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Evidence-Based Tools Review Matix
Evidence-Based Tools: Review Matix
Author Title Level and type of Evidence Recommendations
Boyle DK, Kochinda, C. (2004).
Enhancing collaborative communication of nurse and physician leadership in two intensive care units C
This study intended to study an intervention to increase collaborative communication in physician leaders and nurses. A pretest- posttest repeated measures design was used for collection of baseline data, for the implementation of the study’s intervention for over eight months, immediate, and post collection of data after 6 months. The study provided supporting evidence that collaborative between nurses and physicians could be improved. Collaboration between physicians and nurses was found to be essential. As a result, the study recommends that these collaborations should be increased in hospitals to increase efficiency and productivity.
Bronstein LR. (2003).
A model for interdisciplinary collaboration F
The author utilizes multidisciplinary theoretical pieces of literature and research and conceptual pieces from literature on social work to support the development of this kind of model. The author first notes the relevant current trends to the interdisciplinary practice for the purposes of pointing out its essentiality. The article describes a model that is made up of two parts. The first part of the model has five categories that form interdisciplinary collaborative relations between social workers and other professionals. These include flexibility, professional activities that have been newly created, ownership of goals that is collective, interdependence and process reflection. The second part recommends the use of such influences on collaboration as structural characteristics, professional role, history of collaboration, and personal characteristics.
Brown, B. Crawford, P. and Carter, R. 2006 Evidence-based health communication B
The book provides the readers with a critical and a comprehensive review of the health communication field and the different types of evidence that have been collected concerning communication that is effective. In addition to this, the book sets out what has been researched about the micro- structure of encounters in health care and interactions. The book offers the concerned professionals essential new agendas for research practice and training in health care, based on lessons acquired from linguistics, using a broad range of evidence to identify patterns that can lead to improved practices in healthcare. The book recommends brief, effective and ordinary activity in communication in addition to consultations that are formal.
Hughes, R.B.2008
Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses A
The effects of errors in health care have essential implications. The article utilizes peer- reviewed reviews and discussions of a broad range of literature and issues regarding quality of health care and safety of patients. The article provides some insight in to the many aspects that determine the safety and quality of health care as well as outcomes of systems, patients and nurses. The book does this by presenting an examination of the evidence and scientific research behind safety and quality concepts and issues. One of the most prevalent recommendations of the book is that hospitals and other health institutions should not only utilize evidence and research to alter practices but also to be actively involved in developing the base of scientific evidence to address crucial gaps in knowledge. Patient quality and safety care is inherently dependent on nurses, and to attain safety and quality goals nurses must assume the roles of leaders.
International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care
2004
I. Principles and Practice of
Palliative Care. The IAHPC Manual of Palliative Care B
This article utilizes a number of sources to comprehensively define palliative care. Further, the same literature is utilized to indicate the essentiality, need, goals and principles of palliative care. Many health care professionals believe that this model of care is the soft option many physicians adopt after therapy has stopped. However, the article argues that palliative care should be taken as active care or therapy as it addresses all the psychological and physical needs of a patient.
Manojlovich, M., Antonakos, C.L., Ronis, D.L.
2009 Intensive Care Units, Communication
Between Nurses and Physicians, and Patients’ Outcomes. D
This study sought to examine the relations or associations that exist between physicians and nurse, and especially during communication, in addition to examining the practice environment of the intensive care unit and some of the associated adverse outcomes. Though some associations between adverse events and communication were documented, it was found that this relationship was not consistent, and that the perception of nurses of the environment of practice was not clearly related to the adverse outcomes.
McCaffrey, R.G., Hayes, R., Stuart, W., Cassel, A., Farrell, C., Miller-Reyes, S and Donaldson,
A.2011
An Educational Program to Promote Positive Communication and
Collaboration Between Nurses and Medical Staff D
The results of this study were based on an educational program that was designed and implemented for medical residents and nurses to improve collaboration and communication. It was found that collaboration and communication between members of the health care system improved patient and treatment outcomes as well as satisfaction in jobs.
