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How hurricane Katrina exposed Racism in the US
Racism In USA
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc378197538 h 1How hurricane Katrina exposed Racism in the US PAGEREF _Toc378197539 h 1Discrimination against Hurricane Katrina victims PAGEREF _Toc378197540 h 1Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc378197541 h 6
IntroductionHow hurricane Katrina exposed Racism in the USHurricane Katrina that happened 7 years ago was a natural adversity. Few years following Hurricane Katrina, individuals are still feeling the repercussion and queries of racism. Katrina uncovered racism and division inequality in America, and the way the government failed the citizens in so many aspects. Many black people residing in New Orleans that were affected felt as if they considered themselves as genocide victims compared to what happened to them and the treatment they received after the hurricane. The majority of the affected people were blacks and this paper try to analyze how the victims of the hurricane were discriminated upon because of their race and faced unbearable inequality as a result of their race ethnicity.
Discrimination against Hurricane Katrina victims Various people, particularly the politicians, spoke out insisting that the comparison of the holocaust was inappropriate, as there was no use of any gas chambers utilization. This resulted to many people wondering if the act of racism was in existence without absolute violence. Communities residing in New Orleans insist that individuals died because of utter neglect. This took place because the affected persons were the black race, and so the government neglected them and was not concerned to what happened to them.
In a state that has triumphed over racial discrimination, and is dedicated to equal opportunity for everyone, the allegations do not make sense. The questions asked by many people are the incapability of the regime to protect the vulnerable people. Racial discrimination may have taken place over a decade ago, but the catastrophe brought into the limelight the idea of prejudice and its existence under a pretense of tolerance and recognition.
The Bush government failed the entire country on the course of action they took in dealing with the Hurricane and its neglect is based on the fascination of the government to fight the war in Iraq. The happiness of American citizens was jeopardized after doing away with programs like FEMA and the rising resources for an uncontrolled war.
The disregard started at the higher levels in the Bush administration and came up with ideas on handling the catastrophe. Irresponsibility of the government on the affected Hurricane victims resulted to their immenseness’ suffering.
Hurricane Katrina’s story and the aftermath are a racist government story as well as the nation which is yet of ridding itself entirely on prejudice histories against the black people. Many citizens who come from the United States are in a position of probably agreeing that racism in the United States was defeated or has decreased for the last past years. This is supremely true since now we can see a daughter of the white man marrying the black men, and the white man is just awful okay with it. However, on the other hand, rare do we see white men refusing that they cannot sit subsequently to the black men may be in buses or in airplanes (Giroux & Henry 2006).
Prejudice as well as racism, is entirely two different things which happened in the New Orleans when a person studies all of them but there is a problem when these two things are equated in that it sometimes fails in addressing the facts of racial discrimination which happens not only through intentional of interactions among the people, but also happened as a result coming from deep social as well as the habits and the institutional practices. For this case, one might believe that they have defeat racism as a result of not seeing it in one’s life, prejudice is known as to be something that is embedded in a culture, prejudice had been shown severally more than people had seen when Katrina had happened in a long period of time.
The book Hurricane Katrina, and the Color of Disaster gives discussions on how men as well as, the women used to hunt for food, clothing which would keep them warmth and water, from all these, only one thing kept them to continue going and this was only the prospect of the rescue by their own governments. But also the only government who showed themselves was those police who went after them in order to carry out looting. Many of the colors were presented in multicultural stews which were full of sufferings, though the dominant colors which were presented, were black. For some people who were from other countries sat back watching the unfold disaster on the televisions while nestling in their houses which were unusually warm, thinking that what they were seeing happening was something from the third-world country, may be something which was happening somewhere in the areas of India. To those people who sat back at home watching this happening it was like a baffling to people thinking that it could be happening in United States since it could be for those people living in New Orleans. It created a cognitive dissonance which was unexpected as well as unsettled to people throughout United States.
Though, it was particularly distressing enough witnessing the failures in the government responding to the desperate people crying and scrawling on tattered roofs and flooded homes, but Hurricane Katrina the violent winds as well as killings waters continue sweeping into mainstreams of a stark realization, mostly the poor who were abandoned by the society as well as its institutions.
