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Ethics WHEN DOCTORS MAKE MISTAKES
Ethics: WHEN DOCTORS MAKE MISTAKES
In as much as the concept of perfection is required by the principles of this profession, mistakes as a consequence of practice do happen at one point. Atul Gawande describes one scenario in which he is compelled to treat a victim of a car crash because the two senior surgeons were undertaking another operation at the same time. He points outs a number of factors to that could have altered the outcome such as his personal decision not to call any of the senior surgeons’ for assistance when it would have worked, the tracheotomy as well as his failure to incubate the patient.
Atul Gawande uses the chapter, When Doctors Make Mistakes to tell his personal experience. In this chapter he brings to the picture what he perceives as being a personal downfall. He explains how this personal downfall at one point almost led to the death of long suffering patient who was under his medical care. Additionally, Atul Gawande also points out that this profession indeed exhibits a number of mishaps; those that are surgical in nature. These mishaps may revolve within and around; leaving surgical instruments in the patient’s body and the abdomen in particular. The mishap may also be biopsying a patient on the wrong side of a body organ. According to him, it is ethical for people to appreciate the natural notion that no human being is perfect thus all doctors do make mistakes. Mistakes therefore are a fundamental part of this profession. He also proceeds to state that good doctoring entails a number of factors such as remaining diligent, paying absolute attention and concentration to details as well as observing the principle of efficiency and effectiveness. He also points out that in this profession; there are Morbidity and Mortality conference, M & M conference meetings which are clandestine in nature. It is in these meetings where the truth is brought to the picture. By truth, the implication is that the good doctors who take responsibility are revealed on one hand. The incompetent doctors, those who neglect the discipline as well as those who have the habit of blaming others for their mistakes are exposed.
A QUEASY FEELING
Atul Gawande discusses the puzzling condition of nausea in the chapter A Queasy Feeling. He points out that while the biological process of vomiting is very clear; associated with pupils dilation, esophagus contraction, increased salivation among other biological processes, Nausea, a precondition for vomiting is a subordinate concept that is rarely discussed in the medical domain. Gawande proceeds to explain that nausea is a classical side effect of pregnancy, motion sickness and side effects of drugs among others.
It therefore follows that, the queasy feeling is a complicated one in the medical profession. In as much as it is common occurring complaint for which the patients do go for consultation in medical centers, the condition is more often than not overlooked. According to him, this condition is related to memory and the biological process of adaptation. He proceeds to illustrate this condition using a typical case of a pregnant woman which highlights that drugs are not the solution to nausea but being at peace with one self is a cure in its and by itself.
EDUCATION OF A KNIFE
In this chapter, Atul Gawande brings to the picture the process in which surgeons learn through hands on experience as well as practice. He uses the first real procedure to illustrate. This entailed putting one central line known as the intravenous line that goes into the key blood vessel of the heart within a patient’s body. In as much as he his supervisor and chief resident perform the operation before, on this day he forgot the three major steps of the preparation and his supervisor had to intervene. Concisely therefore, this is all about the introductory medicine as well as the misconceptions and myths associated with becoming a doctor. In ethical terms, during his first year of study at the medical school he learns the actual education curve. He also learns the various ways in which the associate doctors educate medical students and new residents on the profession. Ethically he also points out that just like in any existing academic and professional discipline; it is indeed practice that makes perfect. He also point out that in as much as medicine as a subject may be deemed infallible, mistakes do crop up while learning.
WHOSE BODY IS IT ANYWAY
In this chapter, the author discusses choices as well as informed decisions. He first highlights the unique case of a patient named Joseph Lazaroff, a patient with an untreatable form of cancer. Despite the warnings from doctors, this particular cancer patient opts to undergo a risky surgery in order to suppress the paralysis. This squarely falls on the patient’s right to choose a care course which Lazaroff had. According to the author, he is of the point of view that Lazaroff made the wrong decision due to the fact that his decision was not in agreement with what the doctors thought would be right. It thus follows that this chapter brings to picture a number of life or death oriented decisions. It also highlights the simple art of being a good doctor or a good patient. He proceeds to state that both parties must choose when to assert or when to submit. He proposes that in as much as patients may choose to or chooses not to undergo a particular medical assistance; they should work in absolute consultation with the doctors. Ethically speaking, doctors should thus be good listeners who should frequently assure their patients that they are in control over vital decisions. It is thus advisable that doctors should advise their patients on what particular choice is good for them at the point of their illness.
