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Extraction of Caffeine From Tea Leaves
Extraction of Caffeine From Tea Leaves
Plants that contain caffeine include: tea, coffee, cocoa among others. The chemical caffeine can be extracted from these plants using a chemical procedure. For instance, when extracting caffeine from tea leaves, one can use dichloromethane and sodium hydroxide, diethyl ether, propanol, celite and hexane.
Procedure: Weigh a specific amount of tea leaves preferably 5g place in an Erlenmeyer flask. Add 20 ml of dichloromethane mixed with 0.2M of sodium hydroxide. Seal the flask and swirl to allow the tea leaves to mix with the solvent. Caffeine dissolves in the solvent and other compounds of tea are left insoluble. After that use a Buchner funnel for filtration. Before using the celite paper, dampen it in dichloromethane. Vacuum filtration is more perfect than a normal filter funnel. The liquid collected contains caffeine it. Next is to evaporate the liquid through heating. The remaining solid is caffeine and other compounds.
To obtain pure caffeine from the above procedure, one needs to use solubility of caffeine against other compound. Allow the beaker to cool and wash the caffeine with diethyl ether and hexane. Using a pipette, one removes the other liquid and remains with solid caffeine. What follows is to dissolve this again dichloromethane. Filtration is then done to remove other undissolved compounds to remain with soluble caffeine. Place the liquid into a test tube then heat it at a 560 C in a water bath. Add 2ml of propanol dropwise until the solid dissolve. Remove it from the water bat and allow it to cool. To solidify pure caffeine, one needs to add 1ml of hexane and a solid caffeine will form. Dry the solid and weigh it. To check for purity, it is good to check for melting point which falls around 2340 C (Helmenstine, 2019).
Conclusively, the above chemicals should be handled with care. It is good to check for the safety operation procedures of the above chemicals to avoid accidents in the lab.
References
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2019, July 3). How to Extract Caffeine from Tea. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-extract-caffeine-from-tea-608211″,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
19237,Does Shylock Deserve Mercy,
Ethos and Coping with Stress
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Ethos and Coping with Stress
Ethos refers to one of the approaches to formulating convincing arguments based on an author or speaker’s credibility and reputation as an authority in the given field. At times it encompasses the ability of an author to project themselves as an authority worth listening to or believing on a given subject matter. In order for an article to make for convincing reading
Coping with Stress
Ethos in this article is conveyed through the tone taken by the author, who right from the start conveys a sense of authority and knowledge in the subject matter being discussed. The author begins first by providing a detailed introduction of stress. This is followed by an organized description of the symptoms that usually accompany stress and recommendations on how to deal with stress, as a counselor, parent, educator or individual. The manner with which the author presents the information not only makes the article convincing, but it also makes him come across as an authority within the field of psychology. Simply from reading the article, the reader can be convinced of the author’s credentials and the article’s relevance and validity. Ethos is used effectively in the article, because at no point is the reader in doubt that the article is providing factual information. This indicates that ethos has been used effectively and the author’s authority on the subject is unquestionable. The use of third person within the article also eliminates any doubts as to the author’s degree of certainty in the information provided.
How Plagiarism Occurs
In this article, the author projects an air of authority that the reader senses stems from the author’s many years (20). Further, the fact that the author is a tutor, means that he/she has numerous experience in matters regarding plagiarism, which puts him/her in the perfect position to describe how plagiarism occurs. Not only does the author clearly outline what plagiarism is, but he/she also goes ahead and outlines how it occurs based on experience. On the basis of the fact that the author has already made it clear that he/she has been a tutor for many years, the arguments put forth over how plagiarism occurs are very convincing, as it is easy for the reader to believe that indeed whatever the author is describing, is something he/she has encountered on numerous occasions. Ethos has been used effectively in this article, through establishing and conveying the author as an authority in the field in question, making the arguments presented quite convincing.
Why Calorie Counting is an Eating Disorder
The article is not very convincing, while the use of ethos within it is also quite questionable. Even the manner with which the author starts the article leaves a lot more questions than answers regarding not just the author’s authority over the matter, but also the message itself. The use of phrases such as “I think so” and “she expresses it more eloquently than I ever could” do not inspire confidence in the author and the message carried by the article. Not only does the author fail to inspire confidence in his/her authority on the subject under discussion, but he/she also fails to inspire confidence in the message itself. The article does not come across as factual, but simply an expression of the author’s personal opinion not backed by empirical evidence. Ethos is not effectively used in the writing of this article.
