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Do video games really affect childrens behavior
Do video games really affect children’s behavior?
The introduction of video games is a direct result of the continued globalization brought about by technology. Most of the westernized countries have resulted to buying their children n video games as a form of entertainment. This periodic use of video games has effects on conduct of children. The relationship of the behavior of children and video games display a proportional outcome. Some of these effects pose as risks to the children and their neighboring environment. The discussion on the use of video games is thus ideal in that it seeks to determine the fate of video game users.
Introduction
Video games have been introduced to the world more than thirty years ago. This type of games consists of computer games that are programmed to entertain players with the aid of a remote control. Video games come in all shapes and sizes depending on the content of the games. The introduction of video games changed the dynamics of the society in terms of interaction and communication. Children are the principle consumers of video games. Over the years users of videogames have developed some characteristics that question their validity. It is thus up to the society to determine the dangers that come with the use of video games.
The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of the effects of the use of video games in children. The paper offers an introduction in form of an abstract that provides a brief on the content of the paper. The paper further looks into the question on whether video games indeed affect the lifestyle of children.
Before the age of video games, children ion passed their time by playing outdoor games. These types of games are credited for their ability to improve social skills, critical thinking and cognitive abilities. The introduction of globalization has impacted significantly on the lifestyle of the present society. One of the factors that resulted from globalization is the innovation of all forms of technology. Technology is used by society to make their life easier. Most of the industries have as a result changed their approach on technology by embracing new innovations. This can be seen in sectors such as education, politics, healthcare and entertainment. Entertainment is essential as an aspect of social cultural activities. All communities ensure that they take time of their busy schedule to focus of leisure. Children however do not have as much responsibilities compared to their parents. This has made them the target for sale of movies, the internet and video games.
Video games often depict a certain character that children can identify with. Most of the stars are super heroes who feature in comic books or cartoons. This is essential in that it gives a childe a sense of belonging. Like any other game, video games have certain effect on the children who use them. These effects pose as advantages or disadvantages to the growth and development of a child. Various professionals have made a point by conducting research on the effect of video games on children. These results have made parents question the use of video games as a form of entertainment.
One of the claims linked to the use of video games is the adaptation of violent behavior. A high percentage of the games in the market are reflective of violent movies and comics. These games are themed on challenging members of opposing sides so as to determine the victorious party. Children are said to have challengers from different parts of the globe. One of the qualities that make the use of video games questionable is its addictive nature. Extreme cases of video game abuse have reported that children do not leave their chair from the time they start their day. These children obsess over the games to the point that they cannot take part in other activities. Involving oneself in one social situation is not ideal in that it denies a person the change to engage in other activities. This factor is worse when it comes to children due to the fact that their brains are still developing. Parents whose children have fallen prey to these circumstances blame the pivotal rate that marketers and producers for the flood of new games. These new and improved games give users more reason to choose video games as their number one source of entertainment.
As stated earlier, video games are violent in nature. Most of the children who play video games on a regular basis display psycho social defects amongst their peers. One of the effects is the lack of communication skills when placed in a social environment. Such children may become violent if provoked by their peers. This is credited to the lack of knowledge on how to handle stressful situations in a social environment. Research indicates that children who use these games on a regular basis pick up the violent habits and transfer them to other arenas. This is not ideal due to the risk it exposes other children.
One of the advantages that research has shown in relation to the use of videogames is the fast development of the brain. Children adopt a skill that allows them think reason and think faster than the average child. Video games also shape children to develop more creative ideas which can be use in the future.
A majority of children who bury themselves in the world of video games are known to have some similar characteristics. These children often complain of being left out by their peers in school and playgrounds. This factor more often than not initiates an attitude that secludes the child from the rest of the environments. Such children are said to be needs and geeks in that they do not cope well when socializing. They instead transfer their efforts to school work and the use of the computer during their free time.
The use of video games provides a different form of entertainment. This entertainment is addictive and as a result forces children to behave a certain way. Video games come with advantages and disadvantage in regard to the outcome of a child’s wellbeing. A close look at the argument s made on the effect of video games proves that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. It is thus up to all members of the community to approach this matter more keenly. The paper does not seek to stop the use of video games as a pastime. Instead it encourages the observation of moderation so as to reduce on the disadvantages that come with the trade.
