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EVALUATING TRAINING NEEDS
EVALUATING TRAINING NEEDS
As suggested by Craig (2008) action research could take a quantitative, qualitative or mixed-method approach, for collection of data from the respondents. The paper examines some of the data collection methods that can be used to improve service delivery in the organization.
Motivation of the workers
Surveys could be used to gather employees’ responses and discover which elements of the reward system are working and which are not. In addition, the surveys could be used by the management and the consultants to determine whether employees favor extrinsic or instruct motivators. Surveys could be delivered online, and McClelland (1994) recommends the use of custom-designed survey questionnaire due to its flexibility. Use of surveys has several advantages including elimination of bias, easy administration, and can be used to collect a wide variety of information. Interviews can also be used by action researchers for collection of qualitative data, and they could be structured, semi-structured and unstructured (McClelland, 1994). To obtain standardized information from the employees, it would be advisable for the researcher to use structured interviews. Focus groups provide action researchers with an avenue to validate the responses given and should be used in conjunction with numerically oriented methods while on-site observations are used to capture elements such as the physical environment, social organization, program activities and interactions of the employees (McClelland, 1994).However, according to McClelland (1994) on-site observations are limited by need for subject matter experts
Outsourcing the non-core activities
To effectively deal with this theme, action researchers could conduct surveys targeted at specific departments, and employees who have the necessary technical expertise. This is very necessary, as some of the employees may not be even be aware of how the organization operates. Given the likely impact of outsourcing on employment, surveys provide an organization with the best opportunity of obtaining standardized responses from the employees. The quantitative data obtained could then be supplemented with the information collected through interviews, focus groups and on-site observations.
Improving communication capabilities and proper resource allocation
To improve the existing communication channels and resource allocation, the researchers will equally rely on both qualitative and quantitative data. In this regard, data collected through surveys, interviews, focus groups and on-site observation will highly be appreciated.
References
Craig, D. V. (2008). Action research essentials. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part one, survey questionnaires. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(1), 22-26.
McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part two—Individual interviews. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(2), 27-31.
McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part three, focus groups. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(3), 29-32.
McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part four, on-site observations. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(5), 4-7.
Agonist Potency
Agonist Potency
Name
Institution
Abstract
The effectiveness of drugs in pharmacology is determined by using the recommended EC50 of varied agonists’ concentration. EC50 is the concentration of agonist that produces maximum response at 50%. This experiment was conducted with the primary objective of comparing the potency of BU007 and BU006 on the pig bladder’s muscarinic receptor. This was conducted by immersing the bladder tissues of the pig into krebs solution baths before being exposed to BU007 and BU006 drugs of different concentrations. It is after these that the values of the receptor occupancy and the EC50 values of these two drugs were determined through by calculating them. The result of this experiment showed that BU007 and BU006 had different EC50 concentrations of 95.63% and 97.76% respectively. Besides, the t-test for the mean contractile response to BU007 and BU006 showed no statistically significant differences. From these experimental results, it was established that since BU007 produced a relatively lower EC50 than BU006, it was worth concluding that BU007 is therefore more potent compared to BU006 that produced a higher concentration of EC50, as compared to BU006, an indication that BU007 drug attained half of the maximal response in the experiment with lower concentrations.
Introduction
A number of physiological processes are highly influenced by the receptors that are often activated in order to induce the signal cascades that further leads to the physiological responses. The receptors can also be inhibited in the patient to produce physiological responses by stopping the signal cascades from working. All the endogenous chemicals messengers that are found in the body (such as neurotransmitters or hormones) bind to these body receptors thereby instigating a physiological body response particularly on the body cells having these receptors (Rang, et al, 2007). It is this receptor that pharmacologists play with in altering the body physiological responses by using drugs with the ability to block or mimic the effects and threats caused by natural chemical messengers in the body. As outlined by pharmacologists, any drugs has two main features; efficacy that defines the degree of physiological response of the body after being initiated by the receptor chemical messengers with the ability to mimic. Secondly, drugs have the affinity that enables them to strongly bind to the receptors, an ability of the chemical messenger mimicking pharmaceutical drugs. The drug’s potency is the relationship that exists between the drug’s efficacy and the drug concentration, thus, representing the ability the messenger mimicking drugs to realize the highest level of efficacy possible with the lowest EC50 concentration possible.