Oliver, D.P., Wittenberg-Lyles, E.M. and Day, M. 2007 Measuring Interdisciplinary
Perceptions of Collaboration on Hospice Teams. American Journal of Hospice &
Palliative Medicine F
This was a project that was based on the modification of the interdisciplinary collaboration index to develop a tool that could be used to measure perceptions of collaboration by the hospice team members. The study utilized the 42- item instrument questions. The MIIC, or the new Modified Index for Interdisciplinary Collaboration showed a strong reliability for the subscales of the original instrument and the for the total instrument. The study also recommended that further testing and use for the instrument be carried out.
Riesenberg, L.E., Leitzsch, J., Massucci, J.L., Jaeger, J., Rosenfeld, J.C., Patow, C. et al 2009 Residents’ and Attending Physicians’ Handoffs: A Systematic Review of the Literature D
The researchers carried out a systematic and thorough review of articles in English language, most of which were indexed in the PubMed database published between 2008 and 1987. These articles were those that focused on the handoffs of physicians in the US. The search results provided the authors with 2590 articles, after which 401 were taken for further review by abstractors who were more skilled. The authors recommended that there is a great need for handoff outcomes research and studies that are of high quality, and those focused on human performance, system factors, and effectiveness of interventions and protocols that are structured.
Thompson, J.E., Collett, L.W., Langbart, M.J., Purcell, N.J., Boyd, S.M., Yuminaga, Y. et al.2011 Using the ISBAR Handover Tool in Junior Medical Officer Handover: A Study in an Australian Tertiary Hospital D
The authors recruited JMOs who participated in handover of after hours during a clinical term that ran for 11 weeks from June to august in 2009. The authors then audiotaped the handover after- hours and the JMOs finished a study to examine the current practice and perception of handover. The JMOs then took part in education sessions that took 1 hour each on use of ISBAR and handover, and were motivated to handover utilizing the ISBAR method. Following this session, they were surveyed to measure changes in handover using the ISBAR, and then the authors audiotaped the handover again to examine the differences in transfer of information and duration. The study indicated that the JMO perception of communication in handover could be improved by the utilization of the ISBAR tool. The author, however, recommended that considerations should be given to the introduction of the ISBAR method in all the handover settings of JMOs.
Tschannen, D., Keenan, G., Aebersold, M.,Kocan, M.J., Lundy, F., Averhart, V. 2011 Implications of Nurse-physician Relations: Report of a Successful Intervention D
This article sought to examine the effects of intervention that was collaborative on improving patterns of communication between physicians and nurses on two units of study. The intervention was composed of two physicians and two nurses per unit meeting for eight hours to develop, collaboratively, a solution to issues in communication on their units. It was recommended that strategies must be pointed out to break down the barriers brought about by culture and that limit the development of a culture that is team- centered supporting relations that are collaborative among professionals in health care.
Gazmararian, J., et.al.
1999 Health Literacy Among Medicare Enrollees in Managed Care Organizations A
The study utilized 3260 new enrollees in Medicare aged 65 and above as interviewees between December 1997 and June 1997.304 spoke Spanish while 2956 spoke English as their native language. The elderly enrollees managed in health care may not possess the literacy skills needed to function properly in a medical environment. It was shown that low literacy in health might affect negatively the understanding of the elderly patients of messages of health and limit their capacity to care for their medical challenges.
Gulmans, J., et.al.
2007 Evaluating Quality of patient care communication in integrated care settings C
The approach used in this case followed a mixed design that had three steps in which the outcomes of each step were utilized to mark out the focus of the following step. The first step questionnaire aimed to identify quality gaps most patients experience comparing their experiences and expectancies in relation to the communication between patients and professionals and between professionals. It was recommended that further research is needed to find out the feasibility of the approach in practice.
McCaffrey, R., et.al.
2011 An Educational Program to promote Positive Communication and Collaboration Between Nurses and Medical Staff The study utilized a pre test, post test method in quasi- experiment. The Jefferson Scale of Attitudes towards the collaboration a d communication between nurses and physician was also used in addition to Critical Thinking for Quality Patient Outcomes Survey tool. It was recommended that continuing education for medical resident, nurses and other medical professionals may help in creating positive communication methods and teamwork.
Melnyk, B., et.al.
