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Evolution of species
Evolution
Institution
Name
Evolution of species is less in scope than macroevolution. Macroevolution incorporates origin of species as well as fates of major differences observed in living organisms. These differences could be found in limbs, wings, bone structure, and body covering. Macroevolution links the impact environment and earth movements such continental drift alongside other earthly physical processes to evolution of species (Jablonski, 2012). Paleontology, the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains is said to play a vital role in macroevolution. There are evidence of fossil records stand as a proof of the large pattern in evolution and macroevolution (Jablonski, 2012). These evidences do not stand a full chance in making every person believe in macroevolution. There are those agree with the fact the current species are due to the forces of macroevolution while at the same time there are those who do not agree with the process. This essay supports the argument that macroevolution exists.
Most scientists support the process of evolutionary origin of species with respect to earth movement process such as tectonic movements and continental drift. Some scientists do not agree with the theory whatsoever. This group of scientists argues that evolution no happening now nor did it happen in the past (Morris, 2012). They argue that there is no distinct evidence that shows one organism having evolved into another organism with completely different traits. In supporting this argument, evolution and macroevolution are taken to be scientific belief. The research behind this proof of non existence of evolution include various documentations that points out that evolution did not occur at any time in the pass, is not happening in the current life and will never happen in the future (Morris, 2012). There is no person having seen it happen but what is seen are various kinds of animals and plants. These species of plants and animals have no bridgeable traits (Morris, 2012).
Other people, specifically biologists argue about the existence of evolution and go further to point out the existence of microevolution and macroevolution. There is a broad acceptance of the Darwin theory of evolution (Erwin, 2000 ). This fact has led to evolution of more other theories on evolution, macroevolution, and microevolution and all of them agree firmly with the process of natural selection as part of evolution. They talk of macroevolution to be associated with morphologic novelty. A controversy originates from an existence of discontinuity between microevolution and macroevolution with a second phase of the argument emphasizing on differences in innovativeness between species (Erwin, 2000 ). The main subject of the argument is not on whether macroevolution exist or not, but that macroevolution is a system of repeated microevolution patterns.
Looking at the current changes in the human development and various breeds or species, one would notice that evolution is still happening and subsequently has occurred in the past (Freeman, 2004). Macroevolution often occurs from the accumulation of very small changes in organisms. Some could be unnoticeable. The summation of all these changes brings about macroevolution. It is today seen with the development of the human brain and creation of better animal and plant species (Luskin, 2011). An observable phenomenon in macroevolution could be seen in evolution of automobiles. This is an evidence of the human intellectual evolution. Engineer whose brains tend to improve from one generation to another, intellectually designs the newer and better models of automobile. This is a clear evidence of macroevolution, an evolution influence a lot by environment and exposure, part of the strange theory of light and matter (Feynman, 1985).
Some bodies such as the Supreme Court of the United States do not support this innovation and evolution in the automobile industry. This US court suggests that such innovativeness comes from the combination of ideas and the addition of various designs by intelligent designers to a single basic design plan. Whatever biologist claim to be a common ancestry or evolution, the Supreme Court of the US terms it as a common evidence of a design (Luskin, 2011).
To get much about the existence of macroevolution, one has to understand about the universal common descent hypothesis. It states that all organisms, living and terrestrial, are related genealogically (Theobald, 2012). Evolution is gradual and the existing species evolved gradually through biological and reproductive process. This evolution happens on a timescale of geology and with effects from geological physical activities. There are original species commonly referred as ancestors, from which the current organisms originated (Darwin, 1872).
Most who disagree with evolution or macroevolution deny the genetic process that gradually causes changes within species and ultimately ending up generating completely new species. Genetic changes may not be noticed immediately but the morphological changes usually appear first (Theobald, 2012). Gradualness is not termed to be an evolution mechanism but posses stun constraints on macroevolution. A research on the evidence of macroevolution mechanism and the associated theories found various fundamentals to have been based on assumption although correct. Such fundamentals include developmental biology, genetics, molecular biology geology and biochemistry. They mainly do not aim to explain on adaptation of species (Rhodes, 1983).
Macroevolution is not addressed clearly by any of the many existing prediction on the process. Morphological changes such as the way fins developed into limbs and an instance of the leopard developing spots are never clearly explained in many books and researches (Grantham, 1995). The same problem comes in whenever trying to figure out the evolution of the vertebrate eye among other morphological changes believed to have been caused by macroevolution. This lack of support on such evidences brings a weakness to be used by those who argue against macroevolution. The evidence from fossils, tectonic movements and continental drifts collectively prove that evolution and macroevolution have occurred (Grantham, 1995). At the same time, the current developments in human history as well as improvement in animal and plant breeds proves that macroevolution is occurring today and its morphological changes may be observable in an undefined future.
References
Darwin, C. (1872). The Origin of Species. Sixth Edition. . New York: The Modern Library.
