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According to the story about Antwone Fisher as presented in the book “Finding Fish”, it was all about the triumph of the will
Finding Fish
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Finding Fish
According to the story about Antwone Fisher as presented in the book “Finding Fish”, it was all about the triumph of the will. The kind of disregard, abuse and neglect Antwone was taken through throughout his early stages of life were too tough to have turned any man into a cold heart that would seek transference of such experiences to any other individual he came across later in life. However, a part of him remained intact and did not despair. In a psychosocial analysis of Antwone’s development, one ought to find various intriguing aspects of his life that depict his endurance.
Stages of Development
In reference to the stages of development as proposed by Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist, Antwone experiences were well spread across his stages of development. The first stage in this case entails trust versus mistrust development (Berge, 2010). This is the most vital stage of development as it involves the initial care and love that a child receives from the mother. The experiences that a child is taken through in this stage will help them to either trust that life is a smooth ride, and have hopes that it will always be well for them in the future, or develop mistrust about life and loose hope for betterment. In Antwone’s development, this was the stage where he received the full attention that he deserved to surpass the various undesirable experiences that he was to be subjected to later in life. Mrs. Nellie Strange, his foster mother showed him all the gentleness and care he deserved. She even did not like the idea of giving Antwone up, and she consistently said she wanted to be with him (Fisher, 2001). Because of his experience of love and care at this stage, Antwone developed trust in life. He believed that everything would turn in his favor in life.
In the second stage of development, Erikson speaks of autonomy versus shame (Berge, 2010). At this stage, Antwone also seemed to gain some positive value that was important for his development. Having left his foster mother at an early age of three, he appeared to have developed a great extent of self-reliance. “Antwone crawls all over the place, stands and walks holding onto things, he says hi and bye bye…he smiles a good deal and appears to be a well-cared for child” (Fisher, 2001). Nevertheless, this stage brought a sharp turn in Antwone’s development. His new foster family was such a mess with his foster father Mr. Pickett, who was a preacher, being aloof, while Miss Pickett was domineering, manipulative, and very abusive. As a result, Antwone was a victim of sexual, physical and emotional abuse at this tender age. He lost his initiative and instead was filled with guilt, which made him feel inadequate, an aspect that was to haunt him for most part of his life.
In the next stage of development, this focused on industry versus inferiority development, Antwone was subject to various feelings of inferiority and inadequacy among other children due to his prior life experiences of abuse (Berge, 2010). His teacher, Mrs. Profit was however of great importance when she intervened in his situation and helped him overcome his feelings. Antwone proceeds to make friends at school, who became a vital part of his perseverance. However, his mother turns out to be a cause for drawbacks when she strives to slow down his development. She punishes him whenever he needs compliments and even uses his idea of gaining independence through raking the lawns of other people for her own gain (Fisher, 2001). Nevertheless, Antwone trusts her again.
The fifth stage of development, identity versus role confusion, appeared to be one in which Antwone was to remain stuck for a long period of time (Berge, 2010). This was not until he was enlisted to join the navy. He was asked in various instances how he wanted to carry put his life and what he wanted to do and he seemed to ignore the question. As much as he considers venturing in art, he does not show any pragmatism in the issue. He did not look at the goal as achievable. However, his colleagues at the navy proved to be of great assistance to him (Fisher, 2001). They stirred in him a wave of change that allowed him to overturn his perception of inferiority in him and develop confidence in himself, an aspect that changed his course of development back to the positive tract.
Various development tasks were realized during these stages. One of such tasks that one ought to achieve is social attachment. Right from infancy, an individual is prepared to attach themselves to the caregiving person and later to the people surrounding them (Berry, Poortinga, & Pandey, 1997). There develops a strong bond between an infant and the caregiver, which is vital for satisfying the basic psychological needs. Antwone achieved this task by being attached to his initial foster mother Mrs. Nellie, such that the two found it hard to let each other go when the time came. However, Antwone’s social attachment was disrupted for a while by the cruel Miss Pickett, who built in him a sense of inferiority and subjected him to various abuses that created in him fear and isolation. This need for attachment is rejuvenated in school where he makes friends and later in the navy where most of the persons he interacted with wanted to help him (Fisher, 2001).