There were supplementary factors witnessed in this enormous disaster as well, the sluggish response by the government resulted to the death of many people after the hurricane. The government had information of the impending hurricane, but did nothing to avert the suffering of the victims.
A country that seemed capable portrayed inexperience when dealing with the calamity. Although the hurricane damage took place in the suburb areas and not the city, the important question was the capability of the government in rescuing the victims if they were positioned on rooftops in Hampton. Racism is diverse from discrimination because it is concealed; as Americans thought that it was something of the past in their history. The cause of the regime ignoring the request from the wounded in the city of New Orleans was maybe because of the people affected by the problem. The government showed the image that the individuals affected were not important to the Bush regime (Richard & Gavin, 2008).
It is debatable that Bush government refused to respond as it had its priority on some other issues such as anti-terrorism. Bush formed the unit of Homeland defense, using a lot of money ensuring that the country was secure from Osama but ignored to channel the money into authentic programs that would help the American people when hit by the calamity. FEMA financial support had been reduced as evident in Bush government indifference as it no longer enjoyed attention to normal disaster. Political cronies were using the agency pinnacle as a branch for political cronies, with no capability. When the hurricane struck the highest authority in the agency, was occupied with individuals with little understanding on such a disaster.
Most victims of the Katrina blamed the local, the federal governments that they did not react in time as well as states. A Democrat by the name Louisiana Senator Mary Landrieu who had the bill of congress for many years to help building of the New Orleans’ defense though it is said to be shelved by Republican controlled Congress in favor of the pork barrels politics.
The collapse of New Orleans was blamed on the obsession and war in Iraq as well as the war against the terrorism of the Republicans. Although the local as well as the state government failed the New Orleans people but still the blames still goes to the government federal this is because the president was the one who declares the area as an area of a disaster giving the FEMA authority to enter in that area.
The media also played a usual role by veiling truths of what is happening in the new Orleans. Much news in the New Orleans showed pictures which were false as well as misleading: the images of the whites who were busy scavenging for the food who were given names like the survivors while the blacks doing likewise were called the looters. Media deliberately were trying to fix the images of the black predation in the nation’s unconscious. It may be extremely true that some people were pilfering, these were not just the blacks; but it was the whites who stole blacks share of the goods while the blacks were just looking for food in order for them to survive as the same as the whites. The media also gave people the ideas that the blacks who were staying behind were known to be thieves, hence taking an advantage of the desperate situations (Giroux &Henry, 2006).
There is only one question which seemed to be raised during the media attentions and the question was all about the people leaving if things were so knackered. The truth that came out was that, most people who were stuck was because they did not have ways of getting out from the stuck. People who were terribly poor did not have the luxury of being with a dependable car. These people were called as” those who chosen to stay behind”. Those white people who wanted to leave were both said to be extremely sensible as well as cautious (Troutt & David, 2006).
New Orleans which was one of multifaceted American cities, cultured and ancient had many of its populace dispersed, dead and uncounted. A wave of disgust swept over the nation because of the state reaction to the ruin. A CNN poll demonstrated 60% of those interviewed b who were black believed that racial discrimination was the key cause behind the late response of the administration. On the other hand, 12% of the white population alleged that it was the basic motive. This difference in ideologies could be connected to the proposal that whites ignore the intolerance in this state; it is a throbbing history that all the races in America want to forget. The reason the white community wants to forget the whole ordeal because of the feelings of blame and disgrace.
ConclusionEven though, majority of the white race in the contemporary today are not openly accountable for the racialist actions in the past. Insisting that the administration late response was a racial issue, brings the topic in the limelight as the white race argue that racism do not exist in their country. What took place after the hurricane proves that racism still exist in America, as well as there is a general ignorance of the poor people from the government. This is portrayed in terms of the administration attitude and irresponsibility to cater for individuals needs in times of a disaster. The government spent a lot of money and time fighting tyranny in other nations, yet repression in America is still widespread.
Work Cited
Bates, Kristin Ann, and Richelle S. Swan. Through the eye of Katrina: social justice in the United States. New York. Carolina Academic Press, 2007. Print.
Cutter, Susan. “The geography of social vulnerability: Race, class, and catastrophe”. Understanding Katrina. 2006.