From a pharmacological point of view, agonist represents drugs that enhance the receptors’ activities (those receptors that the agonist binds) so as to induce or facilitate a pharmacological reaction that is similar that showed when in its natural state. Notably, the agonist’s efficacy is more valued over its affinity. Unlike full agonists, partial agonists produce less response that is not as effective in enhancing the activities and operations of the body receptors. Contrary to agonists, antagonists are a group of pharmaceutical drugs that block or inhibit the normal activities and operations of the body receptors that they bind to, hence inhibiting any natural physiological response that would have been produced by the attacked receptors. As opposed to agonists where efficacy is of greater significance than affinity, antagonist drugs place value on affinity over efficacy that is always zero (Rang et al. 2007).
Different agonists imposed on a single receptor often produce different maximum responses, which is the highest possible response of the agonists. However, in pharmacology, the potent degree of drugs is determined by EC50 with different agonists’ concentrations. Pharmacologically, EC50 is defined as the agonist’s concentration level that produces 50% of maximal drug responses. According Rang et al. (2007), the differences in the EC50 concentration in different drugs is such that the agonist drug that produces 50% of the maximal response at the lowest concentration is considered more potent.
The drugs that were examined in this pharmacological experiment were both tissue bladder agonists and their potencies tested by the use of pig bladders. The pig bladder was used in this experimental given the fact that pig bladder have the M3 (type 3 muscarinic) receptors that also exist on the human bladder. Asserts Marieb & Hoehn (2010), the muscarinic receptors are presents on the walls and other soft parts of bladder muscles and hence stimulating muscle contraction of the body when bound by Ach (Acetylcholine). In particular, the bladder smooth muscles found in human contain M3 (70-80%) and M2 (20-30%) receptors (Choppin, 2002). The activation of M3 receptors results into a G-coupled protein and phospholipase initiated direct contraction. On the other hand, the activation of M2 receptors in the body tissues would result into indirect body contraction that takes place by inhibiting the activities of the receptors through G-protein and cationic current elicitation (Choppin, 2002; Mehdia et at, 2011). As earlier stated, the primary objective of this research experiment was to evaluate the differences in the potency of BU007 and BU006 on the muscarinic receptor tissues of the pig’s bladder.
Methods
This was done “As per Laboratory Protocol, BMED 13-217 Pharmacology, Pg.23-33, Agonist Potency, Bond University, 2012.
The data was analyzed using unpaired 2-tailed t-test.
Results
Part A: Individual Lab Report for BU006
Fig.1: Contractile Response (of the bladder tissue) plotted against BU006 Concentration at EC50 value.
From the above figure (Fig.1) it was evidenced that the BU006 had little effect on these tissues until the point where the concentration of the BU006 was 100ug/25ml with the corresponding maximum contractile response being 22. The simulation peak was realized at 10000ug/25ml BU concentration level. From fig.1, the EC50 for BU006 was on 800ug/25mil concentration level.
Molar EC50, pEC50 values and receptor accupancy for the BU006
EC50 into Molar Units:
EC50 for BU006 mass = 800 ug; molecular weight = 183g/mol
Moles = Mass (g) / Molar weight (g/mol)
Moles = 800ug/183g/mol
Moles = 8-4/183 = 1.334 x 10-6Mole
Recall, M = Moles / Vol.
Molarity (M) = 1.334 x 10-6/0.025 = 5.336 x 10-5M = 53.36 uM
Converting Molar EC50 to pEC50 value
EC50 Value = 53.36 uM = 53.36 x 10-6 M
pEC50 = -log (53.66 x 10-6) M
PEC50 = 4.271
Receptor occupancy for BU006 at EC50
Dissociation Constant (KD) for BU006 was at 10uM
Receptor Occupancy = 53.36uM / [10uM+53.36uM] = 0.8422 = 84.22%
The Molar Emax and Receptor Occupancy for the BU006
Converting Emax to Molar units:
Mass of Emax = 10mg and molecular weight = 183g/mol
Moles = 10000ug/[183g/mol] = 54.64 x 10-5 Moles
Molarity (M) = 54.64 x 10-5 /0.025
M = 21.86 x 10-3M
M = 21860 uM
Receptor Occupancy for BU006 at Emax
KD of BU006 was 10uM
Receptor Occupancy = 21860 / [10 +21860)
= 99.94%
Therefore, the space receptors have a value of 0.06%.