Erwin, D. (2000 ). Macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution. Evol Development vol 2 issue 2 , 78-84.
Feynman, R. P. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Freeman, S. a. (2004). Evolutionary analysis 3rd edition. . Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Grantham, T. (1995). Hierarchical approaches to macroevolution: Recent work on species selection and the “effect hypothesis”. Annual Review on Ecological Systems, vol. 26 , 301-321.
Jablonski, M. J. (2012). Macroevolution in the 21st Century. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from Macroevolution : http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/paleonet/paleo21/mevolution.html
Luskin, C. (2011, May 19). Karl Giberson and Francis Collins Commit Berra’s Blunder While Arguing for Macroevolution. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from Evolution New and Views: http://www.evolutionnews.org/2011/05/karl_giberson_and_francis_coll046661.html
Morris, H. M. (2012). The Scientific Case Against Evolution. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from Proclaiming Scientific Truth in Creation: http://www.icr.org/home/resources/resources_tracts_scientificcaseagainstevolution/
Rhodes, F. H. (1983). Gradualism, punctuated equilibria, and the origin of species. Nature, vol 305 , 269-272.
Theobald, D. (2012, April 16). 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution . Retrieved October 26, 2012, from The Scientific Case for Common Descent: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/
American Art Reflection, American Art has a rich history
American Art Reflection
Steve Kiango
Institution
Abstract
American Art has a rich history that has a pull of inspiration from the very first mention of America as a country. Its colonial period, the tribal history of the Native Americans, as well as modern design trends all, have a common place; that is history. A visit to the art museums will tell a lot about the country’s past and its heritage, its pride.
The Makar tribal trends have a very rich cultural heritage. Their trends in image and design although not abstractly documented in anthropology have proved that Makar art trends are well placed in history (Natale, 1993). Makars cultural art is a favorite because of its originality as well as its rich inspiration from nature and the people. A tribal museum like MAKAR CULTURAL AND RESEARCH CENTER (MCRC) has a piece of what the rich cultural art of Makar has to offer.
This critical method has a place in showing what the country of America has undergone in terms of changes. Politically and socially, trends are studied to highlight precedent events, which have affected the current state of affairs. The art shows how the art in this community has evolved from past beginnings to the current. Hence, so as to understand the present we need to seek the past (Natale, 1993).
One cannot study History without the mention a certain period’s art. Art is an important basis in studying a community or country’s history. A look at the Indians from America proves this theory. Indians were all through the Natives of American Land, their culture and the history of America can be learnt from the art trends that have occurred since the discovery of America (Novak, 2007).
A reflection of trends in art is important not only in preserving the nation’s cultural heritage but also in ensuring that the past is held in solemn admiration. Criticism of a country’s history, which has been preserved through art, will provide more knowledge on how to face the future.
References
Natale, M. L. (1993). The American Art-Union, 1839-1851: A reflection of national identity.
Novak, B. (2007). Voyages of the self: Pairs, parallels, and patterns in American art and literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
American Airlines
American Airlines
Name
Instructor
Date
American Airlines
American Airlines History
The American Airlines Incorporation is among the leading airlines in the United States. The owner of the American Airlines is the AMR Corporation with its headquarters located at Fort Worth in Texas State. The development of the American Airlines Incorporation was through a formation of the conglomerate of 82 small airlines. This was through an active bid f acquisitions and reorganizations, majorly carried out in the 1930s. In fact, American Airlines was a common brand used by most of the independent carriers such as the South Air Transport from Texas, Colonial Air Transport from the Northeast, and Universal Aviation from the Midwest. This airline operated a transcontinental air and rail route in 1929. These small conglomerate airlines also included the Thompson Aeronautical Services, which operated a Cleveland – Detroit route as from 1929, as well as the South Air Fast Express (SAFE), which operated in the Western United States (Miles, 2008).
The American Airlines acquired an American Export Airline after the Second World War and renamed it as the American Overseas Airways destined to serve its destinations in Europe. However, the company sold AOA to Pan Am in 1950. The American Airlines once again launched a second subsidiary named Líneas Aéreas Americanas de Mexico S.A. This new branch was to fly through Mexico as well as create a number of airports. During the early years, and to promote its brand, the American Airlines provided free usage as well as advertising on its aircraft, especially for the “Three Guys Named Mike” film of 1951. The American Airlines was the largest airline in America until when Capital merged into the United in 1961. This meant that the American airlines were still the second largest airline in the world alter Aeroflot. The airline continued its expansion over the years, with August 1940 seeing the airline increasing its scheduled flights to 44 airports, 66 airports in august 1953, and 68 airports in November 1978 (Rolow, 2009).Economic Status
The American Airlines is currently financially stable, and the best proof of this is their planned merger with the US Airways. This is thanks to the products and services that the airline provides to both its passengers and cargo travelling. The airline strives to ensure it meets all the needs of its customer, both affluent, as well as, those from a low-income level do. The airline operates a Flagship Suit service, which provides ambience, class and prestige to passengers using this service. The services at these suites are first class as the airline ensures that customers get the right value for their money. Other flight class categories that the airline operates include the domestic first class, the business class, and the economy class. The services offered at these different levels of flight categories varies in relation to the chosen level, with the economy class being the most affordable class for most users (Szurovy, 2003).