References
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001) Effects ofviolent videogames on aggressive behavior, aggressive
Anderson, C. A., Buckley, K. E., & Gentile, D. A. (2007). Violent video game effects on children and adolescents: Theory, research, and public policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, andprosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific
literature, Psychological Science, 12, 353-359.
Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (2008). Child and adolescent development: An advanced course. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Gentile, D. A. (2003). Media violence and children: A complete guide for parents and professionals. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Praeger.
Great Britain. (2008). Harmful content on the internet and in video games: Tenth report of session 2007-08. London: TSO.
Stoff, D. M., Breiling, J., & Maser, J. D. (1997). Handbook of antisocial behavior. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
Zuckerman, B. S., Augustyn, M., & Caronna, E. B. (2011). The Zuckerman Parker handbook of developmental and behavioral pediatrics for primary care. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.
Exploitation of child labor in Asia within multinational organizations
Exploitation of child labor in Asia within multinational organizations
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Introduction
According to Arnold and Hartman 2005, controversies on child global labor practices are raising various concerns. Various scholars and critics seek regulations to control child labor in various multinational organizations (Arnold and Hartman 2005). Due to diversification and internationalization of organizations, various companies tend to keep their production costs low. According to Neumayer and Soysa 2005, the internationalization skeptics argue that enhanced market access and trade openness encourage under-developed countries to reduce their labor costs and one method is through child labor. This is a reason to argue that globalization has various negative repercussions on children in Asian countries. This paper assesses the exploitation of child labor in Asia within multinational organizations. This paper, therefore, examines various effects of child labor of multinational organizations on production wages and working conditions in Asia. This paper is important in following various concerns on whether or not multinational companies are exploitative, pay low wages, subject employees to forceful labor, have unsafe working environment, and unhealthy conditions (Brown et al., 2002).
Arat 2002 asserts that child labor has been disadvantageous on various counts, ranging from health, welfare and child’s physical integrity as well as wages. According to ILO 2002’s statistics (globally), about 211 million children between five to fourteen years have participated in given some economic activities. However, only 25 million children among these are considered of right age. According to statements by Basu 1999, Grote et al, 1998 and Srinivasan 1998, the effects of globalization raised various public and academic debates, and have also evoked passions since it has brought together individuals concerned about child labor exploitation.
Increased trade openness in various Asian countries, characterized by unskilled labor, does not only have effects on child labor but also effects on income.
Rodriguez and Robrik 2000 argue that even if liberalization in developing countries does not contribute positively to a country’s economic growth, it raises relative return of forced labor. The availability of jobs for children can reduce schooling, assuming that school and children’s leisure respond positively to price change. In fact, Basu and Van 1998 state that there exists a possibility of multiple equilibria in labor market in developing countries. Suppose the income the parents feel that the income effect is strong, they will see no need to take their children to school and when the income effect is weak, the substitute school to work. To argue, internalization might create two equilibria, between high and low-skilled workforce. Low-skilled workforce will occur when many children are sent to work, while high-skilled workforce is when many students are sent to school. Becker 1997 asserts that through globalization, developing countries for example Asia countries can have an inducement to devote in education. The trade openness in Asian countries could have therefore led to decreased child labor incident.
The other reason for increased incidence of child labor in Asia, as Ranjan 2001 and Jafarey and Lahiri 2002 argue, is through enhanced credit access and low interest rates. The reduced interest and easy credit access makes education loss value and therefore increased child labor as many employees are needed. Various scholars like Arnold and Hartmann 2005 have however argued against the assertions disadvantages of possible and increased child labor. According to the two scholars, child labor exploitation allows undeveloped nations to enlarge their export activities and enhance their economies. Arnold and Hartmann 2005 assert that through economic growth, more jobs are created resulting to tightening of labor market and therefore prompting organizations and business to improve workforce’s working conditions so as to attract more employees. This is contrary to various scholars’ arguments that increased trade leads to increase labor demand and more companies, in seek of cheap labor, employ children. In their arguments, Arnold and Hartmann 2005 claim that internalization increases company’s success and assist in improving the working environments. The trade openness further provides undeveloped countries with easy access to cheap products and services, and as a result, creating opportunities of exploiting cost advantage in external markets. Jim 2002 is of similar argument as he empathizes that it is through globalization that a company is able to better workforce.
