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How to Prevent Hospital Readmission with COPD Patients
How to Prevent Hospital Readmission with COPD Patients
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How to Prevent Hospital Readmission with COPD Patients
Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Toth et al., 2018). The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature on preventing hospital readmissions for COPD patients. To do this, a variety of peer-reviewed articles will be consulted. The focus will be on identifying effective interventions that can be used to reduce the rate of readmissions. Additionally, this paper will explore the potential reasons COPD patients are at a higher risk for readmission, such as inadequate discharge planning. By understanding the literature on this topic, it will be possible to make recommendations for future research and for ways to improve clinical practice.
Project proposal
My topic is how to prevent hospital readmission for COPD patients. COPD is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the number of people affected by COPD is expected to continue to rise in the coming years (Benjenk et al., 2018). Hospital admissions for COPD are common, and patients with COPD are at a higher risk for readmission than those without the condition. Reducing hospital readmissions is important as it can improve patient outcomes and save healthcare costs.
Methods of Searching
Various methods were used to search for peer-reviewed articles on preventing hospital readmissions for COPD patients. First, multiple databases were searched, including PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest. Second, keywords were utilized in order to find relevant articles, including “COPD”, “hospital readmissions”, “prevention”, “interventions”, and “self-management”. Third, the reference lists of relevant articles were reviewed to find additional sources. Google Scholar, which played a significant role in finding the most relevant research sources, was searched to find grey literature on the topic. A total of five peer-reviewed articles were found that met the inclusion criteria.
Review of the Literature
The article done by Liang et al. (2021) discusses the characteristics and time course of exacerbations of COPD. The authors used data from two large studies, the ECLS and the ECRHS, to identify patterns in COPD exacerbations. They found that most exacerbations were triggered by viral infections and typically lasted 7-10 days. They also found that patients with more severe COPD were more likely to have exacerbations requiring hospitalization. This article provides valuable insights into COPD exacerbations’ nature and potential triggers. It also highlights the importance of preventing exacerbations to reduce hospital readmissions.
Allegrante et al. (2019) in their article discuss the development of an evidence-based guideline for self-management education in outpatient chronic disease populations. The authors systematically reviewed the literature to identify effective interventions for various chronic diseases. They found that self-management education was an effective intervention for reducing hospital admissions and improving patient outcomes. Additionally, they found that this intervention was most effective when it was tailored to the individual patient’s needs. This article provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of self-management education for COPD patients. Additionally, it highlights the importance of tailoring this intervention to the needs of individual patients to maximize its effectiveness.
Benjenk et al. (2018) in their article discuss interventions to reduce hospital readmissions. The authors systematically reviewed the literature to identify effective interventions for reducing readmissions. They found that home visits from nurses or other health professionals after discharge were an effective intervention for reducing readmissions. Additionally, they found that providing patients with written discharge instructions and a list of resources effectively reduced readmissions. This article provides valuable insights into effective interventions for preventing hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Additionally, it highlights the importance of providing patients with discharge instructions and follow-up care after they leave the hospital.
The article by Toth et al. (2018) discusses the impact of post-discharge follow-up care on 30-day all-cause rehospitalization rates among Medicare beneficiaries. The authors used data from the Medicare Beneficiary Survey to assess the impact of post-discharge follow-up care on readmission rates. They found that post-discharge follow-up care was associated with a reduction in 30-day all-cause rehospitalization rates. This article provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of post-discharge follow-up care for reducing hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Additionally, it highlights the importance of providing this type of care to improve patient outcomes.
The article by Lee et al. (2019) discuss factors associated with exacerbations of COPD. The authors used data from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial to identify factors associated with an increased risk of exacerbations. They found that smoking, comorbidities, and lower airflow obstruction were all associated with an increased risk of exacerbations. This article provides valuable insights into the factors associated with an increased risk of hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Additionally, it highlights the importance of identifying these risk factors to develop interventions that can prevent exacerbations and reduce hospital readmissions.
Findings
COPD is a preventable and chronic lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction from the lungs. It is caused by long-term exposure to harmful particles such as tobacco smoke. COPD can lead to hospitalization due to exacerbations, which are sudden worsening of symptoms. Patients with COPD are at risk for frequent hospitalizations, and 30% of COPD patients are readmitted to the hospital within one year of their initial discharge (Toth et al., 2018). There are many potential contributing factors to hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Examples include inadequate discharge planning, lack of access to medications and transportation, and patients’ lack of understanding of their disease and how to manage it. Improving communication between patients and providers, ensuring that patients have access to needed resources, and providing adequate self-management education can help reduce hospital readmissions for COPD patients.
Adequate discharge planning is essential to preventing hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Lee et al. (2019) established that patients receiving comprehensive discharge planning were less likely to be readmitted to the hospital than those not receiving discharge planning. The comprehensive discharge planning intervention included providing patients with information about their disease, medication instruction, follow-up appointments, and referrals to community resources. Patients who received this intervention significantly decreased 30-day hospital readmission rates.