This differentiation of flight classes enables the airline to serve a diverse majority of the society depending on their economic capabilities. As such, the airline becomes a major leader in the industry as all customers identify positively with it, basing on the travel fares and quality of on-board services that they receive while using the airline. In addition, the flyer program launched by the company assists in the development of a loyalty program in the world, whereby passengers earn points for every time they use the airline’s services, which they can later redeem free flights and other gifts (Miles, 2008).Possible Merger with US Airways
The American Airlines announced a possible merger with the United States Airways in February of 2013. A successful merger between these two major airlines would result into the formation of the largest airline in the world, both in fleet capacity, as well as regional and geographical coverage by their flights. The merger terms and conditions stipulated that the shareholders of AMR would own 72% of the newly created the company while those of the United States Airways would own the remaining percentage of shareholding, which was 28%. The new combination of the airline formed would bear the name of American Airlines as well as carry its brand. Furthermore, the new holding company that would list in the stock exchange for trading would use the name American Airlines Group Incorporation (Rolow, 2009).
However, despite the major benefits that would arise through the culmination of this merger, the planned move got some serious opposition from a civil suit filed by the District of Columbia, six attorney generals as well as the United States justice department. These groups filed a petition against the planned merger of the two largest airlines in the United States basing on antitrust concerns. Nonetheless, this did not deter the two airlines from realizing their chief goals, which was to form the largest airline in the world. In fact, the American Airlines vowed to go ahead with the planned merger as well as fight against the law civil suit presented against their merger. This strong match ahead got a reprieve in November 12, 2013 when the two airlines reached a common consensus with the six state attorney general’s as well as the united states justice department to allow the merger to take place (Szurovy, 2003).Ticket Pricing
The ticket-pricing model used by the American Airline is so simple and systematic that it provides it users with convenience and satisfaction. A customer gets an opportunity to book a flight, alongside a hotel room, a rental car, a cruise, and other assortment of activities all at a single click owing to the great package offers from the airline’s website. Furthermore, the company adopts a low pricing range for its tickets in order to attract more passengers to travel with its flights. The airline offers its travelers the lowest airfares charges as well as provides a guarantee on their travel prices. In addition, passengers get to earn AAdvantage miles whenever they travel using the airline’s services (Miles, 2008).
Passengers save a lot of time when booking their flights with the American Airlines, or any of its partners, such as the American Connection and the American Eagle which through a combined effort serve to a maximum of two hundred and fifty destinations in fifty countries across the world. Passengers use a search by price schedule to check availability on a wide range of forty flights and their prices within their travel dates. In addition to convenience and variety while booking flights at the American Airline Corporation, the passengers also get the best packages in the pricing of their airfares. The airline guarantees the lowest airfares in the region, as well as zero charges for online booking of flights. In addition, passengers using the Airlines services get to earn AAdvantage frequent flyer miles using it major flights. The passengers can later redeem these flyer miles for gifts and bonuses, or use them to travel another flight at the airlines expense (Rolow, 2009).
Market Power
The American Airlines operates an extensive flight network, involving both domestic as well as international flights. The flights made by the airline’s schedule to fly through numerous corners of the globe, inclusive of Asia/Pacific, South America, the Caribbean, and North America. The largest hub of the American Airline is the international airport at Dallas/Fort Worth. As such, the American Airlines as well as the American Eagle, which is a regional carrier of the AMR group, account for 85% of the traffic at the airport, together with accounting also for 83% of the landing fees at the airport. The American Eagle and the American Airlines use this hub to travel to more destinations compared to the frequency they apply in using other hubs located across the United States (Szurovy, 2003).
The American Airlines serves four of the seven continents in the world, trailing behind the United Airlines and the Delta Airlines. Both of these airlines serve six continents. The company has a number of hubs that serve certain markets and destinations. For instance, the Miami and Fort Worth/Dallas hub serves as the Americas gateways, whereas the American Chicago hub graduated as the primary gateway used by the airline to Asia and Europe. On the other hand, the New York JFK airport is the primary gateway for the airlines Americas and Europe markets with the airlines Los Angeles hub (LAX) serving as the primary gateway to Asia. This shows that the airline has perfect control over its respective markets (Miles, 2008).
References
Miles, J. (2008). Dear American Airlines. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Rolow, A. (2009). The Plane Truth from an American Airlines Flight Attendant. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.
Szurovy, G. (2003). Classic American Airlines. Hong Kong: Zenith Imprint.