Fig.2: Contractile Response (of the bladder tissue) plotted against BU007 Concentration at EC50 value.
Part B: Combined Experimental Data for BU007 and BU006
Fig.3, contractile response against BU007 and BU006 drug concentration at EC50 values for both drugs.
Measurable effects were realized at 1000ug/25ml while the maximum value was noticed at 10000ug/25ml while the EC50 values for BU007 and BU006 was 900 and 800 respectively.
The mean Molar EC50 and mean pEC50 values
Mass of BU006 = 10000ug and Molecular weight = 183g/mol
Moles = 1.0 x 10-2 / 183 = 5.464 x 10-5 Moles
Molarity = 5.464 x 10-5/ 0.025 = 2.186 x 10-3 M = 2186 uM
Converting the Molar EC50 to pEC50
EC50 value = 2186uM or 2.186 x 10-3 M
pEC50 = -log[2.186 x 10-3]M = 2.660
Receptor Occupancy mean for BU006 at EC50
KD = 900 uM
Receptor Occupancy = Conc. Of BU006 /[KD + Conc. Of BU006)
= 2186uM / [900uM + 2186uM]
= 0.7084 = 70.84%
The Mean Molar EC50 and pEC50 for BU007
Converting mean EC50 to Molar Units of BU007
Mass 2000uM and Molecular weight =183g/mol
Moles = Mass (g) / Molecular weight (g/mol)
Moles = 2.0 x 10-3 / 183
Moles = 1.093 x 10-5 Moles
Molarity = Moles/Volume
M = 1.093 x 10-5 /0.025
M = 4.372 x 10-4M = 437.2 uM
Converting Molar EC50 to pEC50 for BU007
EC50 value = 437.2 uM or 437.2 x 10-6 M
pEC50 = -log(437.2 x 10-6)M
pEC50 = 3.359
Obtaining the receptor occupancy for BU007at EC50
Dissociation Constant KD for BU007 = 4000ug
Receptor Occupancy = 437.2 uM / [4000+437.2] = 0.09853
Receptor Occupancy = 9.853%
The Molar Emax and RO for BU007 and BU006
Converting Emax into Molar units,
Emax of BU006 and BU007 = 6000ug, and Molecular weight = 183g/mol
Moles = 6.0 x 10-3/183
Moles = 3.279 x 10-5 Moles
Molarity (M) = Moles / Vol (L)
M = 3.279 x 10-5 / 0.025
M = 1.3115 x 10-3 M
Molarity = 1311.5 uM
Receptor Occupancy for BU007 and BU006 at Emax
RO for BU006 = 1311.5uM/[4200uM + 1311.5uM) = 0.2379
RO for BU006 = 23.79%
The spare receptors for BU006 are 76.21%
RO for BU007 = 1311.5 / [4000+1311.5) = 0.2469
RO for BU007 = 24.69%
Spare receptors for BU007 are 75.31%
From Fig.2 above, it was observed that BU007 reaches its maximum at lover values than BU06, hence more effective than BU006. The BU006 showed a weaker agonist curve and also appears more linear compared to BU007 that displayed stronger agonist characteristics. On the other, hand, BU007 agonist required more receptors to realize its desired EC50 maximal response while BU006 needed less receptor so as to produce its half maximal response.
Fig. 4: Contractile response of the bladder tissues against receptor occupancy (%) for BU007 and BU006 using different drug concentrations at EC50 for both drugs
Fig. 5. Represents the Contractile response of the bladder tissues against BU007 & BU006 drug concentration at EC50 values. This test was carried out to help in determining the significance of these results obtained for different BU007 and BU006 concentrations using t-test values. Since pEC50 = 3.359, then p>0.05, hence there is a statistical significance between the two drugs at CE50 half maximal value. In addition, the BU007 curve reached its maximum possible response at relatively lower contractile response values than BU006 drug.