Determinants of child labor in Asia
It is shocking in various Asian countries that parents send their children to work instead of school (Neumayer and Soysa, 2005). However, Grootaert and Kanbur 1995 argue that it is improvised parents that engage in this act for the family’s sustenance. Poverty has been responsible for creating various child labors in Asian countries (Ahmed 1999).
Though various parents do not like having their children work full-time, extreme poverty has pushed various parents to consider having full time employment for their children. The extra income brought by the children is important for family’s sustenance. In Asia and as witnessed globally, according to Baland and Robinson 2000, due to limited access to credit for poor families, they are not able to get capital for their family maintenance and so send their kids to work. In the start, it acts as temporary work but eventually, as family demand increase, children ought o have it as full employment. In given cases, Neumayer and Soysa 2005 explain that some children loss interest in school, or even lose their school capabilities to go on with schooling. As argued by Neumayer and Soysa 2005 and other scholars, poverty is the main factor resulting to child labor.
Though secondary to poverty, the costs of schooling and conditions and the availability of other options in life have also increased incidences of child labor. In specific, the family’s opinion to send a child to school or to work highly depends on the available options. Contrary to this, Basu and Tzannatos 2003 state that in various developing countries, there are higher chances of educated parents having their children acquire higher education. This opens a possibility of only selected few attain given educational level and standard. As argued above, any factors that deter education increased chances of child labor. The open trade and internalization in the undeveloped countries can lead or decrease chances of child labor depending on the parental perfection. However, the increased job openings an opportunity in the market also leads to increased child labor as more improvised parents tend to send their children work rather than school.
The other factor that enhances child labor is availability of many money-earning opportunities in the rural areas. Ahmed and ILO 2002a argue that in rural areas, the existence of agricultural activities acts as incentives for children to engage in child labor. In Bangladesh it is approximated that more than 80% of economically active workforce (majorly children) are working in agricultural sector similar to India in other Southern Asian countries. In rural areas, educational standards tend to be poor and poor chances of getting formal employment in rural areas also encourage children to take a role in life. Additionally, parents and family members in the rural areas, majority, have low educational levels and thus little encouragement to their children (Edmonds and Pavcnik 2002). Lopez-Calva 2001 also notes that in rural areas, cultural and social norms are more traditional and so high chances o acceptability and child labor.
The other reason for increased child labor is due to their cheapness. Various organizations in increasing their profitability by reducing production costs tend to employ children to reduce the labor cost. Children are also preferred because of their less demand for other services and rights like getting pension and medical insurance. Children are also believed to be tolerant to bad working condition (Bachman 2000).
It is evident through the analysis that through increased trade openness, the high workforce demand has led to increased child labor. Additionally, due to internalization, the stiff competition has led to decreased prices and thus the need for companies to lower their production costs. One method employed in lowering production cost is decreasing labor cost and some organizations have employed instead. One of the greatest disadvantages of child labor is decreased product and service quality. Majority of children are inexperienced and so compromise the product qualities. Children are less productive compared to experienced workers.
Conclusion
The process of internationalization cannot be directly assumed to contribute to increased child labor. Globalization somehow enforces poverty. Child labor is a symptom of sincere poverty. Finally, it can be said that there exists a connection between globalization and child labor. Internalization is a process enforced by various companies in their attempts to maximize their profit and customer base.
Although child labor force participation is highest in Africa, Asia contains the largest number of child workers. According to ILO, more than 300 million under aged workforces are in between ages of five to fourteen years old children contribute to 21.6 million or child workers. Regardless of the critics of internalizations, there are various advantages that globalization has offered to the job market. It is through globalization that labor market has been improved. Various companies have been formed to improve their conditions and wages to compete the international companies. Through various redesigns of company’s operational strategies, various jobs have also been created and thus its importance.
References
Arnold, D. G., & Hartman, L. P. (2005). Beyond sweatshops: positive deviancy and global labor
practices. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14(3), 206-222.
Arnold and Hartman, 2005. “What’s Wrong With Pro-Sweatshop Arguments?”
Arat Z.F (2002). Analyzing child labor as a human rights issue: its causes, aggravating policies,
and alternative proposals. Human Rights Quarterly, 24, 177-204.
Bachman, L. (2000). A new economics of child labor: searching for answers behind the
headlines. Journal of International Affairs, 53, 545-572.
Balad, J.M & Robinso, J.A (2000). Is child labor inefficient?. Journal of Political Economy,
108., 663-679.
