Recent orders
Alcohol consumption has been one of the causes of mortality in the United Kingdom
Alcohol-related Deaths in the UK
Alcohol consumption has been one of the causes of mortality in the United Kingdom. The alcohol- related deaths may occur as a result of people losing their lives in road accidents due to reckless driving, or as a result of alcohol-related diseases which cause death among people who drink alcohol. One of the major causes of road accidents in the United Kingdom is as a result of driving under the influence of alcohol. This leads to loss of lives of people who are driving while drunk as well as the innocent passengers, cyclists, and pedestrians at the scene of the accident.
It is shown in the report that the number of people dying as a result of consuming alcohol considerably rose yearly between the year 1992 and 2008. The report provides evidence that the number of deaths was twofold. Alcohol-related deaths rose from 4023 to 9031. This shows that there was an increase in alcohol consumption among people in the UK between 1992 and 2008. The increase in the number of people drinking alcohol increased the probability of more people dying of alcohol-related deaths. This means that there was an increased risk of exposure to alcohol deaths as a result of more people becoming alcohol consumers (Berridges, 2007).
The report also indicates that there was a significant decrease in the number of deaths related to alcohol consumption in the year 2009. The number of deaths dropped from 9031in 2008 to 8664 in 2009. This can be attributed to the fact that there was a significant decrease in the number of people consuming alcohol in the United Kingdom. This decrease may be as a result of people in the United Kingdom becoming conscious of their health, hence deciding to either quit alcohol or reduce their consumption rate. This could be as a result of health campaigns by various organizations warning people of the United Kingdom of the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption.
The report confirms that 66% of the 8664 deaths that were recorded in the United Kingdom in the year 2009 were men. This implies that just 34% of deaths in that very year were females. This could be due to the fact that the number of females consuming alcohol decreased as that of males increased. This led to more males drinking alcohol compared to the females. This means that males were at higher risk of dying as a result of consuming alcohol, as opposed to females. It means that there was either a decrease in the number of women drinking alcohol, or women reduced their consumption rate of alcohol. As a result of this, their risks of dying of alcohol –related deaths were reduced. On the other hand, there was either an increase in the number of men who consumed alcohol, or perhaps just raised their consumption rate. This puts men at a higher risk of dying due to alcohol-related deaths compared to women. It is evident from the report that the number of men drinking alcohol is higher than that of women consuming alcohol in the United Kingdom. If the trend continues, there will be more alcohol-related deaths among men than women due to high risk of exposure in the former than in the latter (Bromley et al., 2007).
The report also shows that in 2010, there was a general increase in the number of deaths from 8664 in 2009 to 8790 in 2010. This can be attributed to the fact that either there was an increase in the number of people consuming alcohol in 2010, or there was increased consumption of alcohol which leads to more deaths of consumers of alcohol in the United Kingdom. It is also indicated in the report that there was an increase in deaths among people between the age of 55 and 74 years whereas the deaths among people below 35 years decreased in the last ten years. This clearly shows that there was an increase in the rate of alcohol consumption among people aged between 55 years and 74 years, whereas there was a decrease in the number of people below 35 years of age consuming alcohol. This shows that young people became conscious of their health in the last 10 years and decided to either quit or reduce the rate of alcohol consumption. This subsequently, reduced the number of alcohol-related deaths among young people in the United Kingdom (Coleman and Carter, 2005).
The report shows that in 2011, liver disease caused 66% of deaths among alcohol consumers in 2011. This proves that there was an significant rise in the rate of alcohol consumption leading to the liver being affected by excessive intake of alcohol in the body.
The deaths also resulted from alcohol consumption due to road accidents and other forms of accidents that occurred after consuming alcohol. It is remarkable that people who are involved in irresponsible driving after drinking alcohol end up losing their lives, and the lives of passengers and pedestrians as a result of road accidents.
Methods of Data Collection
The study involved repeated cross-sectional surveys which were conducted nationally in the UK. The study also relied on a number of autonomous and credible reporting trends describing the consumption of alcohol from the secondary analysis which are not provided in all the official publications of the survey (Dolman et al., 2007).
The Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
The study population had to be from the United Kingdom, and covered any ethnic or age group. The report also included trends of alcohol consumption among men and women in the UK over a period of time. The study only focused on the consumption trends between 1992 and 2011.
References
Berridge, V. 2007. Marketing Health: Smoking and the Discourse of Public Health in Britain, 1945–2000. Oxford: OUP
Bromley, C., Sproston, K. and Shelton, N. 2005. The Scottish Health Survey 2003. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, www.scotland.gov (accessed January 2008).