Giroux, Henry A.. Stormy weather: Katrina and the politics of disposability.
New York. Paradigm Publishers, 2006. Print
Retrieved on December 16, 2008 from,http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Cutter/
Richard, Gavin. Katrina: eyes have not seen, ears have not heard. New York AuthorHouse, 2008. Print.
Troutt, David Dante. After the storm: Black intellectuals explore the meaning of Hurricane Katrina. New York: New Press: 2006. Print.
Exploring the Blogosphere
Literature
Students NameInstitution of Affiliation
Course Title
Date
Exploring the Blogosphere
My blog focuses on politics, and therefore it’s a political blog. It’s about the Illinois governor urging supporters to withdraw their support from the Nazi GOP candidate, a blog written by Cristina Cabrera on July 4, 2018. The blog targets the voters to whom are addressed by the governor and is obtained from the website http://talkingpointsmemo.com/. In the comparison of the blog and a news story, the blog more focuses on second-hand information about the onions of others while the news story is more of firsthand information with more details than the blog.
From the posts studied, I feel that the blogger lacks sufficient knowledge and experience regarding the subject of politics. The reason behind is that he quotes directly from the source of his message and most of the message is paraphrased for example: “The one thing I will say is the person, that guy, Johnson or whatever his name is, should not be on the ballot,” said the Illinois governor. To me, I would say that I trust the blogger though some people may differ with my opinion in that he might lack creativity, but as well the message has been delivered. According to the blog, the audience of the message is the voters, and the direct quotations have a higher impact of convincing the readers and thus more effective.
Concerning the overall design and look, the blogs don’t seem to be more appealing as they are cluttered with ads and other types of distracting websites that even may lead the reader to a different site other than the one he/ she had previously sought. If I were to make some improvements regarding design, the first thing I would enforce the appearance of the content, from scattered to more arranged design in simple paragraphs that are easy to comprehend. Again, I would reduce the number of ads in the blog or place them at the bottom of the blog. The more the ads, the more irritating and incomprehensible the blog is and therefore a reduction would be of great significance.
The blog allows for both positive and negative comment from the readers. The comments are influenced by the type of the message being communicated by the blogger. If it regards to a positive sensation to the people, then the comments from the audience will be positive while the negative message will attract a negative message from the audience. For example, in the case for the urge to withdraw support from the Nazi GOP candidate, the supporters of the governor will have positive comments while those from the Nazi candidate will feel frustrated and comment negatively.
Upon reading the blog, one thing I enjoyed is the short phrases from the blogger that passed a quick message regarding the topic at hand. From the heading, I was able to understand what the blog was about for example ‘Illinois Gov Says Voters Shouldn’t Support Dem over Nazi GOP Candidate’ and therefore new direct it was political. Among the things that I disliked from the blog is that it was too short and full of paraphrasing and direct quotations making it boring. Some of the points omitted are that the blogger would have provided a recap on what was going on to the extent of making the governor insist for the withdrawal of the voters’ support. In real life, the life gaps are not well addressed and therefore full of inadequacies.
A favorite blog was that of Illinois governor asking voters to withdraw support for the Nazi GOP candidate, and it stood out of the rest as it addressed the issues of democracy making the blog to be relevant. The politicians should not tell the voters on what to do despite being granted the freedom of speech and expression. The blog sells an idea and not a product, and the idea being sold is that of the Illinois governor of asking voters to withdraw their support. In the selling of this idea, the governor benefited concerning the message reached more audience from the blog compared to the time the speech was delivered.
Work Cited
Cabrera, C. LIVEWIRE: Retrieved from: https://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/illinois-governor-nazi-gop-candidate-arthur-jones. 2018.
Does Advertisement Expenditure in Toyota Influence its Sales and Profits (2)
Does Advertisement Expenditure in Toyota Influence its Sales and Profits?
