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Domestic terrorism
Domestic terrorism
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Domestic terrorism is a relevantly old term in the USA since independence; it still influences the political and social structure since the beginning. The word terrorism is rather difficult to define and may be subjective. Generally, domestic terrorism is defined as the illegal use of violence against people or property for a particular goal, which may be political or social within the US borders (Bjelopera, 2017). Scholars find it difficult to characterize and understand the motivations of the organizations that conduct domestic terrorism. However, one thing is clear about the deleterious nature of these groups. At the very least, they should not be tolerated.
Generally, there are four categories of domestic terrorists currently in the USA. The groups are categorized based on their main motivation namely: religious convictions, racial prejudice and supremacist objectives, anarchist or antigovernment, and those in pursuit of special interests (Bjelopera, 2017). As highlighted above the persons are motivated by the ever-present divergent views of the citizens which are never bound to change. Divergence in ethnicity, religion, culture, racism, and superiority are the main driving forces of domestic terrorism. Weirdly, these people cannot accommodate the diversity of their fellow Americans. For example, Catholics may feel superior to Protestants or whites feeling superior to Black Americans. Most of these groups begin humbly and containing strong opinions against a particular subject. Also, these factions try to use peaceful mechanisms to send their message. When the methods fail, violent measures are undertaken. Between 1982-1994, some of the extreme factions targeted commercial establishments that ‘perpetrated’ the acts they concluded were illegal.
America is a great nation that assures its people the freedom of religion and to bear arms under the provisions of the US constitution. In the past, there have been radical groups that envision themselves above other people and choose violence as a means to an end. Luckily for Americans, this law has ensured that the country is not torn in religious wars unlike in other countries such as Bosnia and Nigeria. However, a more serious issue is racism. The white supremacists conduct a series of crimes in the nation. The Trump administration and media accused the white supremacists of causing violence during the peaceful protests caused by the murder of George Floyd (Oriola & Knight, 2020). Whether this was true or not has not been fully investigated. Nevertheless, such groups bring forth fear to the majority of peace-loving citizens. It is difficult to smoke out these people since they are protected by the freedom of speech and thought. The worrying trend presents imminent fear to minority groups whose property can be easily targeted by these groups.
The anarchistic or anti-government groups are the most worrying factions of domestic terrorists. The personnel is engraved in political positions financing their militia on their ground. One such group is the Puerto Rican freedom fighters. The groups bombed Oklahoma City (Choi & Piazza, 2016). Their action elicited wary concerns from the police and civil-rights groups. Anarchists tend to lay low protected by the first and second amendments until the appropriate situation presents itself. These people present the most audacious level of domestic terrorism. Lives are often lost in these wars to enact their opinion. Everyone is entitled to an opinion. No single person is without one. The critical matters need proper nationwide discussions to recognize and appreciate our differences.
References
Bjelopera, J. P. (2017). Domestic terrorism: An overview.
Choi, S. W., & Piazza, J. A. (2016). Ethnic groups, political exclusion, and domestic terrorism. Defense and Peace Economics, 27(1), 37-63.
Oriola, T. B., & Knight, W. A. (2020). COVID-19, George Floyd, and human security.
Factors affecting observation
Factors affecting observation
Factors that affect observations include sensitivity and awareness; fatigue, illness, and discomfort; one’s personality; and controlling our biases.
Sensitivity and Awareness
The first factor that affects an observation is the observer’s sensitivity and awareness. Sensitivity is the ability to see or hear changes or differences, while awareness is the amount of attention someone gives to something. With either one of these factors on top of their game, it can be easy for an observer to identify subtle changes in objects. However, there has also been concern about how this factor can lead to negative outcome of observation, such as when a student is trying to learn something and is unable to observe the cause of failure, if they are not ready with the information. This would lead to inaccurate learning and ultimately affect their performance (Pandey, & Pandey, 2021).
example; Awareness if an important factor in the process of observation. For example, most of us don’t realize that we are able to see at a very high level of visual acuity; from birth. The majority of factors that contribute to our awareness are things like age, position, and light levels. By observing other people and their reactions to something we can learn more about our own awareness. Our sensitivity is also affected by age and position.
Fatigue, Illness, and Discomfort
The amount of fatigue, illness, and discomfort affects how much an observer can see during a time frame. If a person has just woken up or is about to have their physical activity cut short for some other reason, then it can be harder for them to observe accordingly. Therefore, if an observer tries to catch every little change or difference that occurs in a small-time frame, then they will deal with more fatigue than usual. Fatigue, Illness and Discomfort this type of learning can lead to negative outcomes and behaviors in that the observer will become stressed out and unable to focus or concentrate on the things they have observed (Weakley et al., 2021).
example; a person could see that his child is getting bullied at school. His child may be in pain and feel embarrassed because of the other kids being mean to her. The person may try to get his child out of school by taking her out of class or sending her home early.