Coleman, L. and Carter, S. (2005) Underage ‘Risky’ Drinking. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Dolman, R., Kingdon, A. and Roberts, C. 2007. Welsh Health Survey 2005/06. London: National Centre for Social Research
Alberto Giacometti artwork and inspiration
Alberto Giacometti artwork and inspiration
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Background information
In 1901, a painter, Giacometti Giovanni gave birth to Alberto Giacometti at Borgonovo in Swiss as the first born among four other children (‘Alberto Giacometti’, nd, p. 1-2). Alberto Giacometti’s interest in arts developed as early as his childhood while under the care of his painter father. Alberto viewed the world through his father’s artistic eyes while young and it is through the parental inspiration that he began painting and drawing before his interest developed in sculptures. Characteristically, Alberto’s young age was used in queries and questions on reality, illusions and truth in human life, questions that would astonish the fairest of the world’s philosophers of the age (Trachtman, 2004, p. 1-4). After elementary art’s classes in Geneva, Alberto went for higher studies in arts in Paris where his mastery in sculpturing was gained. His love for arts led to his opening of a studio in collaboration with his brother at Paris in 1925. Plastic arts interested him equally after observing primitive people as was observed in 1925 on torso. It was between 1936 and 40 that his interest in sculptures intensified and he concentrated more on head sculptures with his sister’s gaze as a blue print. Besides plastic, Alberto used gypsum as well as marble for his works and adopts public exhibitions for his works. Through his works in painting and sculptures, Alberto earned his living and together with his brother, they invest in making designs of lamps as well as furniture under Frank Michael, an interior architect from Parisian. Nevertheless, his unique styles gained audience after the world war when he adopted bronze for his works. A characteristic feature with his works of art was his preference for long, elongated and very thin sculptures, which were seen as though they did not have weight. Skinny figures of his works representing his brothers, sisters as well as his sister are still exhibited in New York at Pierre Matisse Gallery (Schweiz, nd, para 1-5). Besides, he made images of animals from bronze with special features that represented seasons and had artistic representation of human world especially during the world war period between 1930s and 40s. He effectively represented distinction between reality as well as imaginations through his tall and emaciated images of walking men and the representations of women figures while studying. In much of his artistic works in drawings, paintings as well as in forms of sculpture, Alberto addresses the theme of existentialism where self consciousness philosophy is represented through his capacity to capture melancholy, loneliness and alienation in his works. He also had a unique way of representing ‘sex’ in reference to gender where men figures were unique from women figures (Markus, nd, p. 81-84).
Problem statement
The above introduction reveals that Alberto lived a relatively long life (between 1901-1966) but was successful in living a fulfilled live in his endeavors to further and practice art through sculptures. According to Alberto, art is a means to have a better view and this has implications of sensation recording into the eyes of the observer. He is remembered by his position that arts is best understood and enjoyed when interpreted through own visual perception as unlike what one is told. It is noted that Alberto’s interest in arts developed at childhood and his works were more of copies where he worked on notebooks, single copies as well as margins of own books or his father’s books. He specialized on a variety of collections from the African origin, European art, Indian arts, oceanic arts as well as contemporary works as those of Picasso and Mondrian. Copying according to Alberto had significance in meaning in reference to “resembling reality” as well as “vision.” He reasoned that he was prompted to copy in order to have a clear vision and understand better. His unique works of art brought him into the global perspective, he traveled wide and far and his works are exhibited across the globe in major museums and such galleries. Le Chat is among the highly treasured pieces of art by Alberto and such other works that came into being after the world war. He is remembered to have explained significance of his works in symbolism where once, he curved a cat ‘Le Chien’ that according to him was his own representation of the loneliness felt during the world war. Little is however known about the source of his inspiration into the works of arts as he specialized in his livelihood. This therefore forms the basis of this project where the intention is to understand the source of Alberto’s inspiration towards his career and specialization in sculptures.
Thesis statement
The perception of artistic work empowers an artist to overcome the cultural veil that covers one’s vision and the person is empowered to appreciate pieces of art in a more open manner as against earlier perceptions. After such an uncovering, Alberto reasons that an artist is able to appreciate the works from exterior world and then manage to represent them through own works. The works of Alberto has been studied in depth and shown to be a depiction of human finitude as have been sought by scientists and philosophers. His emaciated, slim and tall images of persons gazing emptily into the space only successfully explain the alienation and separation of humans from other forms of lives (Nasgaard, 1965, p. iii-iv). This paper therefore intends to investigate the source of inspiration upon which Alberto relied on in his engagement in sculpture arts and critically analyze some of his visual art works in reference to his artistic view.
Significance of the Study
This study has the main objective as being that of understanding the inspiration that the works of Alberto came from. However, the study involves among other aims to evaluate the contemporary artworks before as well during World War II, through which Alberto would have had immediate reference. This study will therefore add to the existing literature from other studies that have been done previously on the theme. Besides, the study would clearly outline some of the evolutionary stages through which the artwork has undergone and the contribution of Alberto’s work in the mid 20th century. Besides, the findings of this study will be instrumental in informing readers and such researchers on the actual source of inspiration to Alberto’s works in art. Besides, future studies would have a lot to learn from the findings of the current study.
