116.927
for Median 76.000
171.000
The highest number of immigrant t the UK in any year is 252. The mean of immigrants to the UK over the ten year period was 135. However, the skewness of the immigration numbers is negative meaning, most of the immigrant moved to the UK then those who moved from the UK. It is also necessary to note that number of immigrant was exponentially increasing over the period the data was collected, and the scale was linear (linear trend line). The linear scale factors were +44, meaning that in any year, the number of immigrant increased by a flat rate of 44 persons if all factors are kept constant (Blanchflower &,Bryson, 2010).
2) For the years 2004 to 2010: Illustrate and explain the inflow and outflow patterns of migration from the European Union to the UK for groups from Western Europe (EU 15)
While the inflow of patterns shows that more and more people are moving into the UK from the western Europe, the number of people moving out of the country was first decreasing and then spiked in the year 2009, this later dropped in 2009 and 2010. This is because; initially people moved into the UK due to significant economic and political conditions. However, this changed when the economic and political circumstances stated becoming unbearable. When then EU expended into Europe, the influx of immigrant into the country increased in 2009, and the number of people leaving the country increased in the following year as most of the citizens and immigrants moved to other countries to look for greener pastures (Constant, & Zimmermann, 2007).
How do the migration trends and patterns in England and Wales differ from the overall migration pattern to the UK? Support and illustrate your narrative explanations
Wales and England are some of the countries they enjoy greater prosperity and therefore, have extremely strict requirement into and out. This fact makes the migration patterns remarkably different from that of other areas. However, the number of immigrants into these areas is increasing but is mostly young men and women who go to these areas for studies.
On the other hand, the number of people leaving these two countries is remarkably few as there are no incentives to leave the countries, these two countries are economically and politically stable, have enough social facilities and amenities. These two countries are well governed, and people are less likely to move out (Marco, Manning & Wadsworth, 2006).
5.Based on Table 2.01a and Table 2.07, analyse how and why the migration pattern varies with sex and age over the period 1991 to 2010.
A migration pattern varies with sex and ages based on a number of findings, some of these are based on gender discrimination while others are just norms. For example, it is easy form a man to migrate to another country to earn income to support the family because men are the heads of families. Though this is an economic pull factor this is based on age. Men move to other countries in search of employment and send money home.
ON the other hand, old women can also move to the UK in search of employment to support their families in the EU countries. However, some may remarry in the UK and invite their family’s mainly young siblings and friend.
Additionally, it is a norm that the increase in migration of young girls into the UK may be attributed to drug trafficking whereby they are used for trafficking drugs into the country, and may increase the number of immigrants.
Young men also view migration as a rite of passage; they migrate to other countries as a means of proving their maturity and experience.
Some parents are likely to send their daughters abroad to earn income and support their families; this is common in Africa and is likely to be the main reason why most of immigrants to the UK are young ladies from the EU. On the other hand, most of the immigrants both male and female are young, is because of education, most of the immigrants, move to the UK for further studies, only to complete their studies, marry and fail to back to their countries of origin thanks to the dual citizenship (Dean, 2006, pp 715-735)
Bibliography
Dean Yang, 2006. “Why Do Migrants Return to Poor Countries? Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Responses to Exchange Rate Shocks,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 88(4), pages 715-735, December.
Marco Manacorda & Alan Manning & Jonathan Wadsworth, 2006. “The Impact of Immigration on the Structure of Male Wages: Theory and Evidence from Britain,” IZA Discussion Papers 2352, Institute for the Study of Labor
Constant, Amelie & Zimmermann, Klaus F, 2007. “Circular Migration: Counts of Exits and Years Away from the Host Country,” CEPR Discussion Papers 6438, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
David G. Blanchflower & Alex Bryson, 2010. “The Wage Impact of Trade Unions in the UK Public and Private Sectors,” Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 77(305), pages 92-109, 01.
Fahrenheit 451
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Fahrenheit 451
Ray Bradbury’s ‘Fahrenheit 451’ is a futuristic novel that describes life in a world where books are forbidden, and the main pastime for people is watching television, listening to the radio, and driving fast cars. The main character is the book is Guy Montag, a firefighter whose job it is to burn any books left. While the usual task of firefighters is putting out fires, those in ‘Fahrenheit 451’ start them. Every person in society has to conform to the rules of the superficial lifestyle and stay away from books that would encourage people to have different opinions. Guy Montag and other characters in the book decide to go against the set standards and norms, and they face grave consequences. Most people in society wish to maintain the status quo, and this includes Guy’s own wife, who turns him in for breaking the rules. ‘Fahrenheit 451’ explores the question of whether people should conform to the social norms, and what consequences they risk in so doing.