Discussion
To realize the primary objective of the experiment, the two agonists, BU006 and BU007, were compared in the process of determining the most potent among them in activating the bladder muscarinic receptors. As shown the potency test carried for the two drugs, it was realized that BU007 was more potent than BU006. The analysis of the two drugs acme to a conclusion based on the findings that the EC50 of BU006 and that of BC007 were 125ug/25ml and 40 ug /25ml respectively. In the same way, their percentage measurements of the receptor occupancy required in the production of half the total response of both the drugs were 35.33% and 8.04% respectively. According to the results, considering also that the percentage measures for their receptors to produce total response were found to be 97.76% and 95.63% respectively, it meant that lesser receptors are required for BC007 in order to produce maximum response.
According to Mehdia et all. (2011), it is true to conclude that the extra receptors are treated as spare or reserve receptors. Okamoto et al. (2002) also affirms that BU006 seemed to bind 97.76% of the receptors to reach maximum response, meaning 2.24% are the reserve receptors. In comparison to the BU007, that needed to be bound with 95.63% to attain maximum response, left only 4.375 reserve receptors. Despite the fact that same receptor type of a drug has the same affinity, the number of receptors present and different qualities of the pathways may affect the affinity (Mehdia et al. 2011).
As a measure of potency of a drug, EC50 determines the connection between response and affinity of a particular drug on particular tissue. According to Choppin (2002), lower EC50 reflects more potency of the drug; hence low concentration was required in the production of half the total response. Choppin (2002) also illustrated that the difference in the EC50 of the same drug were attributed difference in the number of receptors, different second messenger pathways, as well as different breakdown rate of a drug on other tissues. Okamoto et al. (2002) also indicated that in the event of a piece of a very reactive gall bladder with high receptor density becomes exposed to BU006 or BU007, EC50 remained the same since receptors exceeded the required number to activate maximum response.
Okamoto et al. (2002) affirms that EC50 decreased, when drugs were broken down in a particular tissues, since less drug were required to activate sufficient receptors to produce EC50. The best way therefore to determine the breakdown of the drug in the tissues, is by considering the level of EC50 of the drug before and after the enzyme inhibitors are added. More concentration of EC50 would be required to attain half the total response, thereby changing the EC50 curve to the right. Failure to break down the drug in particular sites however made the EC50 curve to be constant. It was also found out that breaking down the drug by enzymes shifted the EC50 curve to the left since enzymes were inhibited, and less concentration of the drug are required for half achievement of maximum response (Choppin, 2002).
Conclusion
Lack of efficiency in the use of the computer programmes that measure contractile response, and errors in preparation of the bicarbonate solutions are some of the human mistakes that have brought inconsistencies of data. However, in the end, the experiment made a general conclusion that BU007 drug was more potent than BU006 because BU007 attained a lower EC50.
References
Choppin, A. 2002, ‘Muscarinic Receptors in Isolated Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscle from Different Mouse Strains’, British Journal of Pharmacology, [Online], Vol.137, no.4, pp.522-528.
Marieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. 2010, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed, Pearson Benjamin.
Mehdia, N.,et al. 2011, ‘A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromine Analogs as Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Agonists’, Journal of Serbian Chemical Society, (Online), Vol.76 (8), pp.1117-27.
Okamoto, H, et al., 2002, ‘Muscarinic Agonist Potencies at three different Effectors Systems Linked to the M2 or M3 Receptor in Longitudinal Smooth Muscle of Guinea-Pig Small Intestine’, British Journal of Pharmacology, [Online], Vol. 135(7), pp.1765-75.
Rang, H., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R. J. 2007, Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, 6th ed, Elsevier Limited, Philadephia, USA.
Aging with Grace
Running head: Aging with grace
Aging with Grace
Name:
Institution:
Tutor’s Name:
Date of submission:
The book “Aging with Grace” explains the realities that people experience in their daily lives. These realities include aging, poverty and even diseases. The target group of the book is the Catholic nuns and the realities of life that they go through. It targets the health and science issues that affect the nuns. Being a religious group, the author admits that he thought that the nuns would be the ideal group since they would be honest. He therefore decided to carry out a research on cervical and breast cancer. The author admits that when he first entered the convent, all the nuns looked fine and healthy. Many of them were exercising in the convent gymnasium; others were watching and cheering on the baseball games while others were writing official letters to other Catholic representatives. He also admits that most of the nuns had earlier worked as teachers, so they were in active mental states. Since they had similar levels of education, diet and lifestyles, it was easier to deal with them. When he reveals the idea to them, the nuns humbly accepted the concepts.