Research Questions
What particular personalities and historical events in the field of arts inspired Alberto in artwork?
What fields interested him more while producing his works of art and what effects did his works have in the field?
How was the field of arts prior to and during his engagements in sculpture arts?
Objectives of the study
Full appreciation of a piece of artwork requires an artistic analysis and the perception of the external world as the artist would see. It would be impossible for us to fully appreciate Alberto’s works of art before we understand him in person, understand his perception of the contemporary world as well as understand his inspiration into the field of arts. This study is therefore guided by many objectives among them being to:
Evaluate the life of Alberto in arts and understand his inspiration
Understand the development of the industry of arts as influenced by the world war as shown through his works
Propose possible themes of study concerning art development in the contemporary world learning from the works of Alberto during and after the world war II
Chapter 3: Methodology
This part describes the procedure that will be used during the testing of the hypothesis, collecting of data and management of data upon which this study is based. The chapter additionally explains the method that is used during data analysis and the description entailing the scope of the procedure that eventually lead to the answering of the hypothetical questions that were generated, from the review of the literature.
Unlike research methods that are used by researchers to refer to distinct techniques that are applied while carrying out a research study, research methodology describes the vast number of processes that a researcher involves while studying specific phenomena. Methodologies therefore refer to the systematic process through which a research study is carried out. Research methods are categorically part of the methodologies that are utilized by a researcher while carrying out a research study.
Methodology is a critical step while carrying out a research study in that through literature review, one is able to know whether it is a study that has ever been done and if so the methods applied previously and the outcomes that were gotten. It therefore assists the research in determining whether his/her methods have been used in the past and what other methods have ever been used. Moreover, the methodology may depend on the research being either structured or unstructured within the qualitative/quantitative analysis.
Nevertheless, the conceptual or theoretical research studies are guided by some abstract ideas or theories. Testing of the hypothesis as well as interpretation of the findings is based on some predetermined body of knowledge or theories. The theories are assumed conventional and thus universally acceptable. It is however necessary that a researcher defines the theory under use in order to determine the methodologies to use within the study. These are equally dependent on the subject or field of study. The research paradigm adopted as either being qualitative or quantitative is equally very instrumental in deciding on the methodology to be applied (Maxwell, 2008, p. 214-218). Qualitative and quantitative research studies depend on the major differences notable on the nature of reality, epistemology (relationships being studied), use of language, role of values as well as the overall research process (Aylward and Clarke, 2005, p.29).
Analytical methods especially the empirical analyses are applicable within the context of testable variable within studies. Other relationships are not testable hence; the studies adopt the deductive methodologies of carrying out a research study. On the other hand, whenever research variables relate in manners that are both predictable through theoretical deductions and can be testable, the studies will employ the use of the two simultaneously. Deductions from the study findings will then be applicable in general context within the capacity of the study to project and make inferences (Key, 1997, p. para 1-3). By conducting this study under the deductive framework and by use of qualitative analysis, the study methodology is not unique, as others have used the methodology in the past. However, uniqueness is ascertained by the specific analysis engaged within this study as opposed to the other studies carried out in a like or related analysis. This study will therefore wholly rely on the literature reviewed in reference to the theme of ‘Alberto Giacometti’s artworks as well as his inspiration’. The deductive analysis will be used in reference to available works of literature through which this study envisions to gather information to answer the questions posed. Besides, this study will have developed hypothesis which will predefine the expected results and which the findings will seek to justify or otherwise prove wrong. Qualitative studies have been done on the theme in the past as seen from literature and thus deductions from such studies will serve for analysis and results in this study.
Research Design
The research design describes a unique procedure that the researcher is going to use to go about the data collection exercise. In case study, the researcher identifies a specialised situation and undertakes a comprehensive study or research around the situation. This study therefore identifies the case of interest to be the analysis of the ‘Alberto Giacometti’s artworks as well as his inspiration’ as would be effective to understand the world of arts in the first half of 19th century especially during the World War II. This study will be qualitative and thus information to be collected is not quantitative. This study will employ deductive methods in analyzing available past research studies in order to successfully study the life and artworks of Alberto.
Hypothesis
This study intends to ascertain the authenticity of the following statements in assumption regarding the works of Alberto and his source of inspiration:
Alberto’s way of life as a survivor to the second world war informs his great interest in man’s solitude and infinitude as represented in his works of arts.
His immediate world while as a kid and general upbringing explains his childhood interests in copying and painting.
Exposure while studying as well as interaction with other artists of the time increased his interest in artworks while young as well as in the advanced age.
