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DNA and Biological Evidence Outline
DNA and Biological Evidence Outline
Students Name
Institution Affiliation
Course Number and Name
Instructor Name
Due Date
Research Question:
Should DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and Other Biological Evidence Be Admissible in Court?
Introduction
Prevalence of innocent people put in prison
Number of people proven innocent by DNA and other biological evidences after imprisonment
Ethical question of admissibility of DNA evidence in courts
Thesis statement – While DNA has been used to exonerate innocent people, many still hold that it should not be admissible in court because the quality of evidence relies on the quality of the laboratory work, evidence may be planted, and it might lead to false conclusions. This paper therefore, discusses these possible situations where DNA can be used and how this makes DNA use a risky manner of proving someone guilty or not.
Scope of the problem
Statistics of the people wrongfully incarcerated
Statistics of the number of people put in death row due to erroneous DNA testing and planted evidence
Statistics on rightful convictions using DNA and biological evidence
Success of DNA and biological evidence in solving civil and criminal cases
Paternity cases
Proof of death
Sexual Assaults
Ethical issues in DNA and biological evidence in criminal cases
Basic human error and human bias
Linking innocent people to crime
Surge in racial disparities
Violation of privacy rights
Study #1 (Campbell et al, 2020).
Can DNA be used to identify repeat offenders in sexual assaults?
Forensic DNA testing results examined from 7,287 samples in Michigan
35.7% identified as repeat perpetrators
Study #2 (Akmal et al, 2020).
Does forensic science aid the process of decision making in courts?
How has DNA evidence been used to solve forensic cases such as paternity and relatedness
Are there errors in solving forensic cases using manual calculations?
Does ForeStatistics increase the accurateness and efficiency of DNA statistics?
Study #3 (Schklar, 2019).
Do DNA and other scientific evidence play an increasing role in criminal investigations and court proceedings?
Baye’s theorem in estimating the degree to which jurors should revise their belief that the defendant committed the crime given some incriminating trace evidence such as hair fibre, semen and blood
Should jurors consider trustworthiness of police officers conducting criminal investigations and collecting DNA evidence from the crime scene?
Conclusion
Summary statement of DNA and biological evidence and impact on society
Thesis statement – While DNA has been used to exonerate innocent people, many still hold that it should not be admissible in court because the quality of evidence relies on the quality of the laboratory work, evidence may be planted, and it might lead to false conclusions. This paper therefore, discusses these possible situations where DNA can be used and how this makes DNA use a risky manner of proving someone guilty or not.
Future implications
Educate people on importance of DNA and biological evidence
Conduct more studies on reliability of DNA and biological evidence to allow admissibility in courts.
References
Akmal, M. A., Hussain, W., Rasool, N., Khan, Y. D., Khan, S. A., & Chou, K. C. (2020). Using Chou’s 5-steps rule to predict O-linked serine glycosylation sites by blending position relative features and statistical moment. IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics.
Campbell, M., McKenzie, J. E., Sowden, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Brennan, S. E., Ellis, S., … & Thomson, H. (2020). Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. bmj, 368.
Schklar, J. (2019). DNA Evidence in the courtroom: A social-psychological perspective. In Science in Court (pp. 110-124). Routledge.
DKICP Essay
DKICP Essay
Student’s Name
Institution Of Affiliation
Instructor
Course
Date
DKICP Essay
Pharmacy is a very important part of medicine and general daily life. This is because it is pharmacists who sell not only prescribed drugs but also drugs over the counter which most of the times have proven to be very effective in treating illnesses. My desire to be a pharmacist began as I saw my childhood friend given the wrong medication which had very negative side effects to their condition at that time. This motivated me to wish to become a chemist and make sure that such things do not happen to the people that come to my chemist to get medication. Another reason for becoming a chemist is my desire to help people and make sure I give them the medication prescribed to them or the best medication there is for the different conditions they are in. this enables them to heal faster and regain their health. I generally like health sciences and biochemistry a lot as well.
University of Hawaii has its prestigious name embedded in almost all the professions in the world. It is a place where people get to become intellectually better and pleasing to the world and in the world of academics and my desire is to sharpen my skills, gain knowledge and get experience that will enable me to become the best person in my field. The university of Hawaii is the best place for this to happen. Apart from gaining knowledge, experience and skills I am also looking forward to contribute to the university community in a positive way. Firstly, through the student engagements I will be able to carry out research on different important topics and hopefully make important discoveries through which the university will gain credit. I am also interested in extra-curricular activities like tennis and therefore I will be able to play for the school, gain physical fitness and bring credit to the school. I am also very familiar with first aid and that means that I will be able to give first aid in case of an emergency within the school grounds and this is a positive contribution to the school.
My most significant experiences in the field of community service are from the volunteer work I did over the summer in which I covered almost 2000 hours as I was volunteering from 7 am to 3 pm during the weekdays. I volunteered at Aiea District Park Summer Fun and it was one of the greatest moments of my life. This experience among others helped me gain knowledge on how to deal with people and what it means to serve people for free. The satisfaction and the realization that all work does not need payment but rather the passion are very important steps in community service.
