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Division 1 Athletics
Division 1 Athletics
Division one of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the highest level of competition that colleges have among themselves. In the United States, schools that belong to division one are known internationally for their excellence in athletics. They are well equipped with adequate facilities and other resources to enable students get the best practice. These schools are run in significantly larger budgets as compared to other schools and colleges that belong to other divisions. Every year, these colleges inherit a legacy of athletic excellence that they must strive to maintain. It is the reason why lots of money is spent to hire good coaches as well as in the actual training of students. Students who graduate from these colleges are undoubtedly well rounded because apart from academic excellence, they make good use of their athletic talents. Indeed, most international athletes originate from these colleges, especially because the schools receive lots of international exposure. Students also get opportunity to represent their colleges in international competitions and in the process get experience. This benefits them because they are informed beforehand what they should expect from such competitions. Although division one started off as a football division, the predominance and the growing popularity of athletics has led to a drastic change of priorities. It remains to be seen how it will transform, considering that the United States is fast becoming a hub of international athletics. Currently, this division is regulated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States of America.
National Collegiate Athletic Association is a body that was started very many years ago to foster the student-athletes excellence. Its members are mainly institutions of higher education such as universities and colleges have levels referred which are division based systems. The memberships vary from division I to III and each member can choose the level to join depending on its mission. The benefits accrued also vary, with the highest gain in Division I and the least in Division III. Institutions that are members of Division I enjoy a better program which mainly entails higher ticket sales, greater sponsor deals, increasing student enrolment and more scholarships offers. This has made many colleges and universities in the Division II to consider a move to the Division I. Research shows that most of this Division II does not survey the shortfall that they become on the move rather most concentrate on the prestige attached to the Division. This has made many institution that have joined Division I to suffer high financial constrains in the first five year of their move. The governing of NCAA is Division based with members of Division I having mainly legislative role in the overall governance. Observations made reveal that most institution after stepping to Division I have high crisis in financial management.
The NCAA so far faces a lot of turmoil in its managements is because most of the expectation that the overall community has on its operations are not met. To begin with, the athletic scholarships offered do not cover all cost on a student rather it only pays for the tuition fees. Secondly most of the students participating in the college athletics have limited time to focus on their academic studies hence they do not get any meaningful education. The students are also not allowed inter college transfers due to high penalties imposed on them. Moreover, the financial expenditure of NCAA is not cost effective as it mainly offers high pay on the coaches and the administrative officers. So far, there are various recommendations that so far have been put in place so that NCAA has on the issues above. First and foremost NCAA is required to offer full scholarship to the student-athletes. Secondly there should be a semester without athletics to allow students concentration and penalties should be removed to allow student to transfer to other colleges.
The National Collegiate Athletic Association also regulates the number of scholarships that Colleges award to its members in order to facilitate their activities. The sets of limits are based on head count. In this program of scholarship, the College is restricted on the number of scholarships that it can provide to its members. Each school is given a number that they should not exceed in their scholarship programs. However, the provision allows each of the students awarded to get a full scholarship as it does not restrict the extent of the scholarship. The other program is called equivalency in which the total amount of money that a school can use in scholarships is limited. In this regard, the school can give scholarships to as many students as it wishes so long as the amount of money spent does not exceed the given limits. However, this varies from one sport to another, and does not apply to division one of some sports. According to these provisions, individuals who receive financial aid from these institutions are termed as counters and the regulations apply to them as well. In awarding these scholarships, these colleges are required to follow certain criteria in order to achieve social equity. For example, the scholarships should be well distributed between boys and girls proportionately. In addition, the distribution should also ensure that other social parameters are considered in order to eliminate racial or ethnic biases. Essentially, it serves to ensure that sports is used to achieve its purpose, social integration and justice.
Division 1 athletics is further subdivided into smaller groups that are based on individual sports. For example, football, volleyball as well as table tennis have their own division one that carries out annual conferences to talks about sports issues. In all these sports, division 1 are given equal mandate and structure so that they can serve people of different talents. Recently, sports like ice hockey got their own division 1 that regulates all legislative issues related to the sport. Ideally, this division of sports basically have legislative mandate and seem to have eternal superiority over other divisions as they formulate policies that others are supposed to operate within. As for new participants in sports, their subdivision is determined by the number of participants or by the nature of scholarships awarded. This principle arose when new entries were struggled to be included in the subdivisions by merely participating. At the moment, some colleges would merely present two participants in particular sports in the hope that they will finally get a place in NCAA. This supposed struggle necessitated the group to rethink its policies and come up with a more inclusive approach. Currently, several changes have been lined up to make the institution more reputable.
In conclusion, Division 1 of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the highest level of competition that colleges have among themselves. In the United States, schools that belong to division one are known internationally for their excellence in athletics because they are well equipped with adequate facilities and other resources to enable students get the best practice. The National Collegiate Athletic Association also regulates the number of scholarships that Colleges award to its members in order to facilitate their activities. This is basically intended to ensure that the institution remains committed to equity and social justice.
Diverticular Disease ,Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Diverticular Disease: Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
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Institution
Diverticular Disease: Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Diverticular disease affects the diverticula of the colon. These are small pouches with narrow necks that protrude from the wall of the colon (Black & Hyde, 2006). They are mostly found on the rectum. The disease is common among old people, from fifty years and above (Black & Hyde, 2006). It occurs in three forms as diverticular bleed, diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Diverticular bleed is a condition experienced by a diverticular disease patient when a chronic injury occurs on the small blood vessels that are next to the diverticular (Stollman & Raskin, 2004). Diverticulosis is characterized by formation of many tiny pockets in the wall of the intestine, while diverticulitis is characterized by inflammation due to infection.