Limitations of the study
This study wholly depends on data and information that is currently available through literature and thus there is likelihood that such literature lacks from such sources as the internet. This is therefore the main problem that the researcher envisions that would limit the study if the necessary literature is not found or if the literature is not up to date. Moreover, the availability of the literature to be reviewed is a fundamental concern where the limited literature is likely to affect negatively the study findings.
Outcomes
Through the analysis of available literature, it is possible to establish the link between Alberto’s works of art as well as the contemporary world in which he lived during his time. The background to his life reveals that much of inspiration towards his future career was developed while under the watch of his artist father. His inquisitive nature explains his position that understanding and being successful in doing works of art requires an artist represent the world as he sees and not as others see it. This therefore shows that much of his artistic works had a distinction from the rest of works art in the time. The world war II had significant influence in his works and career as portrayed by his images of dogs and cats which he would later explain to represent his loneliness and separation as the effects of the war.
Value of proposed work
Besides giving the picture of Alberto in the first 20th century, this research will endeavor to answer such questions that would interest many regarding the uniqueness of Alberto’s works of art that continue to fascinate many even in the 21st century. This study will therefore contribute towards filling a gap that exists in many of the previous studies regarding Alberto by answering the question as to what was the inspiration of Alberto in his arts career. It is also intended to analyze the artistic attributes that were in Alberto and what life steps worked to enhance them to shape the future of the artist. Besides, this study will be instrumental in guiding future studies concerning the life and works of Alberto.
Bibliography
‘Alberto Giacometti’, nd. “Alberto Giacometti”. Accessed November 28, 2013. http://www.speysidehigh.net/sites/default/files/Alberto%20Giacometti.pdf
Aylward D. and Clarke R. 2005. Research models and methodologies. HDR seminar series. Faculty of commerce spring session 2005.
Key J. P., 1997. “Qualitative research” Accessed November 28, 2013. HYPERLINK “http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.htm” http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage21.htm
Maxwell J. A., 2008. “Designing a Qualitative Study” Accessed November 28, 2013. http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/HSH/PeresSc/Classes/PSYC6036www/presentations/Ch7_qualitativeResearch.pdf
Markus R., nd. “Sex and Gender in Giacometti’s Couples”. Accessed November 28, 2013. http://arts.tau.ac.il/departments/images/stories/journals/arthistory/Assaph5/05markus.pdf
Nasgaard R., 1965. “Alberto Giacometti: An art of Impasse” Accessed November 28, 2013. https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/36686/UBC_1967_A8%20N3.pdf?sequence=1
Schweiz B., nd. “Alberto Giacometti”. Accessed November 28, 2013. HYPERLINK “http://www.alberto–giacometti.com/” http://www.alberto–giacometti.com/
Trachtman P., 2004. “Magnificent Obsession Giacometti struggled to capture perception in sculpture and paint–and thought he’d failed. Accessed November 28, 2013. http://paultrachtman.net/pdfs/giacometti.pdf
Facebook Conformity and Consensus
Facebook Conformity and consensus
Donthel Daniels
Institution Affiliation
Facebook Conformity and Consensus
We live in a world where social media has overtaken everything. We are no longer in the period where only the millennials are obsessed with the use of social media and a platform like Facebook attracts people of all ages. The use of Facebook has increased to billions of people and the amount of information people have opted to share out there in their lives is quite alarming. Just last year, Mark Zuckerberg before the US Congress as he needed to explain how Facebook aided Cambridge Analytica in obtaining people’s information. Although many agree that social media has been of huge impact, many people are also of the consensus of the numerous negative impacts that Facebook has had on top of the list being as it led to people getting severe polarized in key issues including the election.
According to a research article by Serena Coppolino, on Computer in Human Behavior, they clearly portray the polarization due to use of social network platforms (Perfumi, et.al, 2019). There is a great difference e that has been observed over the years when it comes to computer-mediated-communication as compared to face-to –face communication. AI which includes Facebook has resulted in people losing touch with fellow humans because all they are used to is chatting online. We currently live in a society where almost everybody wants to brand themselves as being anti-social, but this may not be the case rather it is because we have spent too much updating everything on our Facebook pages where strangers give us comments that may be true or not true.
Conformity in social media platforms results from people affiliation to what they tend to like. An individual is likely to follow pages they feel they can relate to and at times these pages become misleading from the content they share out there. It is for a fact that Facebook has been a useful tool when it comes to spreading news but to this good side, there has been a bad side. In order to get the engagement including the likes and the following some sites rely on spreading of Fake news (Kundu, 2013). News does not have to be reliable as it is a competition between the various news outlets on who will be the first to get the information out there. At times we find ourselves liking, commenting and even sharing content that we may not conform to (Winter, 2015).