Due to the fact that the nuns had similar diet and lifestyles, the experiment target’s was why some nuns developed dementia while others did not. It was also targeting the effect of Alzheimer’s disease on the brains and how the aging occurs with grace. The views of the nuns reveal the secrets of living longer while staying healthy. Having grown up like an alter boy, the author understands the humble and gracious lifestyles of the nuns. The nuns, who are very old, with their ages ranging from 79 to 100 years of age, agree to donate their brains when they die. They believe in the grace of God in order to live longer than expected. The nuns believe in faith, wisdom and spirituality as driving forces behind their long lives. For instance, the 104 year old Sister Matthia, who passed away in 1998, was very active irrespective of her age. She could say a prayer to each of the four thousand people that she had taught in the earlier years. She also knitted mittens daily.
According to Snowdon (2001), the major objective of the study is to emotionally interact with the aged and to know understand their feelings. He recommends that they should be treated with care and special attention. He conducts his research in a manner that allows for efficient interactions with the nuns. He also examines the relationship between the Alzheimer’s disease and the ability of one to express himself or herself in oral and written terms. As explored by Snowdon (2001), those who were able to express themselves in the most excellent and impeccable terms with no difficulties were less likely to develop signs of the disease. Additionally, those who were active in community were less likely to develop the disease, as well those who were devoted in daily readings of materials. Other factors such as diet and heredity were also proved to avoid any sign of the disease.
The work of Snowdon is a personal encounter with the nuns and the moving unfolding series of events in their lives. The autobiographies that were written by the nuns in their early lives indicate that the same fluent and creative language that they used is not the same as the language that they write in their present age. It is important to note that the as the age progresses, they find other things and activities to concentrate on. After the nuns had died and their brains taken as per their wishes, it was noted that their brains did not decay but was still very active.
Snowdon also explains the psychological impact of dementia on the family members in the event that someone suffers the disease. He explains the need to give care and support to these patients without fear. Being a disease which takes a process according to the research conducted, it is almost difficult to fully diagnose it. It is, however, today argued that plagues and tangles are the major symptoms of the disease. It is approximated that one third of the nuns whose brains detected the disease had no earlier signs of the disease since they scored well in the mental tests that were administered to them while they were alive. For example, According to the article, Sister Mary had scored highly in the cognitive tests, yet at her death at age 101 the brain autopsy showed Alzheimer’s disease with neurofibrillary tangles and plaques.
It is therefore noticeable that though Snowdon conducted a scientific research, there was the friendly emotional interaction with the nuns. The nuns agreed to participate in the research and revealed their personal and professional histories, which made the research process very easy. Having been an alter boy in his early years of life, Snowdon understood the lifestyles and operations within the convent setting. As readers of his research study, we also learn about his personal life. He had prior knowledge on how to approach the nuns in the most convenient way. This compelled the nuns to give the honest and sufficient information concerning the research.
One of the greatest strengths of the research is that the target group is appropriate and convenient. There is maximum co operation from the nuns who gave honest views of the questions that were asked by Snowdon. The approach that was used was friendly and effective. Due to the fact that Snowdon was once a alter boy, he interacted with the nuns in the most adorable ways. The nuns were women who showed maximum interests. An earlier study had targeted men and it was rated unsuccessful. It was discovered that women are more passionate and tender in their ways of interactions with other people. Additionally, the nuns were spiritual and God fearing. This was a guarantee that they would co operate and give the most credible views and opinions. Snowdon’s basic idea was to find out how the disease affects the aged people who were intelligent in their youth. The aged group of nuns was therefore most convenient since they had all been teachers in the mission schools. The target group was also convenient since they had similar eating habits. For example, they all took very minimal alcohol or no alcohol at all. They had similar spiritual lifestyles in the convent as well as similar social lives. This is to say that their prayer schedules were similar and to some extent they even cited similar prayers.