Lack of medication access is another potential contributor to hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Toth et al. (2018) reveal that patients with COPD who had difficulty accessing their medications were more likely to be readmitted to the hospital than those who did not have difficulty accessing their medications. The study showed that interventions to improve access to medications, such as providing transportation assistance and home visits, can reduce hospital readmissions for COPD patients.
Patients’ lack of understanding of their disease and how to manage it is another potential contributor to hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Allegrante et al. (2019) found that patients who did not receive education about their disease were more likely to be readmitted to the hospital than those who did receive education about their disease. The study showed that interventions to improve patient education, such as providing printed materials and videos about COPD, can reduce hospital readmissions for COPD patients.
Improving communication between patients and providers can also help to reduce hospital readmissions for COPD patients. Liang et al. (2021) found that patients who had regular follow-up visits with their providers were less likely to be readmitted to the hospital than those who did not have regular follow-up visits. The study showed that interventions to improve communication between patients and providers, such as scheduled phone calls and follow-up visits, can reduce hospital readmissions for COPD patients.
Conclusion
In conclusion, COPD patients are at a higher risk for hospital readmission than those without the condition. This is due to various factors, including comorbidities, difficulty complying with treatment regimens, lack of social support, and poor discharge planning. Many potential interventions can be used to prevent hospital readmissions for COPD patients. One approach is to provide follow-up care after discharge. It can involve home visits from nurses or other health professionals, phone call check-ins, or community resources like pulmonary rehabilitation classes. Another approach is to educate patients and their caregivers on self-management strategies. It can include teaching them how to use inhalers correctly, identifying early signs of exacerbations, and what to do in the event of an exacerbation. Additionally, it is important to provide patients with written discharge instructions and a list of resources they can use if they have any questions or problems after leaving the hospital.
References
Allegrante, J. P., Wells, M. T., & Peterson, J. C. (2019). Interventions to support behavioral self-management of chronic diseases. Annual review of public health, 40, 127. https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-040218-044008Benjenk, I., & Chen, J. (2018). Effective mental health interventions to reduce hospital readmission rates: a systematic review. Journal of hospital management and health policy, 2. https://doi.org/10.21037%2Fjhmhp.2018.08.05Lee, J., Jung, H. M., Kim, S. K., Yoo, K. H., Jung, K. S., Lee, S. H., & Rhee, C. K. (2019). Factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, based on big data analysis. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43167-wLiang, C., Mao, X., Niu, H., Huang, K., Dong, F., Chen, Y., … & Wang, C. (2021). Characteristics, management and in-hospital clinical outcomes among inpatients with acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in China: results from the phase I data of ACURE study. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 16, 451. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCOPD.S281957Toth, M., Holmes, M., Toles, M., Van Houtven, C., Weinberger, M., & Silberman, P. (2018). Impact of Postdischarge Follow-Up Care on Medicare Expenditures: Does Rural Make a Difference? Medical Care Research and Review, 75(3), 327-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558716687499
Factors Responsible for the Agricultural Revolution in the Nineteenth Century in the United States.
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Factors Responsible for the Agricultural Revolution in the Nineteenth Century in the United States.
The agricultural revolution was characterized by a drastic improvement in farming techniques within a short period of time. Also known as the British Agricultural Revolution, the second agricultural revolution started around 300 years ago in the 18th century. Major changes of this agricultural revolution were systematic crop rotation and selectively breeding livestock. In the United States, revolution in agriculture started stemming in the civil war involved a drastic shift from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture and a shift from hand labor towards machine farming. Despite the tremendous gains that had occurred in the agricultural industry, agriculture remained the basic occupation for the United States. The number of farms in the United States tripled between 1860 and 1910 increasing from 2 million to 6 million. Additionally, the area that was being farmed more than doubled to 351 million from 160 million hectares.
In the United States, the production of basic commodities such as corn, cotton, and wheat between 1860 and 1890 outstripped all the past figures. Notably, the population in the United States more than doubled and the cities recorded the highest growth. During this time, the American farmer was able to grow cotton and grain, clip enough wool, and raise enough pork and beef to supply American workers and their farmers and develop ever-increasing surpluses.
Various factors accounted for the extraordinary achievements of the agrarian revolution. One of the factors responsible was the expansion into the West. Another factor causing the agrarian revolution was the application of machines to farming. Farmers in the 1800s only used a handle sickle that could, at best, cut 20% per hectare of wheat in a full day. However, suing a cradle, 30 years later he could cut 80% of a hectare daily. It seemed miraculous when Cyrus McCormick, in 1840 cut two and a half hectares from two hectares per day using a reaper machine(Fiszbein, 12). McCormick had developed the curious machine for the last ten years. He foresaw the demand of the machine and as a result he decided to move west to the young town of Chicago where he put a factory. By 1860, he had sold 250, 000 thousand reapers. More farm machines were developed rapidly including the threshing machine, the automatic wire binder, and the reaper-threshers. Mechanical cutters, planters, shellers, and huskers appeared, as did potato planters, cream separators, manure spreaders, poultry incubators, hay driers, and a hundred inventions.