According to an article by Winter (2015), it talks about how Facebook has been an important source of social marketing as people can easily get information of the products out there, however when comparing likes to comments, most people rely on comments while trying to regard if a product or content is reliable (Winter, 2015). Comment section will always indicate what people feel, and even when a product or a content out there is great, you may still find hateful as well as spiteful comments. Normative influence is likely to result in someone getting a huge following and with these followers the ones content may be liked, shared and commented on by people proving the conformity as well as the consensus that exists in Facebook.
From social media pages, we have created a perception about ourselves out there. When you look at people’s profiles, they are all different but mostly from these profiles people can make judgements on what they think about us. In a research conducted by Rom and Conway on Strategic Moral Self, the talk of the perception we tend to present to people which are times are false and misleading (Rom, 2018). On Facebook among other social media pages, you are likely to encounter individuals living their best lives, driving dream cars, going to the best holiday destination but behind the cameras they may be going through their worst depression. Kelly and Ngo interaction seems to also agree with the fact that online vs reality may actually not be the same for most of us (Kelly, 2017). On social media platforms, people are likely to put up content that is liked and relatable by many. The aspect of consensus results from concepts people have and what they reflect on their profile. The owners may actually possess certain features that are actually not close to their real personalities.
In the study conducted we hypothesized that the participants who read the support response were most likely to support her in that she should keep it to herself and take the win, for those who read the opposing comments were most likely to find her guilty and condemn her actions.
Study One
To shed light on Facebook conformity and how various comments on any issue may affect people perception, we conducted a study where we evaluated people reaction after reading comments made on a post. The scenario was a post by Abigail who was mistakenly given the answer sheet by the teacher as the question papers were being given and how she used since she always had difficult in the class and she ended up passing the test resulting to the teacher changing the curve method idea for the rest of the students. There were three conditions under the scenario; support, oppose and mixed. The support condition were those comments of people who found that Abigail’s behavior was appropriate and that the fault lied with the teacher, oppose condition were people against her actions who claimed she would have report. Lastly, the mixed condition was people who were both for and against Abigail’s action.
Methods
Participants
For the study, 140 participants among them Florida University students were randomly selected. Of the 140 participants, 51.4% (n=72) were male and 48.6% (n=68) were female. Ages of the participants ranged from 18 years to 29 years with an average of 22.16 years (SD=3). The sample population consisted of 45.7% Hispanic (n=64), 25.7% Caucasians (n=36), 20.7%African-Americans (n=29), 5.7%Asian –American (n=8) and 2.1%Native Indians (n=3). (See Appendix 1.)
Materials and Procedures
The participants were informed of the study itself, the risks and benefits that it carried for the students, an overview of the information required and the time required as stipulated in the standardized guidelines for informed consent. The participants had to give their consent verbally after which they were given one of the three research study documents that contained both the primary independent and dependent variables for the study. The document also consisted of five parts, the first part had the Abigail Foster Facebook post, unfortunately the professor while handling the question paper to Abigail he also gave her the answer key and Abigail who was certain she was going to work in spite of working hard used the answers. After she did very well the professor who was to curve the results because most students had not done well changed his mind, the dilemma was with Abigail who was not sure what she should do hence, in search for advice she posted on Facebook. Among the three documents in spite of them having the same scenario the condition under each of them is different, the conditions are; support, oppose and mixed which are various reactions to Abigail’s post.
For the support condition, it outlined eight comments by people who believed that Abigail had done nothing wrong and should accept the grade while putting the blame on the professor who could have been more careful. The second condition oppose, also has eight comments from students who believed that Abigail should admit to her wrongdoing by putting herself in the other students’ shoes. Lastly, the mixed condition has no consensus since among the eight responses some people opposed her actions while others gave her support.
After having read the scenario the participants were then required to proceed with part two of the questionnaire where they were required to rate Abigail’s behavior based on some statements by either agreeing or disagreeing. They were to use an interval scale of 1(strongly disagree) to 6(strongly agree) (See Appendix 2).
In the third part the participant was to rate various statements on what advice they would offer Abigail, their response if they were in the same situation and their general Abigail’s impression, there were three statements. For the other two parts of the sections on the response and impressions the participants have in regards to Abigail’s behavior and their own, the interval scale of 1 (strongly disagree) or 6 (strongly agree) was used. In response to what they would do the participant was given two statements on whether they would confess or keep silent and on Abigail’s impressions it was either she seems warm, moral, sincere, competent, confident, competitive or good-natured. Additionally, the fourth part of the questions contained demographic questions that the participant had the choice of not answering if he or she deemed them private. The questions included gender, age, race, relationship status, whether they were FIU students and whether English was their first language. Lastly, in the fifth part the participant was supposed to give their feedback on whether the advice Abigail was given was either in support of her behavior, opposing it or was more of the both of them, they filled their response by marking an X.