Secondly, the approach that was used to collect and gather data was convenient and friendly to the target group. Due to the level of close interactions, the nuns felt appreciated and cared for. They were more willing even to donate their brains upon their demise. Snowdon did not just impose the scientific methods of data collection, but he used a more social and psychological approach. Bearing in mind that the nuns were aging, the data collection methodology was flexible and it allowed for patience. The data that was needed was readily available from the convent archives. Each of the seven convents that were centers of the research had the data in their archives. The data had existed for over the last 100 years. The data entailed their family lives, the grades that they had earlier scored in their respective schools, their earlier occupations and professions and their exact ages. The nuns were also willing to volunteer most of the information to the best of their knowledge. The fact that the nuns were also active in teaching and educating others also boosted their brains functionally. This was a fundamental aspect in the study since the same brains would be used as data upon their demise.
The quiet and peaceful lifestyles of the nuns were an important aspect in the research study. This was important because the reliable states of their minds were assured. This was attributed by the fact that the nuns had peaceful times when they would meditate and reflect on prayer.
However, one wonders how the results in random selection of the target group would be. The research only targeted the nuns who had similar lifestyles; hence the results of the research were similar. Most research procedures involve random selection so that credible results are achieved. For instance, a portion of the nuns should have been sampled as well as another portion of the married population. Since the convent nuns are unmarried, their lifestyles totally differ from the married people. Married people, for example, have their families and careers to concentrate on.
Another weakness of the study is that it is not very clear whether the nuns were consistent in their spiritual lives. It may be assumed that the freedom from the complicated family lives may have been a contributing factor to the successful and powerful results of the research. It would have been ideal if the lives of the ordinary people who are unfamiliar with spirituality. The reality is that the nuns only form a small portion of the entire population. It is also evident that most of the people have ordinary lives and spirituality is only a small aspect of such lives. The stable state of mind also assured the good physical health. For instance, the oldest and aged participant was 107 years of age when she died. At 98, she was strong and she would visit the sick and work on the switchboard.
According to Snowdon (2001), the fact that the traces of Alzheimer disease were detected in the brains of the nuns who had scored highly in the physical and cognitive tests affirm that the disease is a gradual process. It is also noticeable that the higher the level of education among the nuns, the lower the risks of the disease. Therefore it was argued that the disease is more of a social factor. For instance, when the autobiographies of the nuns were retrieved from the archives, the highly educated nuns used complex, well punctuated sentences with an excellent command of the language. These autobiographies were written in their late teenage lives. However, when they died, only a small portion of the disease was traced in their brains.
Dr Snowdon admits that keeping mental fit is fundamental in living long healthy lives. The idea of going for outdoor games and taking short or long walks is equally important. In his journal article, he admits that is critical to make important investments while in the youth stage. Dr Snowdon advises that in order to age gracefully, and then it is never too late or too early to improve the mental and physical health of a person. This is important in living long healthier lives. He also recommends that spirituality should be embraced for long lives. Spirituality brings about peace and wisdom. It also entails meditation which involves sober reflection upon one’s relationship with the Creator.
Moreover, one of the most important lessons learnt is that education does not only improve the intellectual capacity of and individual, it also reduces the exposure of the individual to the Alzheimer disease. This is an astonishing revelation. The efficient linguistic competence of and individual also reduces the risks of the disease. It is therefore critical that parents and guardians expose their children to excellent learning facilities so that they master language well while they are still young. The nuns who demonstrated fabulous linguistic skills in their teen autobiographies had little trace of the disease on their brains.
The research also educates on the types of foods that protect the aging process. Having fed on similar balance diets that were well prepared, the nuns’ physical features did not tally with their respective ages. Dr Snowdon admits that he was astonished that even the very aged nuns still performed and conducted the same daily chores that they carried out in their youth. It is also notable that avoiding conditions such as strokes and depression helps in curbing dementia. This is where spirituality comes in handy since it brings peace and calmness upon an individual’s life.
According to the article “Alzheimer’s Research Success Stories,|” an individual’s attitude towards life plays a vital role in the aging process. People who are optimistic about their lives are always enthusiastic about each new day. They are eager to do something different each new day as opposed to pessimists who grow old very fast. Most pessimistic people also tend to be suicidal and over dependent on other people. One’s faith is also essential in successful aging process. The strong belief in God and in God helps one to enjoy life to the maximum even in the old age.
References
Snowdon, D. (2001). Aging with grace: what the nun study teaches us about leading
longer, healthier, and more meaningful lives. USA: Bantam Books.
Lichtenstein Creative Media (2004). Alzheimer’s Research Success Stories. Published by
Lichtenstein Creative Media.