Business Problem Analysis
Advertising increases the visibility of a company’s products and services. In 1937, Toyota was formed. (Nusran et al., 2018). Since then, it has grown from a little local firm to a worldwide automobile competitor. The company is present in all local markets. Toyota reaches its target market using the four Ps (Itsuki, 2021). When making selections, the prosperous corporation Toyota considers a range of customers and local and regional marketplaces. As a consequence, the marketing mix of the firm has been adjusted. Toyota’s international success is a result of its marketing mix (Madoh, Alenazi, Alkhamees, & Panwar, 2019). Numerous strategies have contributed to the organization’s development and success. The company’s success may be attributed to its solid internal structure, friendly HR staff, exceptional customer contacts, and favorable public image.
This study investigates if Toyota’s marketing expenditures impact sales and profitability. Due to Toyota’s worldwide success, Nusran et al. (2018) and Madoh et al. (2019) assert that the company’s advertising expenditures are of little long-term significance. Others assert that the corporation still uses advertising to penetrate new markets, acquire new clients, and retain old ones (Anand, Singhal, & Singh, 2020). Increases or decreases in advertising expenditures, as well as changes in sales and profits based on advertising expenditures, are required to examine a business problem.
The research questions are as follows:
Does an increase in advertisement expenditure influence annual profits for Toyota?
Will a decrease in advertisement expenditure influence the annual sales for Toyota?
How does an increase in advertisement expenditure influence annual sales for Toyota?
What impact does a decrease in advertisement have on annual profits for Toyota?
Literature Review
Role of Advertising
Advertising employs mass media to convey impersonal information about a company to its intended audience. It also provides details on a popular product or service (Nikbin et al., 2021). This is done through persuading and educating consumers about the benefits of the products, which impacts their decisions. Shah (2018) adds that doing so boosts brand or product exposure. Advertising educates and persuades customers to buy items and services. Advertising affects consumer finances in many ways. Advertising may boost a product’s sales. It’s been key to the growth of numerous firms in recent years (Karray, Martn-Herrán, & Sigué, 2021). When there are no concerns, a corporation may deploy more efficient and productive technology while educating workers on the new tools. Creating a culture of collaboration and open communication may help. This boosts a company’s growth and functioning.
Impact of Advertisements on Sales Volume
In today’s brutally competitive commercial business, customers are seen as the most important factor in a brand’s success. Customers have market power because they have so many alternatives (Karray, Martn-Herrán, & Sigué, 2021). They may make decisions, affecting product size, pricing, and quality (Joshi & Hanssens, 2018). Manufacturers must satisfy customer expectations to stay ahead of the competition. Advertising and sales promotion are two important commercial communication methods. Both sorts effect customers’ attention and a company’s reputation. Advertising and sales promotions are effective for selling a brand.
Depending on its marketing aims, a company’s income may vary immediately or over time. Long-term brand management advertising delivers higher sales and profits over time than short-term sales promotions (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018a) (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018b). Short-term sales efforts frequently enhance sales, despite common opinion (Katole, 2020). Money earned and things sold are used to measure a transaction’s success. If a company’s sales are rising, this typically means that it is becoming more lucrative or that demand and sales are rising (Anagnostopoulou et al., 2019). Increased money may be used to develop the company. Promotions and advertising may boost sales. Increasing sales has this benefit.
Advertising a product significantly affects its sales. Consumers generally choose items based on what they’ve seen, heard, or used (Al Badi, 2018). Advertising helps marketers and producers to reach a dispersed target audience. Research reveals that a product or service’s promotion must attract repeat business from customers to prevent giving competitors an advantage. This eliminates the competition’s edge (Hoekstra & Leeflang, 2020). Customers become more loyal to the brand, and the products get individuality. Advertisers create brands and moments to attract the audience’s attention and encourage them to buy their product or service.
Impact of Advertisements on Profitability
Researchers observed two functions in corporate advertising. First, a firm loses money every time it advertises (Joshi & Hanssens, 2018). If the marketing was effective, the firm will produce income (Ou et al., 2018). Both acts affect the accounting method, highlighting the necessity for proper categorization to sustain a company’s financial health. Advertising is frequently reduced into a few basic accounts, and remaining current is easy (Huang & Radighieri, 2021). Advertising will raise total revenue, which will reduce fixed expenses and enhance net profits (Madoh et al., 2019). Short-term profit margins won’t likely rise. Because a profit margin is calculated by subtracting the selling price from the cost of items sold, it’s difficult to change this amount via marketing. Since most companies spend money on advertising for this reason, it seems sense that it would affect sales. No one knows which corporations spend the most on advertising. A firm with larger sales income may spend more on advertising than one with lower sales revenue. 74% of advertising will result in lucrative sales if done effectively (Anand, Singhal, & Singh, 2020). Advertising a company’s products or services is risk-free. TV is considered “safe” owing to its short- and long-term advertising income possibilities (Anand, Singhal, & Singh, 2020). 72% of TV ad campaigns are profitable, according to a survey.