While the study has both dependent and independent variables, our focus was on the dependent variables which are warm-cold scale, either accepting or rejecting what she did and the self-ratings. The main variable was accepting or rejecting that was reliant on the responses the people wrote in relation to her post and the influence they would have on her. We hypothesized that the participants who read the support response were most likely to support her in that she should keep it to herself and take the win, for those who read the opposing comments were most likely to find her guilty and condemn her actions.
Results
Under the survey conditions (support vs. oppose vs. mixed) which were our independent variables and while focusing on the participant’s assessment on Abigail’s behavior based on the responses in their scenarios, we arrived as various results. Those who had the suppose response were 46 which was 32.9%, oppose 45 which was 32.1% and mixed were 49 which was 35%. Just like predicted the participant who had the support responses described Abigail competent, moral, confident, warm and good-natured person. They believed that she deserved her grade hence she did not have to report it to the professor, they also termed her response after she was given the answer key to be appropriate and reasonable hence if there was a person to blame it would have to be the professor. However, those who read the opposing notions on the scenarios termed what Abigail had done to be wrong and that she should have reported, they went ahead to describe her as immoral and unacceptable and unethical of what she had done. They also referred her behavior in a not good way disagreeing with all notions in part three of the question. Those who had missed reactions assessment on Abigail tended to balance with a few agreeing while the others disagreed.
In addition, for the ANOVA test which was our main analysis there was a significant difference in whether our dependent variable on accepting or rejecting Abigail’s behavior had been wrong in relation to the support, oppose and mixed independent valuables, F (2,137) = 4.537, p= .021. The test confirmed that the participant’s assessment would be affected by the response scenario they read. Lastly, the Post Hoc Tests analysis is used to show a significant difference among various groups. From the table, it is evident that there is a statistically significant difference between the reactions by those people who had both suppose and oppose response and those with suppose and mixed response which is (p=0.021) and (p=0.035) respectively while there was no difference with those with oppose and mixed response(p=0.969). Also, this test supported the hypothesis that participants were likely to support Abigail in the support condition (M = 4.2, SD = 0.773), the oppose condition was (M = 3.4 SD = 0.986, and the mixed condition (M = 3.816 SD = 0.727). (See Appendix 3)
Discussion
As earlier predicted that depending on the response the participants read they would influence their view and eventually on how they would make inferences on Abigail have been proved. Participants who read the positive response were in support of Abigail’s actions and termed her behavior as appropriate, these same people too while asked of what they would have done they supported that they would keep quiet. Similarly, those participants who read the opposing responses arrived at the conclusion that Abigail did the wrong thing and that for the sake of her integrity she should have reported the matter. Lastly, there was no major difference in those who got both responses since just as predicted some opposed while others supported Abigail’s decision. However, it is clear that the difference in all those scenarios assessment by the participants was not major this could have been the fact that the participants all have an experience of how some classes can be tough and in the event, they find themselves in such a situation they are bound to make the same decision. Frankly, if the same situations were to happen to those people who opposed Abigail’s decision they are likely to just act the same way because until one faced a similar issue can their real intentions be revealed.
Study Two
With the advancement of technology that has been happening in the last few decades, the interaction among people has shifted from the face-face to digital. There have been multiple media channels that have facilitated this shift with the social media platforms taking the lead, the various mediums are currently, being used even for marketing and advertising business. Facebook is one of this channel that came into being in 2004 and despite other social media platforms emerging the number of active users keep increasing with the statistics of December 2019 is 2.50 billion people on a monthly basis (Noyes, 2020).
Most users of Facebook users often are often observing the content on the site rather than posting, this was depicted when a study was conducted among students, also it was concluded that most people interact on Facebook with people they already have interaction with offline. Also, Facebook users are more likely to post on the public display with people they are regularly involved with, with parents this never occurred and rarely for strangers (Pempek, Yermolayeva & Calvert, 2009). According to Wang, Kraut & Burke, (2013), Facebook posts and comments vary among different genders where men tend to post more on money and work while females talk of relationships and people and in spite of the changing times also the languages employed by the two genders differ. Also, with the widespread use of emoticons, it has been found that women use those with hugs and smile and their posts and comments in most cases are usually shorten than men whose posts center more on external factors. In addition, the authors recognize that while it is evident that men get few comments across the media platform the comments are usually higher when the posts are on masculine issues and female comments are more when they defy the perception of the society.
According to the Engaging the Social News User article, various scholars believe that the lack anonymity of with the comments on Facebook has ensured that the comments are of higher quality and are more and the users rarely post offensive and abusive comments. The lack of this anonymity has been attributed to the reasons both Los Aneles Times and the digitalspy.co.uk shifted to using the Facebook commenting system (Hille & Bakker, 2014). The comments across social media platforms have been said to be the most common form of public online participation. There are also various factors that determine the quality and number of comments on each post, the comments displayed on each page and the criteria behind it and the message characteristics (Ziegele, Breiner & Quiring, 2014).