During a diverticulosis, many tiny diverticular form in the lining of the colon (Black & Hyde, 2006). The many diverticula result from an increase in pressure from the weak spots of the colon. The pressure is brought about by wastes, liquid or gas. Conditions that strain bowel movements, such as, constipation can also cause diverticular disease. The sigmoid part of the colon is the most affected. According to Stollman and Raskin (2004), more than fifty percent of people above sixty years suffer from the disease. Complications can occur in the form of rectal bleeding or infection. The infection occurs due to blockage of diverticula with waste matter. This leads to the other form of the disease, diverticulitis.
The etiology of the disease is associated with colonic motility, the role of fiber and the structure of the colonic wall (Hobson & Roberts, 2004). In regard to colonic wall structure and the etiology of the disease, the sigmoid part of the colon has a thicker circular muscle layer. The diverticula occur in the weak areas of the colon. Colonic motility, especially in the distal part has been found to be weaker than normal bowel motility. According to Hobson and Roberts (2004), colonic motility occurs in the form of segmentation. This creates a pulsion force that leads to the development of diverticula. Consumption of low fiber diet has been associated with diverticular disease. Hobson and Roberts (2004) argue that people who consume low-fiber foods have a higher incidence of diverticular disease. Some other factors associated with the development of diverticular disease. These are caffeine ingestion, smoking, consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and limited physical activity.
The medical treatment of diverticular disease aims at reducing the pressure in the colon. This is achieved by eating fiber-rich foods and avoiding low fiber foods. The foods recommended are legumes, grains, vegetables, wheat bran, brown rice and whole-meal wheat flour. Fiber helps by softening the stool, as well as, making it bulky, hence reducing pressure on the colon (Stollman & Raskin, 2004). This eases bloating and pain, and also reduces constipation. The diet also prevents the formation of more outpouchings. Pain-killers can also be used to reduce pain. If an infection develops, the specific treatment for the infection is offered.
Surgical treatment in diverticular disease is indicated in severe disease with little response to medication, severe bleeding, recurrent disease episodes and complications (Black & Hyde, 2006). It involves removal of the diseased part. The remaining parts are then anastomosed to the rectum. Normal bowel function returns after a few weeks. Diverticular disease is also associated with some complications. These are obstruction of the colon, formation of an abscess, perforation of the bowel wall, and the development of a fistula, for example, bladder fistula. Prevention of the disease and early treatment are encouraged to prevent complications.
References
Black, P., & Hyde, C. (2006). Diverticular disease. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Hobson, G. K., & Roberts, L. P. (2004). Etiology and pathophysiology of diverticular disease. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, 17(3), 147-153.
Stollman, N., & Raskin, B. J. (2004). Diverticular disease of the colon. The Lancet, 363(9409), 631-639.
Experimental Method Design
Experimental Method Design
Introduction
Experimental- method design is a collection of a number of different designs of research, which make use of testing that, is both controlled and manipulated to comprehend causal processes. In most cases, one or more variables are used in research and manipulated to understand the kind of effects they have on variables that are dependent. The experimental method is an approach that is scientific and systematic used in research, whereby a researcher manipulates variables and measures and controls any change that occurs in other variables. Experimental research is commonly used in cases where time is a priority and whereby it causes relationships that are causal. It is also common in cases where in a causal relationship consistency exists and in cases whereby the correlation magnitude is huge (Borg, Gall & Gall, 1993). The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to describe a sample population used in an experimental research.
It is essential to note that the main purpose of experimental design is to predict phenomenon. Technically, experiments are constructed so that they can be used to explain certain causation or trends. Experimental research is also essential in any social setting as it helps individuals improve or better their lives. In designing an experimental research, the researcher has to identify the research problem first. After this, they have to construct the experimental design. When constructing the experiment, one has to put in mind a number of aspects. Planning beforehand makes sure that studies are conducted appropriately and that the experimental results reflect or indicate the real world as much as possible (Borg, Gall & Gall, 1993).
Sampling groups appropriately is particularly essential especially when a research has more than one conditions or variables. In most experimental researches, one group usually is used as the control group, while others are measured or tested after they have been exposed to the conditions of the experiment. Deciding on or choosing the sample populations can be done through a number of ways or different techniques of sampling. Pairing, randomization, and quasi- randomization are some of the most commonly sampling techniques used to choose a sample population used in experimental research. For a researcher to obtain valid results, they have to reduce or decrease errors in sampling. To minimize most errors such as random errors, most researchers adjust the size of their samples. There are numerous sampling techniques available to experimental researchers (Cochran, 1977).
Some of these include such techniques as probability sampling, simple random sampling, non- probability sampling, systematic sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, disproportional sampling, sequential sampling, quota sampling, judgmental sampling, and snowball sampling. A sample population for an experiment, for example, can be defined by sex, age, weight, race, ethnicity, eating habits, and any other trait or characteristic that can be used to define the human race. A sample population can be made of men only another can be made of a mixture of both sexes, and another one can be made of women. The same populations can specify one race while the other can integrate all races, and another can utilize only two or three races. The characteristics of a sample population are determined by the type of research the researcher is carrying out and the kind of questions in the research (Cochran, 1977).
Conclusion
Experimental research seeks to answer certain questions about certain trends or causations. Fr such a research to be meaningful and valid, the design has to be carefully chosen with the appropriate design, questions and sample population.
References
Borg, W. R., Gall, J. P., & Gall, M. D. (1993). Applying educational research (3rd ed.). New York: Longman.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.