Descriptive Analysis of Relevant Existing Data
Revenue versus Advertising Budget
A corporation should prioritize revenue and client growth. A firm must sell enough of its own items to pay its overhead expenses and then make a profit. Developing a financial strategy and bringing in money for companies and organizations starts with estimating future sales. It must be specified before manufacturing units may be created, and production units select what materials to buy (Shah, 2018). Many company owners and managers find it difficult to evaluate sales. Toyota can’t influence the choices of consumers beyond its area of influence. Dekimpe and Hanssens (2018b) found it difficult to forecast expectations in such a setting. Because sales are vital to a company’s capacity to continue in business and there is a link between customers and sales, it makes sense for Toyota to engage in activities that may induce consumers to purchase their goods. Branding and advertising are important because they raise awareness about a brand, new items, or the business (Hoekstra & Leeflang, 2020). Advertising is one of four components of the marketing mix’s promotion mix. The item’s price, location, and value are the others. Advertising, a subcategory of marketing strategy, improves customers’ product awareness and impacts how they assess a product before buying.
Advertising as Value Adding
Advertising allows company owners to employ public relations, sales promotion, and advertising. Information presented in communication must be as simple as possible for recipients to understand it. Advertising is a compensated, impersonal engagement that for-profit firms, non-profit organizations, and people employ to convey a business pitch to target audiences (Karray, Martn-Herrán, & Sigué, 2021). Huang and Radighieri say advertising targets identified organizations that wish to educate or persuade a certain audience (2021). The creators of this definition examined advertising’s objective, utilization of resources (financial and non-financial), and other marketing-related characteristics. Advertising raises consumers’ awareness of a product or service and encourages them to buy it, according to Nusran et al. (2018). Advertising is non-personal communication via paid media with obvious sponsorship, according to Karray, Martn-Herrán, and Sigué (2022). Advertising is one of four primary channels organizations use to sell their goods and services. Advertising aims to change prospective consumers’ impressions of a firm and its products or services, according to Dekimpe and Hanssens (2018a). Advertising gives information, directs desire, and offers reasons to pick one organization’s offer over another.
Toyota’s Advertising Budget Compared to Returns
Toyota Motor Corporation spent 470 billion Japanese yen on advertising and sales promotion in fiscal year 2019, which started in April 2019 and ends in March 2020. As seen in figures 1 and 2, the statistics have been declining.
Figure 1: Toyota Global Advertising Expenditure 2017-2020 (Source: Statista.com, 2022)
Toyota spent about $1.4 billion on U.S. advertising in 2020. The company spent second-most on advertising among the top five automakers that year, behind GM but ahead of Ford. Toyota Group spent almost $100 million on national TV, print, and online advertising in the preceding year. They spend in upmarket ad units and marketed on 200 media outlets last year. Toyota Motor released 20 new products last year. Figure 2 compares firm performance from 2007-2020.
Figure 2: Toyota US Market Advertising Expenditure 2007-2020
Source: statista.com (2022)
Comparatively, with the reduction in advertising spending from 2017, Toyota Motors saw a sharp decline in net margins since the same period.
Figure 3: Fluctuating net income margins at Toyota due to reduced ad spending
Source: Nasdaq.com
The proportion of revenue kept as profit climbed from 6.6% in 2017 to 8.5% in 2018, but then dropped to 6.2% in 2019 due to lower advertising expenditures (Nasdaq.com, 2022). Toyota expects its operating profit to drop by 20% to 2.5 trillion yen for the current fiscal year due to their reduced advertising spend (Nasdaq.com, 2022).