2009 Evidence based Practice: Step-by-Step Igniting a Spirit of Inquiry. A
This article utilized the evidence- based approach, which is the kind of approach that integrates the best evidence from surveys and data on patient care with patience values and preferences and clinical expertise. This is recommended to give nurse and other health professionals the skills and knowledge needed to implement EBP.
Nadzan, D. and Westergaard, F.
2008 Pediatric Safety in the Emergency Department C
This utilized the kind of evidence found in published reviews and articles. It was recommended that further research is needed in the area.
References
Boyle, D. K. & Kochinda, C. (2004). Enhancing Collaborative Communication of Nurse and Physician Leadership in Two Intensive Care Units. Journal of Nursing Administration, 34 (2), 60-70.
Bronstein, L. R. (2003). A model for interdisciplinary collaboration. Soc Work, 48 (3), 297- 306.
Brown, B., Crawford, P. & Carter, R. (2006). Evidence- based health communication. New York: McGraw.
Gazmararian, J. et al. (1999). Health literacy among Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. JAMA, 281 (6), 545- 51.
Gulmans, J. et al. (2007). Evaluating quality of patient care communication in integrated care settings: a mixed method approach. Int J Qual Health Care, 19 (5), 281- 88.
Hughes, R. G. (2008). Patient safety and quality: an evidence based handbook for nurses. AHRQ Publication. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care. (2004). Principles and practice of Palliative care. The IAHPC Manual of Palliative Care.
Manojlovich, M., Antonakos, C. L. & Ronis, D. L. (2009). Intensive care units, communication between nurse and physicians, and patient’s outcomes. Am J Crit Care, 18, 21- 30.
McCaffrey, R. G. et al. (2011a). An educational program to promote positive communication and collaboration between nurses and medical staff. J Nurses Staff Dev. 27 93) 121- 7.
McCaffrey, R., et al. (2011b). The effect of an educational program on attitudes of nurses and medical residents towards the benefits of positive communication and collaboration. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1365-2648.
Melnyk, B. M. et al. (2009). Evidence- based practice: step by step: igniting a spirit of inquiry. AJN, 109 (11), 49- 52.
Nadzam, D. & Westergaard, F. (2008). Pediatric safety in the emergency department: identifying risks and preparing to care for child and family. J Nurs Care Qual, 23 (3), 189- 94.
Oliver, D. P., Wittenberg- Lyles, E.M. & Day, M. (2007). Measuring interdisciplinary perceptions of collaboration on hospice teams. Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 24 (1), 49- 53.
Riesenberg, L.A. et al. 92009). Residents’ and attending physicians’ handoffs: a systematic review of the literature. Acad Med., 84 (12), 1775- 87.
Thompson, J. E. et al. (2011). Using the ISBAR handover tool in junior medical officer handover: a study in an Australian tertiary hospital. Postgrad Med J. 87 (1027), 340-4.
Tschannen, D. et al. (2011). Implications of nurse- physician relations: report of a successful intervention. Nurs Econ. 29 (30), 127- 35.
evidence-based subjective interpretation of The Tar Baby Myth
(Name)
(Instructors’ name)
(Course)
(Date)
The Tar Baby Myth
Morrison published her novel the Tar Baby in 1981. The novel is a deceptively unadorned piece of work that examines the complexities of the conflicts related to neo- colonialism, colonialism, post- colonialism, assimilation, nationalism, identity, global economics and essentialism. Deriving its ideas from the TAR BABY metaphor, the book probes about critical questions such as class, race, migration and relationships. The interactions the key characters, Son and Jadine, have provided the foundation for working out such complexities and conflicts. Jadine is a perfect representation of the colonized individual who longs for authenticity and is marred with self- doubt and insecurity about her worth and character. On the other hand, Son represents the other extreme. He is some kind of a modern Caliban, a man who is naturally ensnared in folk wisdom and culture. The main question of the novel, therefore, becomes whether these two can coexist and have a relationship without impeding or limiting each other’s ability to progress and grow or without destroying each other.