Experimental Variables
Experimental Variables
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliations
Abstract
The most vital concern of any research method is the validity of the method. A research is rendered pointless if it does not have a logical conclusion or does not have a valid research method. Some studies fail to give an elaborate experimental method but give greater emphasis on the specific research questions. This deprives the research of its validity. In the article “Cookie Monster” by Kelly McCarthy and the Newsweek cover on Anorexia the topic of weight is discussed widely using different research methods.
Keywords: research, research method,
Experimental Variables
The Information Provided
The task of determining whether the articles provide enough information sufficient for evaluation of the procedure or not is a complicated issue.in the question of McCarthy’s “Cookie Monster” article, we must reflect whether McCarthy has presented enough information that can be used to evaluate her procedure while discussing the various key perceptions about weight gain and its effects on self-esteem. McCarthy’s article seems to be more of an analysis of the existing research as opposed to an actual experimental design. This is evident in the way she describes the results of the three key studies. Her first study examines the college students’ habits which revealed that students tend to take a snack with the thought that their moods will be improved when they take snacks (McCarthy, 2001). She continues by introducing the outcomes of the study which concludes that the esteem of a girl is significantly influenced by her parent’s reactions and also a conclusion of a study done by a Tuft University study on the effect of the dining table on eating habits (McCarthy, 2001). McCarthy’s article contains various sections covering the issue of overeating and it’s also highly detailed. She does not, however, present enough information that can be used to evaluate her methods and chooses to use existing cases and results instead. For a proper evaluation of the research, there is a need for a better description of McCarthy’s proposed methods and thesis.
The Newsweek article on Anorexia in contrast, however, provides adequate information that can be used for the evaluation of the procedures within. It continues systematically from thesis on the age of the average anorexia patient saying that it is diminishing. It then proceeds to examine the theory through logic and science and concludes with a possible treatment outlook and the future (Newsweek, n.d.). this research when compared to the summary, this research contains a specific thesis (the age of anorexia patients is decreasing). The fact that the article goes an extra mile in exploiting this thesis shows that it provides the necessary information that can be used for the evaluation of these methods validity.
Independent Variable
For any true experimental design, the ability to manipulate successfully an independent variable is significant. For instance, in the Newsweek article, there is a specific independent variable: whether the rate of anorexia is affected by brain chemistry and society. In McCarthy’s article, there is no specific independent variable. It is hard to identify isolate and manipulate an independent variable from McCarthy’s study because her article contains three different research issues. The Newsweek article, however, has comprehensively dealt with the one issue of anorexia rates among various ages whereas McCarthy discusses snack issues, the effect of dining at the table rather than in front of the television and parents’ reaction and how it affects self-esteem (McCarthy, 2001).
Therefore, as a result of these, it was too complicated for one to manipulate an independent variable from McCarthy’s research design. This fact is further hampered by the fact that her research summary of existing researches. There is no isolation of an independent variable in each study and evaluating its effects. She instead gives a summary of the conclusion of each study making it impossible to manipulate an independent variable form her research. The lack of an independent variable brings problems when analyzing an issue. The first problem is that one cannot effectively research an issue. Any experiment needs a proper analysis of independent variables and the corresponding dependent variables. McCarthy’s article creates a situation where an independent article is not present. The other problem as a result of an absent independent variable is that it affects the conclusion of a research. The case analysis of McCarthy’s study is just a summary that says that various studies have shown that overeating is widespread and bad. She could not make specific conclusions for instance that obesity is as a result of overeating because of her incomplete research.
Follow Up
As a psychologist hoping to further examine the conclusion of these two experiments, the focus should be made on the Newsweek article, which contains a distinct thesis, a well-developed research method and a conclusion. In a follow-up experiment, that psychologist should ask, for instance, whether the brain affected by certain foods subsequently affect the rate of anorexia among certain ages. This follows up could be achieved by an examination of the research articles discussed throughout the article. The article explains that anorexia is similar to depression, alcohol and other mental illness and also indicates that anorexics have abnormally high levels of serotonin (Newsweek, n.d.). the follow up would indicate in what way exactly serotonin increases. the food consumed might provide the answer needed.
From the conclusion, the Newsweek article emphasizes that all food should be treated the same way as a medicine with the requirement that daily there should be a certain amount taken. The follow-up experiment should explain exactly which type of foods should be taken. For example, someone should question the validity of the rumour that high sugar content and sweets increase depression and increase serotonin levels (Newsweek, n.d.). Therefore, the main follow up question is what is the root cause of the hormonal imbalance given that anorexia rates are increased by higher serotonin levels
Conclusion
Both the Newsweek and McCarthy articles discuss the issue of weight in their articles. McCarthy’s article is a summary of existing articles and not an individual research design. Its conclusion states that overeating is a result of the desire to feel good and factors such as table dining influences it. The Newsweek article examines the prevalence of anorexia rates among certain ages and tries to establish the root cause of this science phenomena. As shown by both articles, weight tends to complicated phenomena with a variety of research question that are possible.
References
McCarthy, K. (n.d.). Cookie Monster. Retrieved April 12, 2016, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200105/cookie-monster
NEWSWEEK COVER: Fighting Anorexia – New Research Into Its … (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2016, from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/newsweek-cover-fighting-
anorexia—new-research-into-its-origins—and-its-youngest-victims-55718237.html