Does Limiting Access to Guns Reduce Gun Violence
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Date Does Limiting Access to Guns Reduce Gun Violence
When conducting research, the initial process is to use a scientific approach to formulate a research question before coming up with the appropriate method to answer the research question. The purpose of choosing the right research method is to ensure that the study’s findings give authentic results that answer the research question. The choice of the method to use when conducting research depends on the research that is being undertaken. Researchers employ two different types of research methods when conducting research; qualitative and quantitative research methods. The research question often determines the kind of research method that can be used by researchers. The qualitative research method is typically used when researchers want to explore ideas regarding their subject of choice. It is also used when researchers want to formulate a theory or hypothesis regarding a research subject.
On the other hand, the quantitative research method is often used when researchers are interested in testing an existing theory or hypothesis regarding the subject of the research. Most of the research articles that try to answer the research question (does limiting access to guns reduce gun violence) use the quantitative research method because of many factors. One of the reasons most researchers choose this method is because the theory regarding guns has been scientifically formulated. The purpose of most researchers is to test the existing theory. Equally, it is a method that allows researchers to gather information from diverse groups of people in a given population with closed questions regarding the subject under research. Most researchers use the sampling technique when carrying out research using the quantitative method is the probability sampling technique. This technique gives researchers the autonomy to randomly choose the participants of the study. Most people in a given population segment have equal chances of being selected to participate in the research, which reduces biases during the research. The study’s data and method section are critical because it determines the quality of the research outcome.
Ethics Policy
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Ethics Policy
The company that I would like to work for is PwC, which is a multinational. It is known all over the world for being an excellent employer. Being a Software engineer, it will help me in furthering my professional career. Also, all its business dealings are carried out in an ethical manner, as it has an existing policy on ethics. PwC is known as an organization, which engages in services of a professional nature. In turn, it ensures that the clients it deals with are improved, managed, and built upon, for success. PwC ensures that as part of its business processes, it is consistent, trustworthy as well as transparent. The behaviors of employees are governed by laws, internal policies, regulations and professional standards. PwC has an ethical code of conduct, which must be adhered to, by all its firms and people. PwC also ensures that before action is taken by any party, it must be evaluated beforehand. The code seeks to ensure that issues of a territorial nature are addressed (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 67).
The other policy, which was obtained, was that of the General Motors Company. It has established its own ethics policy, which is in form of a code. According to the General Motors policy, it ensures that business dealings are carried out ethically, as well as with integrity. All times, the parties, which are related to General Motors, should ensure that ethical standards of an ethical nature are followed. After reviewing the two polices based upon ethics, it seems that the PwC one is better (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 89). This is because the document is large and addresses all areas, which the company deals with. There is a lot of valuable information in the General Motors and PwC ethics policies. The PwC ethics policy addresses matters related to types of ethical breaches and repercussions. On the other hand, the General Motors policy is not extremely detailed.
A code of conduct exists in the IEEE, which is essential to any engineer. The professional society believes that it is extremely necessary to ensure that ethical standards of the highest nature are followed. According to them, it is an obligation based upon the morality, which human beings have. There are ten ethical codes, which have been established by IEEE. PwC matches up to every one of them in every way possible. For example, IEEE makes sure that every employee in an organization does not accept bribery and at PwC, this code is followed strictly. At General Motors, there have been cases whereby, some employees have been engaged in bribery acts. Professional societies are extremely beneficial in any sector as they govern behaviors of employees in various firms (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 90).
There are various ethical theories, which govern the existing Code of Conduct at the two companies. At PwC, there is mostly the utilitarianism action theory. According to this theory, so long as many people benefit, thus good has been created. This means that depending on what effect occurs to a person, an action is unethical or ethical. In contrast, the General Motors ethical theory is based upon actions, which are deontological. Depending on the intentions of an individual, an issue can be unethical or ethical. This means that consequences are not judged but rather the action (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 243). The professional society, which General Motors follows, is IEEE while that by PwC is NSPE. I conclude by stating that the ethics policy at PwC is the best when compared to that of General Motors.
Work Cited
Martin, Mike. & Schinzinger, Ronald. Ethics in Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Science, 1996.Print.