The two characters and their story form the basis upon which the other themes in the novel are build. The novel, therefore, is a narrative that examines and discusses the sacred and as a figurative representation of the experience of the black people. The stories and narratives used in the novel grapple with issues of human fallibility. The themes and narratives Morrison uses are concerned with history, active forgetting of society, tragic and the cultural origin and power of myths. The novel, therefore, provides for a positive valuation of the ancient characteristics of black women (the ability to put and hold things together through generations). In Tar Baby, the author envisions the origins of the Br’er Rabbit southern folk. She examines the wealth of the creative and spiritual heritage if black women, according to the author, the tar baby of the folklore from the south originates from an ancient African myth.
This article proposes that the folklore of the tar baby holds a mythological meaning for black women, and that individuals must uncover the original meanings of the myths to consider probable meanings for the current world. This paper, therefore, will explore a number of meanings of the myth that Morrison postulates to gather what they can mean for the world today.
The author sees herself as dusting of some of these myths. She sorts and puts aside myths to uncover what they mean and to consider their sufficiency for creating African America community and culture. She tries hard to come up with the way stories were narrates in the small town where she grew up. The author explains that in leaving the towns where we were born, a sense of a forgotten family develops. Furthermore, myths start being misunderstood or forgotten ‘… because we are not talking to each other the way I was spoken to when I was growing up in a very small town…’ (Morrison 98- 104). In Tar Baby, Morrison explores what westernized plantation narratives passive of the tar baby, and what meanings it might hold for the tar baby in the ancient, original myth. Morrison suggests another element regarding the sacred qualities of tar. The myth of the tar baby shows the moral wisdom and spiritual power of the black women and their ability to hold things together.
In this case, the myth of the tar baby functions as a metaphor for the womanhood of the black women. The power of the tar to preserve and hold together, that which is sacred like family, life and community is exemplified in black women. Tar that has been made use of by euro- Americans to degrade African American women is envisioned and seen positively in this work. Although white culture has distorted and belittled the meaning of the myth of the tar baby, it has been redefined by Morrison and the meaning she builds for black women. Tar is, therefore, not depicted as negative, but as natural and appropriate in the novel. It preserves life, communities, culture and sacred structures.
In the novel Tar Baby, the leading female character, Jadine, is shown to not fully embody the qualities of tar. The author explains that in the westernized tar baby story, the tar baby myth is created by a white person and in a way Jadine has been constructed almost entirely by western cultures and myths. The author indicates that no black woman should be apologetic for possessing western elements like education or anything else. However, as Morrison points out, there is a danger in ignoring or paying little attention to ancient characteristics that by tradition and nature are possessed by black women. By ancient characteristics, one can guess that the author means such elements as ancient spiritual, sacred qualities that are associated with African American women. In the view of the author, black women like the main character Jadine who neglect or ignore any remembrance or thought of the ancient characteristics of black women is incapable of being connected to the past and is incapable of holding together that which would crumble.
Tar has some fascinating characteristics. It is black, thick, shiny, sticky and powerful in its capability to hold or stick things together. In the novel the Tar Baby, it is used to symbolize the cohesive power of black women. Tar also has an exceedingly earthy characteristic about it. It is ancient, it comes from the earth and it has body. Tar has an elementary characteristic. In the work of Morrison, we find an Afrocentric symbol or metaphor used to refer to a similar view or understanding of the coalescing, collective strength of black women. The author suggests that black women have a quality that makes it possible to hold things like families and cultures together. For the author, looking at the myth of the tar baby reveals culture and history. It finds out and shows the cohesive power or black women in relation to community and family history. One might even postulate that the myth of the tar baby has a metaphorical or a symbolic meaning. It points further than itself to some truth about how black culture and life is scared, and of the power of black women to preserve culture and life. As Morrison employs myth in her novel, it is seen to have the ability to preserve essential events in history and cultural values in a prophetic manner. Like metaphors or symbols, myths have a quality that is transcendent. They take part in the sacred and culture to which they envision or point. The author explains that story and tale is the best way to learn numerous subjects.
