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Evolution of Modern Psychology
Evolution of Modern Psychology
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Evolution of Modern Psychology
Psychology is a term that is used to refer to applied and academic specialization that entails the study of people’s mind and modes of conduct. This is usually aimed at giving detailed explications through feelings and deeds. It is also used in mental fitness treatment, performance improvement, self-help, and ergonomics among others (Coon & Mitterer, 2008). Psychology also involves the study of animal behavior though more emphasis has been placed on the study of people’s behavior. Generally, it is concerned at how individuals have perceptions and reactions to their surroundings, grow in it and how they strive to change these environments.
Psychology addresses a variety of issues including social knowledge, concrete knowledge, personal knowledge, general deductive principles and intuition (Vitta, 2004). This affirmation has an implication that psychology is a wide field of knowledge; with diverse theoretical and practical information on human behavior and conduct. For example, the classical conditioning advanced by Ivan Pavlov is an imperative example of psychological theories. Freudian theory on sexuality and unconscious mind is also another vital theory that helped in the advancement and development of the field of psychology (Niamh et al, 2001).
From the analysis of the diversity of information by psychological theorists, it is noticeable that psychology is a wide field that encompasses different aspects of learning. It is therefore, vital to make distinctions between key issues from trivial aspects of psychological study (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2010). By way of example, it is worthwhile to focus on behaviorism psychoanalytic theory and cognitive perspectives. Other issues such as structuralism, functionalism and birth date psychology should not be given prominence because they have contradictory views to an enormous extent and have no principal movements in the current world as they used to be many years back.
Through the analysis of human mind and behavior, the field of psychology extends to tackle issues such as ageing, burnout, compliance, death, sensations, flexibility, group thinking, hypnosis intellect, joy, love, memory, noise pollution originality, personal quantitative reasoning, repression, sexuality therapy, wisdom and vision among others. It also includes the study of hidden behaviors such as thinking, dreaming, remembering and other mental events (Russell, 1964). This wider scope of human behavior and mental activities covered in psychology present an implication that psychological studies are exceptionally vital in understanding the interactions between people within a societal setting.
The field of psychology should however, not dedicate a lot of time studying all these issues and this will be costly and time consuming. Some of the fields also tend to be narrow hence will not generate enough information (Cuoto, 2007). Scientists should therefore develop ways of determining what issues are to be tackled for example by prioritizing current and emerging issues and giving little time to those that have been there. Great weight should be given to emerging issues especially trend and behavior. For instance, the reasons for increased divorce in present marriages and the move towards single parenthood are some of aspects that psychological studies should be rooted in (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2010).
Due to its significance to the human life, psychology is noted to have developed from the main areas of study such as religion, biology, physics and philosophy. This has therefore, led to the development of issues to be addressed that are both scientific and psychological (Sharf, 2011). Among the key studies such as physiology, neuropsychology, psychological and linguistics have emerged because of this. By analyzing psychological studies we should note that a difference do exist between psychology and other theories of explaining human behavior. For instance psychology pertains to the study of human mind while sociology learns the human behavior.
Other theologies mainly deal with the society as a whole while psychology addresses an individual or a small group within the society. A major distinguishing factor between psychology and the other fields lies in the fact that psychology tends to be experimental while the other theories are observation oriented (Nevid, 2011). This assertion can be attributed to the fact that information concerned with the human mind cannot be affirmed from theoretical perspectives. Detailed research and study (analysis) of an individual or a group of people within a society is conducted so as to ascertain their behavior and then make conclusions.
Just like other forms of learning, psychological studies cannot be carried out without the application of presumptions or assumptions. Cognitive psychologists suppose that the study of internal mental processes is exceptionally vital in comprehending behavior, this means that cognitive processes actively organize the information that we receive (Myers, 2010). In reality individuals do not just reflexively act in response to the environment. Humans, just like computers are information processors. Our hardware (brain) both accept, infer and respond to information and this process can be modeled and tested scientifically. This is an evidence-based form of study as there is documented information on the same (Vitta, 2004).
Since psychology involves the study of different aspects it should employ different methodologies but among the prominent ones is experimentation, which is usually conducted in the laboratories such as memory experiments. Case study is another method; for example, the study the study of brain damage patient such as those with anterograde memory loss in memory research (Coon & Mitterer, 2008).