Additionally, something that was less important than machinery in the agrarian revolution in the United States was science. The Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862, assigned public land to every state for the establishment of industrial and agricultural colleges. These were meant to function as both educational institutions and centers for research in scientific farming. Consequently, Congress appropriated funds necessary for the development of agricultural experiment stations across the country as well as gave funds directly to the Department of Agriculture to facilitate research purposes (Lacy and Lawrence 21). By the start of the twentieth century, scientists across the United States worked on a variety of agricultural projects. Ironically, the same federal policy that made it possible for farmers to have increased yields generated vast supplies with the time that pushed market prices down disheartened farmers.
Works Cited
Fiszbein, Martin. “Agricultural Diversity, Structural Change, and Long-Run Development: Evidence from the United States.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 14.2 (2022): 1-43.
Lacy, William B., and Lawrence Busch. “The changing division of labor between the university and industry: the case of agricultural biotechnology.” Biotechnology and the new agricultural revolution. CRC Press, 2019. 21-50.
American Civil War
American Civil War
It comes as a surprise that all young northerners oppose slavery mostly to southerners as you cousin. However, I believe that there are many ways to justify to this belief. In your question concerning whether it is true there has been a change of heart on my part, it is true .Abraham Lincoln is the best candidate to reflect ideas I currently support hence the widely spread support in the north especially by the younger generations. Cousin there are many events that led to my sudden change of heart. However, Convincing people from the south to adapt to abstinence of slave trade is at the moment difficult given that most slave-owners come from the southern states (Stowe, 89). I will try my best to answer your queries as much as possible in the view that you will understand my stand and possibly join in the conquest to free black people. Most of the things that led to this change of heart revolve around religion, morals, politics, literary, and finally economics.
The first event leading to my sudden change of heart is the newly formed organization the wide awake. Our constitution is clear that it is good to allow people to exercise their democratic rights. However, the situation that prevails is that segregation is on basis of color. According to research (Stowe, 25), there is lack of humanity in denying other people the right to engage in politics. Wide awakes is currently advocating for a politician to who will steer this country from the current situation. Sincerely speaking cousin they have made me dream of a country where there was no discrimination and black people. As much as I understand your surprise you of all people ought to know that I listen to reasoning. Right now wide awake through their constitutional campaign of a country free of slavery are making me realize that we have been wrong all along. It is not good to stand aside and do nothing while our country weathers away. Through this is not the exclusive reason it is one of the many reasons that made me change my mind.
On the other hand, religion teaches that people should be just and fair. Hence, it is hypocrisy to preach that we ought to be just to all of people while on the other hand black people are under oppression. Hence, it is not out of the blues that the concept of anti-slavery is dear to most religions at this particular time. I know that you believe in the values of respecting humanity according to Christian teachings. Most southerners believe that the force driving northerners is the fact that slavery is not a practice in most of the states. Nevertheless, even though this might have some truth in it, it is the love for humanity that id driving most young people like myself. The thirst to see fellow young people from the southern states enjoy rights like those living in the north is the reason that is changing many hearts. Some few months ago most people from the north had no stand on the issue but with religion taking root in the area rights for all people are fundamental.
In his work about civil war, Catton (100) indicates that maintaining slave trade is uneconomical and is retarding the growth of this county. Currently, Black people are starting to riot in the southern cities causing damage to most cities. Eventually according to statistics, there will be no southern cities. Accordingly, though the southern states are maintain their stand about slavery, eventually they have to change owing to the damage it is about to cause the country. Further studies (Bruce et al 22) indicate that black people are of more value to the country free than under slavery. Furthermore, with the current state the country is unstable owing to the divided opinion on the issue. This is causing the possibility of secession, which will hurt the economy of the greater United States of America (Catton 93). While it is true that slave, owners will bear the burden of allowing slaves to work on their own free will, the larger benefits a more and are not possible to ignore.
You sought to know my expectations of Abraham Lincoln’s Presidency. Though I know that once in office he is likely to face opposition regarding his stand on slavery, I believe that he is the right man to bring sanity to this country. Currently I feel that it is my mandate to make the make moves that will enable this country to move in the right direction and the only possibility of achieving this is by voting for a president sharing the same sentiments. Given that, many young Americans oppose slave trade it is not difficult to understand the reasons as to why most support Abraham Lincoln. Hence, most young people in this side of the country expect a better future for the black population to come from Lincoln upon assuming office.
Accordingly, supporting Abraham Lincoln means voting for change in the country. Change from a country that denies citizens their rights to a country giving each national all liberties. Furthermore, removing slavery from this country means removing possible economic downpour to a county of sound economical opportunities (Bruce et al 24). Hence, black people from the south will live their happily without the current victimization and segregation. Laws that suppress these humble creations of God like the Jim the crow policies will not see the light of the day. Finally, the United States of American will be a just and fair country.
Works Cited
Stowe, Harriet. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”. chapters 1, 5, 9, 1819.Catton, Bruce. “Civil War”, pp. 6—171 (chapters 1—11).Berlin et al., “Free at Last, Phelp’s letter”. pp. 21—25.