Another development task of importance is attaining a sense of identity (Ingersoll, 2012). This is an important task in the development of a child as it involves identifying what makes one unique in the way they are. In most cases, an individual’s identity extends from their parents, but it is unique and forms a separation from their parents. Antwone faced a tough time realizing his identity due to the inferiority that had been developed into him by Miss Pickett. However, he later developed his sense of identity when he joined the navy and received much support from his colleagues (Fisher, 2001).
Psychological and emotional independence from parents is yet another development task of importance (Ingersoll, 2012). As much as an individual may seek to maintain the support they receive from parents, the progress into adulthood requires them to start practicing a sense of independence. Antwone’s emotional and psychological independence seemed to have been developed earlier in life, as he did not receive any emotional support since he started staying with the pickets and he was left to persevere and heal himself from the emotional trauma that he was taken through with all the abuses he faced. However, his independence to come up with ideas was also hindered by Miss Pickett who punished him for accomplishments (Fisher, 2001).
Antwone Fishers psychosocial crisis is of great relevance as it depicts the importance of the initial developmental stages of an individual in their lives thereafter. The cycle of development is a continuous process that needs not to be broken. As much as there may be various hurdles in life that may pose a threat on this cycle, it is important to ensure that the cycle remains intact. The crisis showed how the initial stage of trust set a positive mind in Antwone, onto which he built his resistance to negativity. As much as he may have despair a few times due to his experiences, he just required little guidance to rejuvenate the trust that he had inside and surge forward again.
Bio-psychosocial Framework
Identifying Information
Antwone Fisher is a polite individual with much of a story to tell hidden behind his outlook. At first, he could not speak out his heart and mind, but was later pushed to speak in honesty even in occasions when he is filled with anger. He is a single orphan, whose mother abandoned him.
Presenting Problem
Antwone suffered emotional and psychological wreckage over his early stages of development, where he was abandoned by his mother and lost his father to murder. The Pickets, a family that subjected him to abuse of all kinds at a tender age and derailed his development, brought him up. He engages in many fights with his colleagues, an aspect that is likely related to his previous life.
Client’s Description and Functioning
The client show proper cognitive functioning. He also maintains honesty even at his points of anger and bitter memories.Physical and Economic Environment
The client was brought up in a poor economic environment, and he was subjected to physical abuse.
Current Social Functioning
The client has a poor relationship with most of his colleagues and often engages in fights with most of them.
Family Situation
The client is a single orphan, abandoned by his mother.
Sexual/Emotional Relationship
The client is in a relationship with a woman colleague, whom he is in love with. They have an active sexual relationship.
Personal and Family History Relevant to Current Focus
The client’s further was shot dead by his former girlfriend, and his mother abandoned him in his early childhood. The client was well cared for and loved by his first foster mother. He later faced hardship and abuse when he moved to stay with his second foster family.
Assessment
The client is mad at his family for neglecting him during his times of suffering.
Psychological/Social and Emotional Functioning
The client accepts that he came with his problems to the navy. He links his fights not with the navy but with his initial life. The client accommodates all the new information delivered to him by the therapist during the sessions and through the take-away material, and exhibits changes in his stance. Progress is evident in terms of overcoming anxiety, as the client is able to develop a positive relationship with the therapist and his girlfriend.
Worker’s Understanding of Client’s Presenting Situation
Most workers understand the client’s current situation and they have given him a chance to overcome his anxiety by showing him support.
References
Berge, K. S. (2010). Invitation to the Lifespan. New York: Worth Publishers.
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., & Pandey, J. (1997). Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Theory and method. New York: John Berry.
Fisher, A. Q. (2001). Finding Fish. New York : HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
Ingersoll, G. M. (2012). Developmental Tasks of Normal Adolescence. Retrieved April 18, 2014, from California Coalition on Sexual Offending: http://www.ccoso.org/library%20articles/Developmental%20Tasks%20of%20Normal%20Adolescence.htm
According to the prepositions put forth by Charles Darwin, there is no human nature.