References
Nevid, S. (2011). Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications. London: Cengage Learning
Sharf, R. (2011). Theories of Psychotherapy & Counseling: Concepts and Cases. Edition5. Cengage Learning.
Plotnik, R & Kouyoumdjian, H (2010). Introduction to Psychology. Edition9. Cengage Learning.
Myers, D. (2010). Psychology: Ninth Edition in Modules. New York: Worth Publishers
Coon, D & Mitterer, J (2008). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont. Cengage learning
Niamh, S et al (2001). Theoretical Issues in Psychology: Proceedings of international society. Dunedine. Springers.
Vitta, G (2004). Contemporary Psychology. London. Rutledge
Russell, R (1964). Frontiers of Psychology. California. Scot, Foresman
Cuoto, R (2007). Reflection on Leadership. Maryland. University Press of America Inc.
Evolution of Health Care Systems Paper
Evolution of Health Care Systems Paper
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Evolution of Health Care Systems Paper
Evaluation of the health care industry prior to introduction of information technology offers a significant insight on the changes that has occurred in this field. Assimilation of technology in various operations undertaken by health care practitioners such as nurses and physicians has called for a long process. In this case, these changes can be identified by assessing the situation as it was twenty years ago in terms of data handling and analysis in health care institutions. It is evident that evolution of health care systems over the years has promoted increased in effectiveness of delivering health services. This paper will focus on exploring the evolution of health care systems by comparing a current working environment in a health institution to the condition twenty years ago. It will also seek to identify two major events and technological advantages that led to current HCIS practices. Therefore, the paper will also discuss the evolution of health care systems, thereby proving examples of changes related to factors such as external event, error, or omission in scope of the product, value added change and risk response.
Twenty years ago, the patient’s information was recorded and stored using papers and filed, which were locked in a cabinet. This led to increased difficulties in retrieving patient health records. Two events have taken place since 1980s leading to significant changes in health care industry. One of them is a call that was made by former president George W. Bush in 2004, whereby he urged health practitioners to support implementation of Electronic Health Records. The other event that contributed to evolution of health care system involves the formulation of new legislations by Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). However, over the years, the health care system developed leading to establishment of conversion projects aimed at facilitating assimilation of Electronic medical record (EMR). This project focuses on providing computerized way that facilitates the accessibility of various records about the patients’ treatment. This conversion has also enabled storing of data electronically that is considered analogous to the traditional storage of information using paper files. Evolution of health care systems, which is attributed to this conversion, is aimed at increasing the efficiency of medical services and communication among the service providers, for the plan of healthcare management.
It is evident that twenty years ago, health care institutions incurred extra costs in management of patient’s health records. In these case, expenses incurred in management of these records included hiring more personnel to facilitate recording, storing and retrieving information. Moreover, the health care institutions incurred expenses through purchases of papers and files to record information for every new patient, who visited the hospital. These organizations had to create and maintain storage space of the cabinets and lockers where these files were stored. Nonetheless, after introduction of Electronic Health Records (EMR), organization no longer store information using papers. Instead, information is recorded by keying it into a system, which in-turn stores the information in databases that are secure and less expensive to maintain compared to paper files. Moreover, this has increased the effectiveness in the process retrieving patient’s records.
Before introduction of technology in the healthcare industry, there were increased numbers of errors in processes such as billing, and coding important patient’s claims. These errors have been eliminated by template-based documentation, which has been developed through integration technology in the process of capturing information from the patients (Goldstein & Groen, 2007). Adoption of technology in the health care field has involved redesigning of workflow, thereby facilitating productivity through usage of EMR by members of staff in their routine operations. Moreover, this effectiveness leads to elimination of durations of time consumed in accessing patients’ records from different department in the health care institution. Technology in health care institutions can also be attributed to installation of remote access, which exceeds the office and it eliminates physical retrieval of paper chart. Prior to introduction of EMR, the same patients’ records could not be accessed concurrently from different locations. Therefore, this was made possible by establishment of electronic health records, which has significantly increased performance among staff members.