One’s personality
Personality is a very influential factor in observation. If one personality type is much more prone to be sensitive, then they may be able to see changes that other cannot. However, there has also been evidence that those with more negative emotions and a high emotional intelligence often have less sensitivities than those with more positive emotions and emotional stability thus leading them to make wrong conclusions about the things they have observed (Pandey, & Pandey, 2021).
example; A person who has had little experience observing or observing things like human behavior could notice the body language of an adolescent as he hit his girlfriend or as he got angry at his parents.
Controlling our biases
The final factor that affects observation is controlling our biases. Our biases can be generally understood as the way in which we perceive and interpret things. Thus, it is important for an observer to control for their own biases when looking out for things that matter to the observer. Although, controlling our bias can negatively affect observation outcomes through the observer not being able to control their biases and their actions causing the observation outcomes to be very biased and inaccurate (Pandey, & Pandey, 2021). Example; a father may tend to look at his daughter and expect more out of her than all her friends because she is his child, which might cause him not to see her begin to skip school or get into trouble around her neighborhood.
2. Three categories of Errors in Recording Observations.
The three categories of Errors in Recording Observations include errors of Omission, errors of Commission and errors of transmissions.
Errors of Omission;
These types of errors simply are omissions of a type of observation. In case of error of complete omission, contractor or an observer should not fail to record any type of observation.
Example: Omission to record all observations of soil moisture.
Errors of Commission;
Errors of commission is when a participant in an experiment makes a mistake in recording data. In this category, contractor records an observation which is completely opposite to what he should have recorded (Pandey, & Pandey, 2021). These types of errors are mostly because of the carelessness on the part of contractor and improper training and supervision.
Example: Contractor reads 300mm for rainfall but instead writes down 200mm for rainfall.
Example-2: Contractor writes 350mm for rainfall instead 250 mm of rainfall.
Errors in transmission;
This type is when the data has been incorrectly recorded due to broken or malfunctioning equipment that is used from one person to another, for example using a mobile phone. This type of errors is so commonly concealed and is extremely difficult to trace back (Pandey, & Pandey, 2021).
Example: Contractor writes 300 mm for rainfall and transmits it to observers on the mobile phone but instead, made mistake in data entry process and transmit ed 200 mm.
Understanding and knowing about these three categories are helpful in future observations in that they can help observers and participants to identify the various causes of errors and work towards minimizing the effects of these errors on quality of data collected.
3. Accuracy and Reliability and share: Objective description, Interpretation, and Evaluation
The proximity of a measured value to a standard or known value is referred to as accuracy whereas reliability refers to the degree to which a test measures without mistake.
1. Objective description: The exposition of the objectives and design processes involved in making a product or conducting research that enables one to determine whether the goals have been met. An objective account of the object measured, its properties, the quantities to be measured, and the measuring instrument or method used in conjunction with other factors such as equipment design and environmental conditions (Powell, & Baskir, 2021).
2. Interpretation: The evaluation of the success or failure rate associated with an initiative, usually expressed as a percentage, i.e., “the project was 75% successful”.
3. Evaluation: A critical analysis and review that evaluates an objective by examining its methods, technology, and results for quality and accuracy. It is the evaluation of a product, service or process for criteria such as effectiveness, efficiency, timeliness, safety, etc. It is used to determine whether an objective has been met.
4. Benefits of a group observation over individual observation
There are some instances when a group observation is much more valuable than an individual observation for example when you are researching a new product or have to make a marketing plan for a company. In these cases, it is important that the observations are coordinated and done in groups of different people who can come together to share their opinions on what they have observed (Pandey, & Pandey, 2021).
For example, if you want to find the best place for a new grocery store in a city, it will be more valuable for one person to go and observe their competition than it would be for each individual person in the city. Another example is when you want to conduct a study on how many people have your disease. It might seem like an individual observation could suffice and provide enough data, but as with most things in life, it’s better done by observing lots of people simultaneously.
How would you do the observation?
The simplest way to conduct a group observation would be to observe people in a certain location each day and record anything relevant you see. In the first example, each day you could drive through every neighborhood in your city and count how many grocery stores are in each neighborhood, then compare them all at the end. In the second example you would observe people who lived close to a clinic and count the number of people who came in with your disease.
It’s important to note that group observations are more prone to error than individual observations because more things can go wrong. Because multiple things can go wrong at once it becomes more difficult to make sure that nothing is overlooked or missed in the observation process.
Reference
Pandey, P., & Pandey, M. M. (2021). Research methodology tools and techniques. Bridge Center.
Powell, D. M., & Baskir, E. A. (2021). A matter of time: Comparing observation methods. In Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field (pp. 49-61). Academic Press.
Weakley, J., Morrison, M., García-Ramos, A., Johnston, R., James, L., & Cole, M. H. (2021). The validity and reliability of commercially available resistance training monitoring devices: a systematic review. Sports medicine, 51(3), 443-502.