Works Cited
CDC. Coping with Stress. Web.
Diet Doctor. Why Calorie Counting is an Eating Disorder. Web.
“How Plagiarism Occurs.” Web.
How people define the term Globalization
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GlobalizationGlobalization is a term that is widely used but many people seem to understand it differently although the meaning is always closely related. According to “Oxford Dictionaries,” globalization is “the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale” (Web). On the other hand, “Macmillan Dictionary” defines globalization as “the idea that the world is developing a single economy and culture as a result of improved technology and communications and the influence of very large multinational corporations” (Web). Globalization is a common term used in describing things taking place as a result of current technological advancement especially things that have enhanced integration of different countries. Many intellectual imaginations have been gripped by the concept of globalization and most people commonly pursue a perception that globalization is an analytical prerequisite used in appreciating continuousness and adjustment of contemporary society.
Globalization has gained popularity in different fields including political and academic spectrum because of its relevance to the growing trend, which has heightened the current propagation of the global discussion. This further signifies the impact of the contemporary social relation and the fact that there is a common and new character shared within the society because of the relevancy and the context of the term to the society. Many fields have incorporated the word globalization in their studies and event tried to relate numerous phenomenon with it. There are many different concepts and meanings of globalization as per different scholars, laymen and in political spectrum that sound almost similar.
Some people define globalization as westernization implying a concept of transformation of the social structure of modernity to all humanity while extinguishing preexistent culture as well as self-rule. It is presumed that globalization is colonization and Americanization thus positioning it as a hegemonic discourse by some critics that it is just a philosophy of hypothetical advancement concealing far reaching. Proponents of globalizations westernization argue that globalization has led to transformations such as rationalist knowledge, capitalist production, as well as technological advancements as modernity while early global consciousness prompted the onset of modernity.
Indeed, contemporary globalization has played an integral role in the modern and western social relations in as much as it has associated itself with violent impositions that may mean imperialism. The Western Europe and North America have undeniably transformed humanity and various institutions worldwide although modernity and western civilization have been in existence even before contemporary globalization. Additionally, globalization may also take nonwestern direction such as Confucian, Islamic, or even future postmodern globalizations. Westernization, modernization, and modernization have had longer history compared to globalization unless the current forms of globalism can be analyzed in terms of a specific aspect of modernity.
Moreover, there are other people who define globalization as internalization which implies enhancement of transactions and interdependence amongst countries and therefore a more global world is characterized by more ideas, information, merchandise, finances and investments. In this case, globalization is measured in terms of cross border activities including foreign investments, foreign travel, and membership to some international bodies. In addition, globalization has largely been measured and compared with indicators on a territorial basis in such a way that a country can be termed as either more or less globalized than others. Globalization as an internationalization does not include much of intellectual and political reasoning but seems very attractive since it represents an ontological and methodology ground of international relations.
By considering globalization as internalization, some other things that may be integrated such as worldwide economics, politics, and culture also mean international economics, politics, and culture respectively. This concept stresses on international interdependence, which is regarded as a contemporary state system as well as the world economy that recedes and moves over a period hence incorporating an idea of historical repetition. Investment, migration and all those things comprising globalization were noted in the past and what is currently experienced is an absolute repetition. However, the question is why the change of the vocabulary if at all the meaning and the context of a term such as internationality is consistent and applicable. Moreover, argument that world social relations can only be organized based on state governments and national communities and that internationality tends to ignore and marginalize other groups or mode of governance is debatable.
I view globalization as a technological change and integration of the society, a situation that is evident in almost every aspect of life currently. Globalization makes it easy to do business and interact in different perspectives including trade or in handling social or human challenge such as global warming. Globalization entails key issues affecting the society in both constructive and critical manner and further adds value towards understanding social relations. I also think that many countries have benefited from globalization such as China and India because they are able to enjoy the benefits of international market. Globalization may largely benefit an individual country due to increased market for exports. The effect of globalization is therefore very intense and has positively developed most of the world economies especially countries that were once considered poor.
Works Cited
“Macmillan Dictionary.” Globalization, 2014. Web. 9 Apr. 2014. http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/globalization
“Oxford Dictionaries.” Globalization, 2014. Web. 9 Apr. 2014. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/globalization