In October 2021, TV ad impressions dropped from 28 billion to 26 billion (statista.com, 2022). Toyota spent $40 million in the U.S., more than any other automaker (statista.com, 2022). Over 82% of Toyota’s national TV ad expenditure went to the NFL, followed by MLB and NBA events (statista.com, 2022). Toyota’s October 2021 spending rose 65% from October 2020, the largest of any major automaker. Toyota’s social media budget is 62% Facebook (statista.com, 2022).
When a firm like Toyota spends millions on marketing and advertising, it’s sensible to investigate how these expenditures effect its bottom line. As markets gain strength, academics and businesspeople are becoming more aware of how communication tactics like advertising affect corporate value (Miller et al., 2021). Real-world research shows that advertising affect customers’ purchasing decisions (Shah, 2018). A customer considers “value” while making a purchasing choice. This might be savings or other advantages. Customers expect to make a profit (price-to-value) (Nusran et al., 2018). Customers want every kobo to be worth it. Marketers that believe advertising will boost their bottom line invest. Businesses must spend a lot of money on advertising, therefore this is anticipated. The corporation may gain improved earnings or sales (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018a). Toyota spends millions annually on PR and advertising to market its goods and services. This money will likely be used for advertising. Nikbin et al. (2021) note that marketers should expect a return on their investment. Their confidence originates from the belief that marketing techniques will affect market performance and corporate income. This drives them. Katole (2020) says advertising effectiveness might imply various things in different places. These people may be scattered.
Measures have been established to examine and quantify brand awareness and consumer loyalty in the market (Dekimpe & Hanssens, 2018b). The AIDA or one of its versions has been utilized in study since the early 1900s. Joshi and Hanssens (2018) say few studies have examined sales and profitability volatility. At first view, it seems Toyota mistreated consumers and marketplaces in various areas of the globe to test these elements. It’s crucial to investigate the relationship between Toyota’s marketing spending and its revenue.
Research Design
Survey Method
This research study includes secondary data and is organised by causality. This research aims to determine whether there is a link between Toyota Motor’s advertising spending, sales, and after-tax profits from its products. This study’s secondary data will come from the companies’ annual reports. Primary and secondary data vary beyond the source utilized and whether the material has been seen before. When choosing an analysis, it’s vital to examine how these two forms of data might vary. “Raw data” refers to original research material that may be structured in many ways dependent on the study’s aims. Secondary data is typically supplied in a manner not designed for study. Secondary data has likely been sorted or processed before.
Secondary data collection is quicker and simpler than primary data collection. By avoiding the preparation process, researchers save time. Since they don’t have to find and use original resources, researchers may concentrate on the study’s aims. Secondary research frequently has the lowest costs. Building and maintaining a large number of sensors that can capture a lot of data, as well as putting up focus groups and paying individuals to interview persons of interest, may be expensive. Secondary data is typically free. All relevant information has been accumulated and is available in public locations like libraries. Even if these data are insufficient and you need to pay data providers or obtain secondary data, this strategy is cheaper than acquiring first-hand knowledge. Clean up secondary data before utilizing it for critical purposes. This means certain data quality standards have been satisfied. All requirements may be met. Primary data gathering alone won’t solve all data quality issues. Researchers must spend additional time and energy cleaning. Secondary data is typically arranged in a manner that doesn’t satisfy the demands of the current secondary study. It’s easy to read and comprehend, which saves time. Researchers might gather a little amount of primary data before starting the study. Secondary data aren’t limited. Secondary sources have more information than one person can analyze in a lifetime. Secondary data researchers have several venues to go for information.
Sampling Design
Secondary sampling designs are used to acquire data or other information following initial sampling methods. Secondary sample designs aim to improve model or selection quality in ways not achievable before. Secondary designs are model- or point-based (sample or spatial model). “Judgmental sampling” will be used. This primary or secondary layout gives the user total flexibility over sample placement. Some goals are hard to automate, thus it’s occasionally vital to follow an expert’s advice. Using this sampling strategy is easy since the researcher’s skills are crucial and there are no extra hassles. Thanks to the design, researchers may speak directly with their targets. Only the researcher’s choices are considered when choosing a sample. Because of this, the research can target the right people and acquire the desired results.
References
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