How the Great Depression Shifted the Fashion Industry and Fashion Styles
How the Great Depression Shifted the Fashion Industry and Fashion Styles
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How the Great Depression Shifted the Fashion Industry and Fashion Styles
The stock market crashed on October 29, 1929. Panic erupted, and $10 billion in market value vanished in five hours (Foner, 2017). The US was suddenly in a state known as the Great Depression, the worst economic disaster in contemporary history. During this time, Germany failed on reparations payments to Britain and France, causing these countries to suspend repaying loans to the US. As depositors withdrew money, banks worldwide collapsed, and many families lost their savings. Stocks rose slightly before resuming their rapid slide. The economy struck rock bottom in 1932, with GNP declining by a third, prices fell by 40%, and over 11 million (25%) lost employment (Foner, 2017). Those who did have work faced lower pay and shorter hours. The great depression affected various industrial economies, including the fashion industry. This paper discusses how the great depression shifted the fashion industry and fashion style.
After the stock market crashed, the clothing manufacturers had to seek ways that conserve money and still put out the products. They began going for cheaper ways and materials to make clothing. For instance, before the 1930s, customers would acquire replicas of Parisian designs and market them in their nations. However, new high charges were levied on the cost of such copies during the Great Depression, whereas toiles (a muslin or other inexpensive clothing design) were left duty-free. The toiles come with full directions, which allowed for the sale of simplified reproductions of original expensive dresses for a fraction of the original prices (Thomas, 2021).
Additionally, the economic depression led to a shift in the shape or overall silhouette of clothing for both women and men. In the 1930s, men’s and women’s attire grew sleeker and more streamlined than the fashions of the 1920s (Reddy, 2020). Both women’s and men’s attires became simple, and women’s hemlines stretched down the leg. Fashion designers from France and Paris, actresses and actors from Hollywood, and affluent socialites nationwide were at the leading these transformations. Elsa Schiaparelli, Gabrielle Coco Chanel, and Madeleine Vionnet, all headquartered in Paris, were the leading designers (Reddy, 2020). Schiaparelli was renowned for her adventurous experimentation with wild colors, new fabrics, and patterns. Schiaparelli’s vibrant pink debut was so striking that it led to the coining of the term “shocking pink.” Starlets and stars from Hollywood, for instance, Marlene Dietrich, established fashion history with their radical fashion choices. Cooper was identified with the English drape suit for men and Dietrich with the trousers suit for women. Also, due to economic hardships, the rich jet-setters turned sportswear into daily wear, popularizing knit polo shirts.
Furthermore, the great depression left many people unemployed and reduced their wages (Foner, 2017). Therefore, the wealthy’s ambitious experiments and new fashions were not affordable by all people. However, several trends came together to allow the common people to enjoy the new fashion despite the economic downturn. Individuals were able to manufacture their clothes with less fabric and save money since the new fashions did not need a lot of fabric (Thomas, 2021). The ready-to-wear clothing business in the US, advanced in its capacity to manufacture and sell a broad range of designs and sizes at a lower cost. Also, clothing makers imitated the latest Parisian designs and manufactured cheaper imitations.
Also, after the great depression, people started saving money by making their clothes from the old materials they had at home (Kass, 2011). For the youngsters, there were a lot of hand-me-down clothes, and individuals would sew their old shirts together to make underpants. Farmers would repurpose their huge flour sacks or sacks of animal feed into outfits for the girls. Also, women turned to cotton bags and flour as materials for making clothing as things got increasingly difficult during the depression. They started producing clothes out of empty bags. When the flour manufacturers discovered this, they started putting designs on the sacks. Women made gowns for themselves and their children. Furthermore, during the recession, the poor would mend their clothes by patching up their clothing using the old socks or any materials they came across.
Overall, the Great Depression had an effect on fashion, leading to its democratization. After the crashing of the stock market, clothing manufacturers had to seek ways that conserve money and still put out the products. They started getting cheaper materials for making clothes. The shape of clothes also changed and became sleeker and more streamlined. Also, as many people became unemployed due to depression, people started making their own clothing from the old materials. Mothers also started making clothing for themselves and their children from the cotton flour sacks or sacks of animal feed. Although there was a little market for new clothing, fashion designs were nevertheless fashionable among those who could afford them. During the Great Depression, women’s fashion magazines were still published, and this was how they learned about the current fashion trends.
References
Foner, E. (2017). Give Me Liberty! An American History: One Volume. WW Norton & Company.
Kass, A. (2011). The 20th Century of American Fashion: 1900-2000. Connecticut: Western Connecticut State University.
Reddy, K. (2020). 1930-1939 | Fashion History Timeline. Fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu. Retrieved 10 June 2022, from https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1930-1939/.
Thomas, H. (2021). Women’s Fashion History Through Newspapers: 1921-1940 | Headlines and Heroes. Blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2022, from https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2021/07/womens-fashion-history-through-newspapers-1921-1940/.