Morrison employs myth to show the sacred power and ability of tar in history and show and tell of the importance of Afrocentric explanations and understandings of community sacredness for the present. In the novel, Son wants and expects Jadine to live in the Eloe town, which only consists of black people, where women hang sheets and clothes on the line to dry. On the other hand, Jadine wants and expects Son to seek economic and educational success. Son remembers society responsibility but is not willing to apply the traditional propertied of black culture and traditions to his present situation. Neither Jadine nor Son realizes it is possible to both have economic and educational success and a responsible daughter or son who remembers his or her ancient characteristics.
Morrison remythologizes and demythologizes the myth of the tar baby in this novel. Tar Baby, as seen and reviewed in the myth points out that a tar baby shaped and created by Eurocentric values does not have the ability to bear true culture for the African American people. Just the same, it uncovers a truth that is more profound regarding the sacred properties of tar in relation to the ancestral heritage of black women. To image and see oneself through the westernized myths of black women is to submit and to agree to a fake and false, fragmented self- image. To be a true bearer of culture and builder of community, a black woman must remember and hold fast her ancestors’ moral wisdom. One such unforgettable ancestor is the mythical tar woman. The rymythologization by the author of the tar baby shows the cohesive power and moral wisdom of black women.
The powers to hold things together and to nurture things are sacred characteristics of black women not just mothers, however, in the novel, Jadine is seen resisting the expectations of her aunt that she parent and take care of her elders. She does not comprehend her night visions and dreams of black women, contemporary and ancestral, who show their breasts as a symbol of the ancient characteristics to bear and nurture culture. Ondine, Jadine’s aunt, Son, and nature challenge her to remember her ancient characteristics. When she falls into a pit full of tar and clings to a tree nearby to get herself out of the tar, the ‘swamp women’ watching her above her in the trees, who also represent the mythical ancestors, realize that she does not want to identify with ‘their sacred properties’ and the power to hold things together’ (Morrison 182- 83).
The tar baby myth holds numerous meanings to the black women. One of the most essential meanings is that black women and men, as well, can use this myth to transform theory present existence by remembering actively and practicing the sacred, ancient wisdom of the ancestors.
Work cited
Morrison, Toni. Tar Baby. New York: NAL, 1981. Print.
Alternative to Retributive Justice
Alternative to Retributive Justice
Author
Institution
In 1998, Karla Faye Tucker was the first woman to become executed in Texas since the time of the Civil War. The case was extraordinary because of the extreme brutality of Tucker’s crime and the dramatic religious conversions, which she experienced on her death row. The rehabilitation that she had led to calls for clemency and mercy; however, this was denied. This assignment seeks to explore alternatives to retributive justice in this case.
One of the alternatives to retributive justice was corrective justice. Corrective justice involves restitution to the party injured or performance of reperations. Besides, community service is also one of the considerations of corrective justice. In this case, an alternative to execution could be serving the community (Zernova, 2007). However, corrective justice could be a less just outcome because it is not possible to consider restitution to the injured party; this is because human life cannot be gauged or compared to any amount. This alternative has less merit than retributive justice in the Tucker’s case.
Restorative justice seeks to rehabilitate an offender within the community so as to make him realize the negativity of his actions to the community (Zernova, 2007). This could be another alternative to retributive justice. In the Tucker’s case, this could represent a more just outcome since Tucker became rehabilitated and proved to become a new person through religious conversion. This alternative has more merits than retributive justice in all cases
Another alternative to retributive justice could be transformative justice. This form of justice applies the practices and principles of restorative justice past the criminal justice system. This alternative could have a less just outcome because it could not apply to the case since it tends to treat an offense as an educational and transformative opportunity for offenders, victims and other members of the community (Bukuluki, 2011). This alternative has more merits than retributive justice in the Tucker’s case.
In addition, another alternative to retributive justice could be reformative justice. Reformative justice entails re-educating an offender in order to make him become a useful member in the society (Bukuluki, 2011). In the case of Tucker, this could present a more just outcome since Tucker was already showing signs of change implying that re-educating her could make her a useful member in society. This alternative has more merits than retributive justice in the Tucker’s case.
References
Bukuluki, P. (2011). Negotiating retributive and restorative justice in conflict transformation efforts: A case of northern Uganda. Berlin: Lit.
Zernova, M. (2007). Restorative justice: Ideals and realities. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.