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How Iva Toguri D’Aquino Was Treated by Justice Department
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How Iva Toguri D’Aquino Was Treated by Justice Department
Iva Toguri D’Aquino was apprehended by the U.S army authorities because she seemed to have known so much about the US ships and the troops movement. The FBI and Army Counterintelligence wanted to determine if with her participation in the radio, she had violated any crimes against the U.S. With extensive investigation conducted, they did not find any grounds to hold her and there was also insufficient evidence to begin a prosecution and she was thus released. After her release, she wanted to come back to the US but the public was furious since they could not believe a person they believed to be a traitor wanted to come back. Due to the public fury, the Justice Department were convinced that the matter needed to be re-examined, FBI were asked to turn over the investigation records and the progress they had made (FBI, 2016). Many of the recordings had however been destroyed due to the decision not to prosecute Aquino.
The Justice department wanted to get more evidence that would provide enough grounds for prosecution of Aquino. This was done by contacting former soldiers and sailors who would be in a position to identify her voice as well as getting evidence from Japan. With enough evidence to begin a trial and a jury as convened. Her trial began on 5th July and September 29th, 1949 she was found guilty of treason. She was sentenced to ten years in prison and was also fined $10, 000 for the crime. January 28th, 1956, she was released from Federal Reformatory for Women after serving for six years and two months of her sentence. President Gerald Ford pardoned her on January 19th 1977 and she fought against the government efforts of releasing her (Uyeda, 1978). Aquino was treated pretty decently by the American government, her trial was fare and she eventually got pardoned.
References
FBI. Iva Toguri d’Aquino and “Tokyo Rose”. (2016, May 18). Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/iva-toguri-daquino-and-tokyo-rose.
Uyeda, C. I. (1978). The Pardoning of “Tokyo Rose”: A Report on the Restoration of American Citizenship to Iva Ikuko Toguri. Amerasia Journal, 5(2), 69-93.
Advocacy And Mediation
Advocacy And Mediation
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TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc377056926” Mediation in divorced populations PAGEREF _Toc377056926 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377056927” Mediation in cases involving breach of contract PAGEREF _Toc377056927 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377056928” Mediation in Criminal justice department PAGEREF _Toc377056928 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377056929” References PAGEREF _Toc377056929 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377056930” Dispute Resolution Law.Retrieved from http://www.hg.org/adr.html PAGEREF _Toc377056930 h 3
Advocacy and mediation are key aspect in any society and so ethical values are required when one is executing them. Advocacy play a critical role in any society as it assists people in speaking about themselves and make sure that their opinions are heard and understood whereas Mediation is a form of alternative dispute resolution used to resolve problems among people and thus play an important role in promoting social cohesion. In both cases, ethical standards must be upheld where there shouldn’t be any conflict of interest, best services should be offered and good faith in practice must be maintained. Both mediation and advocacy play a critical role in offering human services by promoting representation where people require their opinion to be heard and understood, and promoting conflict resolution.
Mediation in divorced populationsIn the modern society, the rate of divorce has been rising and this has caused intense emotional pain to both the children and divorced couple. Due to this, there has been need for an appropriate way of reducing the conflict among the divorced couples so that they can live a comfortable life after divorce and offer good parental care to the children. Divorce mediation has played a great role in assisting divorced couples part in a peaceful way as it offers a less expensive and friendly option of solving disputed that transpires from divorce. Divorce mediation carried out under the guidance of a mediator assists the divorced partners come to an agreement on how to relate to each other in a less conflicting manner, how to take care of the children and mode of sharing matrimonial properties.
Mediation in cases involving breach of contractIn any society, contracts do exist where two different parties agree on a given issue and each party is required to adhere to a given condition. A Contract may be in form of writing or oral but in community levels, most of the contracts occur through oral agreement. Most of contracts created in community levels are dowry settlements, employee worker agreement and business agreements. In such cases, mediation is important for the feuding parties because it assists reach a consensus without undergoing the tedious process of undergoing court process while at the same time the parties will come to an amicable solution where the breaching party will have to fulfill its side of bargain without under going much expense.
Mediation in Criminal justice departmentVictim offender mediation is among the current mediation practices that involve a meeting between a person who committed crime and the victim of that crime. This mediation process is advantageous in that the victim has the opportunity of confronting his/her offender to understand the situation and facilitate the process of healing. On the other hand, offenders understand the enduring effects of their crime learn the consequences of their criminal acts and may seek forgiveness.
ReferencesGordon &ELIAS Attorneys. (2010)Alternative Dispute Resolution – Guide to Alternative
Dispute Resolution Law.Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.hg.org/adr.html”http://www.hg.org/adr.html
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
Devon county council. (2010)Advocacy. HYPERLINK “http://www.devon.gov.uk/advocacy.htm”http://www.devon.gov.uk/advocacy.htm.
Richard, T.S.(2010).Social service advocacy.retrived from
Lawrence, H. Advocacy in Mediation: Ethics.1999.28 Aug 2010. HYPERLINK “http://www.mccammongroup.com/articles/advocacyinmediation-ethics.asp” http://www.mccammongroup.com/articles/advocacyinmediation-ethics.asp
Jorester,J. Introduction to community and environmental Dispute resolution.2007.28,Aug 2010
How is the male and the female brain different
The difference between the male and the female brain
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How is the male and the female brain different?
The male and the female brain difference has been a public and scientific interest concerning their behavioural differences. The early research shows that the male brain is larger and superior than female brain. When a baby is developing, the hormones that are present affects the brain and determines if the baby will be a male or a female. Scientist studies on the total brain size, the corpus callosum and hypothalamus.
The total brain size
This studies shows that during birth, the boys brain is 12-20% is larger than that girls. It has been recorded that the boys head circumference is 2%larger than that of girl. Despite the head and brain of boys being big, the body weight of both sexes at that age is almost the same. Thus the girl and boy that weigh the same have similar brain sizes.
Differences in the Corpus Callosum
The corpus collasum is the main pathway that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is a fiber track that is made of 250million axons that is divided in split brain patients. Some states that the corpus collasum is more developed and bigger in women than in men while others state differently. Some researcher’s states that there are no differences between men’s or women’s corpus collasum with the use of the magnetic resonance imaging methods (Allen et al., 2003).
Differences in the Hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus has two areas namely the suprachiasmatic nucleus and preoptic which have recorded differences in male and female. The preoptic Area is involved in mating behaviour. The preoptic area of males is more voluminous and has more cells. To be certain, men have about 2times more cells and are 2.2 times larger than women. The difference in this area is seen in girls after a person attains 4years where the number of cells decreases in the nucleus. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus is involved in reproduction cycles and circadian rhythms. The main difference between Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in women and men is the shape. Thus the nucleus in male is shaped like a sphere while in females it is longer. But, the volume and the numbers of cells the same. The shape of suprachiasmatic influences the connection with the other brain areas of the hypothalamus
Women and Men – Boys and Girls
The neurological and behavioural differences between men and women should be done further to find neuroanatomical differences that explains the difference between male and female behaviours. However, the differences in most cognitive behaviours are more related to individual differences than to genders.