Basu, K. & Tzannatos, Z. (2003). The global child labor problem: what do we know and what
can we do? World Bank economic review, 17, 147-173.Basu, K., & Van, P.H (1998). The conomics of child labor. American Economic review, 88, 412-
427.
Brown D., Stern M., and Deardorff V., 2002. The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages
and Working Conditions in Developing Countries. Publisher University of Chicago Press.Grote, U., & Basu, A., & Weinhold, D. (1998). Child labor and the international policy debate:
the education/child labor tradeoff and the consequences of trade sanctions. Center if
development Research, University of Bonn.
ILO (2002a). A future without child labor. Geneva: International labor organization.
ILO (2002b). Every child counts-new global estimates on child labor. Geneva. International
labor organization.
Jim A., 2002. “Competing in the Global Economy: An Interview with Michael E. Porter,”
Leading Research: 2, 4 (2002).
Lopez-Calva, L.F (2001). Child labor: myths, theories and facts. Journal of International Affairs,
55, 59-73.
Rodrigues, F., & Rodrick, D. (2000). Trade policy and economic growth: a skeptic’s guide to the
cross-national evidence. University of Maryland and Harvard University.Neumayer, E., & De Soysa, I. (2005). Trade openness, foreign direct investment and child labor.
World development, 33(1), 43-63.
How experience affects the roles of individuals presented in the video
Experiences
Today, the entertainment industry continues to witness a growing market competition due to globalisation; hence, work experience can provide an added advantage to the industry. Having experience of working in a movie industry can help develop superb opportunities in overcoming these competitions and gaining valuable vision into areas of future production. Film companies are looking for film-crew that can offer an outstanding contribution in their products. Most film companies are interested on how one can relate his/her experience to their entertainment project. Therefore, this article will outline how experience affects the roles of individuals presented in the video.
The producer is in charge of the entire project, and is held responsible for the failure or success of the project. He has to guide and organize the project into a successful film. Hence, s/he should be a good businessperson, motivator, strategists and creative visionaries, with the ability to address potential challenges before they emerge. The director, on the other hand, is responsible for interpreting the script and unifying the models into something that shoulders his/her nod. The director needs enough experience so as to lead and supervise the film-crew, ensure they do what right and maintain good terms with them.
The director of photography is charged with photography quality maintenance and the cinematic appearance of the movie. According to Michael Croce, in the video, his duty includes transforming the director’s concepts into visual images, and therefore, with no better experience, it would difficult to realize this fact. The production-coordinators prepare, update and distribute crew lists, and they issue movement orders, script changes and daily progress reports. They manage production unit based on the guidelines laid-out by the production office. According to Robert Bruzio, director/producer, it is the sole responsibility of Giancarlo LoRusso, production-coordinator, to protect him against any external obstacle.
Generally, according to Robert Bruzio and Giancarlo Lorusso the film project has several challenges that require a lot of experience to handle. Such challenges include time differences where some foxes want to leave earlier, how to develop a better product, and how one’s budgetary dollars for maximum production value maximise. While for Michael Croce, challenges include realizing the Director’s demands, and more time-consumption on how to visualize the director’s ideas and visions. Therefore, work-experience is something good for the success of any business.
Reference
Rebecca Arslanian. “Field Study: Robert Bruzio (Managing Entertainment Projects)”. YouTube n.d. web 2 December, 2013. < http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2mikGizxawHYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2mikGizxaw&feature=em-upload_owner&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2mikGizxaw%26feature%3Dem-upload_owner&app=desktop”&HYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2mikGizxaw&feature=em-upload_owner&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2mikGizxaw%26feature%3Dem-upload_owner&app=desktop”feature=em-upload_ownerHYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2mikGizxaw&feature=em-upload_owner&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2mikGizxaw%26feature%3Dem-upload_owner&app=desktop”&HYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2mikGizxaw&feature=em-upload_owner&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2mikGizxaw%26feature%3Dem-upload_owner&app=desktop”desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2mikGizxaw%26feature%3Dem-upload_ownerHYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2mikGizxaw&feature=em-upload_owner&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2mikGizxaw%26feature%3Dem-upload_owner&app=desktop”&HYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2mikGizxaw&feature=em-upload_owner&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2mikGizxaw%26feature%3Dem-upload_owner&app=desktop”app=desktop>