Montag realizes that his life is a shallow and empty one when he meets Clarisse McClellan, a teenage girl with a love for people and a deep interest in nature. The society encourages people never to think too deeply about anything, and thus they spend all of their time on their TVs and fast cars. Clarisse has no interest in all this and instead wants to talk to people and learn more about them. When she asks Montag if he is really happy with his life, she opens up a whole world of questions and yearnings in Montag. She explains that she is different from other people who consider her antisocial, “I’m antisocial, they say. I don’t mix. It’s so strange. I’m very social indeed. It all depends on what you mean by social, doesn’t it? Social to me means talking to you about things like this.” (Bradbury 33) She would rather talk to other people than spend time doing the things expected of her by their society. However, Montag learns that Clarisse was hit by a car, and he knows that it is no coincidence. Clarisse was punished for not conforming to the norms, and her case shows that the cost of non-conformity can be as severe as death.
Montag responds to alarms about an old woman who had a stash of books hidden, and his job is to burn the books. Shockingly, the woman declares that she would rather be burnt with her books. The incident startled Montag, and he began to wonder what might be in the books that made them worth dying for. Montag has a stash of books hidden away in his home, and he begins to read them in a frenzy. When he failed to show up to work, Captain Beatty realizes that Montag is experiencing what other firefighters have gone through, the desire to find out what is in the books they are supposed to burn. “At least once in his career, every fireman gets an itch. What do the books say, he wonders. Oh, to scratch that itch, eh?” (Bradbury 62)The captain visits Montag’s house to help him address his concerns. Captain Beatty then explains that the main reason why books are banned is because they cause people to think too much about issues. When people used to write books, editors and authors had to be careful about offending many different groups of people, which would create a lot of conflicts and unhappiness in society. To avoid this situation, all books had to be destroyed. “The important thing for you to remember, Montag, is we’re the Happiness Boys… you and I and the others. We stand against the small tide of those who want to make everyone unhappy with conflicting theory and thought.” (Bradbury 62) The consequence of conformity is that no one is allowed to have conflicting thoughts and opinions that might offend others.
Captain Beatty allows Montag one day to explore the books, then turn them in for burning. When Montag tries to ask his wife to help him, she refuses and wonders why he would want to risk reading books. Montag recalls Faber, an English professor that he met before and enlists his help. They decide to challenge the status quo by printing books. Montag would place the books in the homes of firefighters to discredit their efforts at destroying all books. When his wife’s friends visit to watch TV, he is annoyed by their superficiality and decides to read them a poem. They leave angrily to file a complaint against him. Montag goes to work where Captain Beatty continues to elaborate on how books can be dangerous to the mind because of their complex ideas. The alarm sounds, and the firefighters respond, only to realize that it was from Montag’s home. Montag’s wife betrayed him, giving readers the lesson that non-conformity can make a person lose even those closest to them, such as friends and family.
Another major lesson in ‘Fahrenheit 451’ is that in order to achieve change and overturn the status quo, people must be prepared to face resistance and many challenges, including a threat to their lives. Captain Beatty forces Montag to burn his own home after Mildred’s betrayal. After that, the captain arrested Montag and continued to berate him,”Now, Montag,you’re a burden. And fire will lift you off my shoulders, clean, quick, sure; nothing to rot later. Antibiotic, aesthetic, practical” (Bradbury 115) Montag decides that he has had enough; he sets the captain on fire and knocks out the other firefighters. Montag has to run from the Mechanical Hound that Captain Beatty set after him. He manages to escape with some help from Faber. Montag escaped death narrowly and finds another group of non-conformists named the Book People. They have memorized some of the best works of literature and philosophy, and they would like to change the current norms of burning books. Soon after that, fighter jets appear and destroy the city with bombs. The Book People and their leader, Granger, have the chance to change the norms of the society now that the entire city has been wiped out.
In conclusion,” Fahrenheit 45” is mainly about the issue of conformity in society and the consequences of going against the status quo. Clarisse McClellan is the first character in the book that dares to go against the established norms, and she lost her life for that. People have been conditioned to watch TV, listen to the radio and drive their fast cars without much thought for anything else. Most people are happy with this situation, and they violently oppose any attempts to change it. These include Mildred, her friends, and Captain Beatty. Montag is determined to find out what is inside the books, and he almost dies in his quest. However, he survives and together with the Book People. They have the change to rebuild civilization. The main lesson in the book is that it takes courage and sacrifice to challenge the status quo, but in the end, change is inevitable. When people get too comfortable with their lives, they fail to take things seriously, dwelling instead on superficiality. The city was wiped out because the people did not take the threat of war seriously.
Works Cited
Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451: a novel. Vol. 41. Simon and Schuster, 1953.