Evolution of the health care system has led to establishment of a need to increase the level of compliance towards standards set by regulatory agencies in the health care industry (American Nurses Association, 2001). This evolution has led to increasing need for the institution to seek a mandate permission from the federal government in order to ensure that sharing of information, through the EMR among the health care providers has met the standards. However, the other external permission has been sought from patients concerning sharing of their information, and in this way, the standards will be met effectively. Moreover, implementers of the system have been ensuring that security measures are taken to reduce chances of compromises process of data transfer through the network involved.
Evolution of health care information system can be greatly attributed to elimination of errors and omissions during the process of undertaking various operations by staff as they offer health care services to patients, thereby increasing the quality of services offered to patients. Integration of information system with information technology has significantly reduced problems that result from errors and omission of information. Moreover, this can be attributed to injunction of EMR with application such as intelligent e prescribing, and improvement of patients’ safety, since this eliminates need to interpret handwriting. Years ago, prescribed medicine was checked against the list of medication, and this led to increased chances of omission. Moreover, there were chances of interaction that considered inappropriate before the prescriptions reaching pharmacy department.
Evolution of health care systems has also improved the quality of services delivered in physicians’ offices through critical implementation of the relevant medical practices with integration of information technology. Moreover, unlike before, the physicians are able to build protocols that are evidence based in relation to medical records from the patients and other department. This evolution has also facilitated retrieval of data for assessing performance of the practices related to patients’ health care services delivery. Furthermore, current health care systems have led to improved practices such as cost control through use of effective systems in the offices. In addition, there are cost saving information technology that creates other businesses of technology as a manual work (Wang & Middleton, 2003). Increased technological advancement in the health care field has also focused on value addition through change of response towards risk. Precisely, this involves the risk that results from the delays in the administration and omission of medication. Therefore, this leads to prevention of loss incurred due inadequate measures to reduce the risk subjected to patients.
References
American Nurses Association. (2001). Scope and Standards of Nursing Informatics Practice. Washington, DC: American Nurses Publishing
Goldstein, D., & Groen, P. (2007). Medical Informatics 20/20: Quality And Electronic Health Records Through Collaboration, Open Solutions, And Innovation. New York: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Print
Wang, S. J., & Middleton, B. (2003). A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Electronic Medical Records in Primary Care. American Journal of Medicine, April 1, 114: 397-403
Domestic Violence On Women
Domestic Violence On Women
Numerous research have been conducted in an attempt to try and explain the effects that domestic violence has on women that had previously experienced domestic violence but escaped and the way they relate to their teenage girlsEmerging research shows that there are harmful effects which can impact negatively on the parenting behaviors that are depicted by women who have gone through domestic violence in a family. Women that have suffered abuse might live with elevated stress levels which will eventually impact on how they relate and respond to their children particularly their teen girls. Preoccupation by women on trying to avoid physical attacks as well as trying to cope with violence pose another challenge in the efforts they try to make when it comes to offering safety, support and nurturing their teenage girls. Teenage girls are at a vulnerable stage of development and hence they need a lot of care and time from their mothers who will help their transition.. Due to the fact that women who are exposed to domestic violence have no time for their teenage daughters then the girls will be vulnerable to peer pressure or other emotional pressure which can impact their lives negatively (Lien, 2003).
Studies have also shown that women victims of domestic violence have the likelihood of mistreating their children .this will mean that the women will have relationships that are strained with their teenage girls. Majority of the victims of domestic violence are not bad, abusive or ineffective when it comes to parenting. Research has however noted that domestic violence is one of the stressors which can have a negative impact on parenting. Therefore given the research and facts on the impact of domestic violence on the techniques of parenting it is mandatory for victims to receive services that will help them reduce their distress which would otherwise affect how they relate to their teenage girls (Lien, 2003).Researchers also suggest that children particularly teen girls who are raised in families where their mothers are victims of domestic violence tend to assume a parental role and often assume the role of the mother and hence lead to conflicting relationships between teenage girls and mothers.
All these research are in agreement with each other since they all show that domestic violence has a negative impact on how teenage girls and their mother relate. The weakness of the research conducted previously is that they only focus on the teenage girl and the mother; they however leave out the abuser. Therefore if I am to carry out any research on the issue I will ensure that I will factor in the abuser in the research.
Reference
Lien,H.B.(2003). Child Protection in Families Experiencing Domestic Violence.Retrieved march 27,2013 from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/domesticviolence/domesticviolencec.cfm