According to Winter, Krämer & Brückner, (2015), a study was conducted and it concluded that the negative comments in a post reduced the article persuasiveness, however, the positive comments hardly had any effect. Also, when the posts were termed as the readers as relevant they were more comments with various opinions and higher elaboration levels. The authors of the article have also affirmed that the comments influence the public opinions since the lack of anonymity limit identification since one can associate the cultural background and age and that the comments are usually connected with the profile which is usually visible to the public (Winter, Krämer & Brückner, 2015).
While in study one we had support, oppose and mixed condition for the scenario in this study two we will only have support and oppose condition. The second independent variable is the effects of cheating and how they will influence the participant’s reaction to the post. The hypothesize of this study is that those participants who believe the effects of cheating are severe will oppose Abigail’s action while those who see the effects of cheating as just a bump on the road will support her actions.
Appendix 1
Gender (1 = M, 2 = F)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 72 51.4 51.4 51.4
Female 68 48.6 48.6 100.0
Total 140 100.0 100.0 Race
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Caucasian 36 25.7 25.7 25.7
Hispanic 64 45.7 45.7 71.4
Native Indian 3 2.1 2.1 73.6
African American 29 20.7 20.7 94.3
Asian American 8 5.7 5.7 100.0
Total 140 100.0 100.0 Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 17.00 2 1.4 1.4 1.4
18.00 22 15.7 15.7 17.1
19.00 7 5.0 5.0 22.1
20.00 6 4.3 4.3 26.4
21.00 28 20.0 20.0 46.4
22.00 13 9.3 9.3 55.7
23.00 21 15.0 15.0 70.7
24.00 3 2.1 2.1 72.9
25.00 21 15.0 15.0 87.9
26.00 2 1.4 1.4 89.3
27.00 10 7.1 7.1 96.4
28.00 1 .7 .7 97.1
29.00 4 2.9 2.9 100.0
Total 140 100.0 100.0 Frequency Table
Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Support 46 32.9 32.9 32.9
Oppose 45 32.1 32.1 65.0
Mixed 49 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 140 100.0 100.0 Appendix 2
Crosstab and Chi Square
Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part II: Abigail’s behavior was wrong
Crosstab
Count
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was wrong Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 3 28 14 1 46
Oppose 7 6 23 9 45
Mixed 4 16 19 10 49
Total 14 50 56 20 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 26.198a 6 .000
Likelihood Ratio 29.031 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.884 1 .015
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part II: Abigail’s behavior was understandable
Crosstab
Count
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was understandable Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 1 6 19 20 46
Oppose 9 16 13 7 45
Mixed 1 15 25 8 49
Total 11 37 57 35 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 29.497a 6 .000
Likelihood Ratio 28.563 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.492 1 .019
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part II: Abigail’s behavior was reasonable
Crosstab
Count
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was reasonable Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 3 8 20 15 46
Oppose 10 14 14 7 45
Mixed 1 15 25 8 49
Total 14 37 59 30 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 18.740a 6 .005
Likelihood Ratio 18.576 6 .005
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.097 1 .295
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part II: Abigail’s behavior was unethical
Crosstab
Count
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was unethical Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 5 22 15 4 46
Oppose 3 10 21 11 45
Mixed 2 17 22 8 49
Total 10 49 58 23 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.553a 6 .103
Likelihood Ratio 10.811 6 .094
Linear-by-Linear Association 3.862 1 .049
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part II: Abigail’s behavior was immoral
Crosstab
Count
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was immoral Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 3 20 19 4 46
Oppose 3 10 23 9 45
Mixed 2 12 27 8 49
Total 8 42 69 21 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 7.529a 6 .275
Likelihood Ratio 7.498 6 .277
Linear-by-Linear Association 3.760 1 .053
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part II: Abigail’s behavior was appropriate
Crosstab
Count
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was appropriate Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 4 17 14 11 46
Oppose 8 17 13 7 45
Mixed 9 21 15 4 49
Total 21 55 42 22 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.843a 6 .441
Likelihood Ratio 6.131 6 .409
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.557 1 .033
N of Valid Cases 140 Crosstab
Count
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was unacceptable Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 8 23 13 2 46
Oppose 7 15 16 7 45
Mixed 6 19 19 5 49
Total 21 57 48 14 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.711a 6 .456
Likelihood Ratio 5.908 6 .434
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.328 1 .127
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: I would advise Abigail to keep quiet
Crosstab
Count
Part III: I would advise Abigail to keep quiet Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 5 6 19 16 46
Oppose 3 22 15 5 45
Mixed 2 17 24 6 49
Total 10 45 58 27 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 20.731a 6 .002
Likelihood Ratio 21.079 6 .002
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.898 1 .089
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: I would try to comfort Abigail
Crosstab
Count
Part III: I would try to comfort Abigail Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 0 7 23 16 46
Oppose 2 13 20 10 45
Mixed 0 8 26 15 49
Total 2 28 69 41 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 8.488a 6 .204
Likelihood Ratio 8.705 6 .191
Linear-by-Linear Association .092 1 .761
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: I would give Abigail the same advice that her friends gave her
Crosstab
Count
Part III: I would give Abigail the same advice that her friends gave her
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 2 4 24 16
Oppose 3 5 20 17
Mixed 1 10 27 11
Total 6 19 71 44
Crosstab
Count
Total
Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 46
Oppose 45
Mixed 49
Total 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.419a 6 .378
Likelihood Ratio 6.485 6 .371
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.469 1 .225
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: If I received the answers, I would keep silent
Crosstab
Count
Part III: If I received the answers, I would keep silent Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 11 4 14 17 46
Oppose 18 9 14 4 45
Mixed 14 3 17 15 49
Total 43 16 45 36 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 14.258a 6 .027
Likelihood Ratio 15.338 6 .018
Linear-by-Linear Association .237 1 .627
N of Valid Cases 140 Crosstab
Count
Part III: If I received the answers, I would confess Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 21 10 8 7 46
Oppose 11 10 6 18 45
Mixed 22 9 5 13 49
Total 54 29 19 38 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 9.701a 6 .138
Likelihood Ratio 10.103 6 .120
Linear-by-Linear Association .349 1 .555
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: Abigail seems warm
Crosstab
Count
Part III: Abigail seems warm Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 3 5 21 17 46
Oppose 9 7 10 19 45
Mixed 6 3 20 20 49
Total 18 15 51 56 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 9.182a 6 .164
Likelihood Ratio 9.616 6 .142
Linear-by-Linear Association .013 1 .911
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: Abigail seems good-natured
Crosstab
Count
Part III: Abigail seems good-natured Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 0 6 24 16 46
Oppose 6 10 12 17 45
Mixed 1 6 23 19 49
Total 7 22 59 52 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 15.237a 6 .018
Likelihood Ratio 16.012 6 .014
Linear-by-Linear Association .006 1 .937
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: Abigail seems confident
Crosstab
Count
Part III: Abigail seems confident Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 22 9 9 6 46
Oppose 28 10 4 3 45
Mixed 32 9 4 4 49
Total 82 28 17 13 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.786a 6 .448
Likelihood Ratio 5.586 6 .471
Linear-by-Linear Association 3.447 1 .063
N of Valid Cases 140 Crosstab
Count
Part III: Abigail seems competitive Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 5 4 19 18 46
Oppose 12 4 13 16 45
Mixed 4 3 22 20 49
Total 21 11 54 54 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 8.288a 6 .218
Likelihood Ratio 7.966 6 .241
Linear-by-Linear Association .244 1 .622
N of Valid Cases 140 Crosstab
Count
Part III: Abigail seems sincere Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 0 0 15 31 46
Oppose 1 2 11 31 45
Mixed 7 5 13 24 49
Total 8 7 39 86 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 17.373a 6 .008
Likelihood Ratio 20.162 6 .003
Linear-by-Linear Association 11.332 1 .001
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: Abigail seems moral
Crosstab
Count
Part III: Abigail seems moral Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 10 7 14 15 46
Oppose 25 12 8 0 45
Mixed 24 8 14 3 49
Total 59 27 36 18 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 32.026a 6 .000
Likelihood Ratio 34.821 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 12.940 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 140 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) * Part III: Abigail seems competent
Crosstab
Count
Part III: Abigail seems competent Total
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) Support 24 9 7 6 46
Oppose 29 8 6 2 45
Mixed 32 10 4 3 49
Total 85 27 17 11 140
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 4.392a 6 .624
Likelihood Ratio 4.347 6 .630
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.869 1 .090
N of Valid Cases 140 Appendix 3
Descriptive
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was wrong
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Support 46 3.2826 .62050 .09149 3.0983 3.4669
Oppose 45 3.7556 .95716 .14269 3.4680 4.0431
Mixed 49 3.7143 .88976 .12711 3.4587 3.9699
Total 140 3.5857 .85651 .07239 3.4426 3.7288
Descriptive
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was wrong
Minimum Maximum
Support 2.00 5.00
Oppose 2.00 5.00
Mixed 2.00 5.00
Total 2.00 5.00
ANOVA
Part II: Abigail’s behavior was wrong
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 6.334 2 3.167 4.537 .012
Within Groups 95.637 137 .698 Total 101.971 139 Post Hoc Tests
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Part II: Abigail’s behavior was wrong
Tukey HSD
(I) Condition (1 = Support, 2 = Oppose, 3 = Mixed) (J) Condition (1 = S