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Quiz Two
Question 1
According to the prepositions put forth by Charles Darwin, there is no human nature. He introduced the theory of evolution that denotes that humans did evolve from the ape. This is unlike the biblical and religious teachings that contend that humans were created in the image of God. In addition, Darwin’s concept contradicted the viewpoint of Aristotle that perceives man to have a purpose in life. In this regard, Aristotle indicates that man’s purpose it to reason and come up with viable decisions that are objective and devoid of the influence of appetites. Darwin’s evolution theory disregards this and indicates that man does not have any purpose in life. According to him, the origin of man dates back to millions of years when he lived in the universe with just a few species. The condition demanded that every species competes with the rest for survival.
Notably, man successfully passed through the numerous filters that characterized natural selection and were employed in determining the suitability of a species to survive. This was attributed to his diverse skills, physical attributes and intellectual traits. Seemingly, other creatures did not have this and as such, in most instances, man surpassed them. With time he became the most prominent predator that depended on the other species for food and general survival. According to Pojman (2006), this gave him a chance to significantly diminish the possibility of him becoming a prey. The ability of man to assume the top position on the food chain demonstrates the notion of “survival of the fittest”.
Thus Darwin maintains that competition and struggle are at the core of human existence. In addition, they play a fundamental role of perpetuating biological reproduction and the wellbeing of man. Also, Darwin indicated that the concepts of inheritance and hereditary are vital and therefore need to be accorded equal attention in reproduction as well as marriage. At this point, it can e contended that the aspect of man having superb survival skills that enhanced his survival can be considered to be valid. To date, man seems to have better skills than the rest of the species and therefore behaves in a totally different way from the rest of nature. These skills have also enabled him to devise different survival tips that are more sophisticated and effective than those employed by other species. His wellbeing has further been enhanced by the intrinsic power that he has over nature.
In addition, the concept of competition and struggle that has been cited to be at the core of human survival can not be disputed. In an environment that had various species that were competing for relatively few resources, some degree of struggle was inevitable. This notion is also illustrated in the modern world where the ability to compete favorably determine the success and survival of individuals. The weak that are unable to compete for the limited resources always tend to be eliminated from the system earlier than those with the ability to struggle.
Question 2
From the perception of the Greeks, man is the only being that has the capacity to employ reason in understanding the purpose of life that he lives. This reason should therefore act as guidance to enable man to face and overcome the daily challenges with ease. Essentially, it is a form of empowerment that gives man the ability to optimize on particular events and experiences and derive the highest degree of benefits from the same.
However, the Judeo Christian point of view considers man to be solely charged with the responsibility of loving and serving God throughout his lifetime. According to this perception, this defines the purpose for which man was created by God. Further, this view point contends that these two functions are open and therefore apply to all men irrespective of the level of understanding that one has. Further, it is contended that the individuals that fail to serve and love God accordingly do commit the greatest of all sins. Notably, there is a contrast between the purposes of man’s life between the two thoughts. While the Judeo Christian perspective contends that man was entirely created to serve and love God, the Greek perception thinks otherwise and believes that man is responsible for deciphering the purpose of his or her life through reason.
St Augustine who is the proponent of the Judeo Christian perspective agreed to Plato’s idea that emphasizes that the free will has a critical role to play in the life of humanity. He argued that this will is vitally important as it enables man to make viable choices between what is good or and choose to further either. This correlates with Plato’s thinking that implied that humans are moral beings. As such, they have the capacity to distinguish between what is good and what is evil. They are able to distinguish truth from lies and appreciate the former accordingly.
However, both the Greek and Judeo Christian perception indicate that man has continuously failed to pursue what is good, irrespective of the fact that he has the ability to. They believe that this can be attributed to the various appetites and desires that undermine the ability of man to uphold morality. Unlike Plato, Augustine believes that this can be overcome through faith in God. According to the Judeo Christian view point, trusting in God enables man to develop viable ideas that characterize the power of reasoning. Notably, Christians believe that this reason enables humanity to know God and develop a close relationship with the same. This then enables man to attain the highest degree of happiness and fulfill the purpose of life.
On the contrary, the Greek perception indicates that happiness is determined by knowledge. This enables man to employ reason and achieve a considerable level of goodness. The highest level of goodness in this regard is what constitutes happiness. Seemingly, although the eastern and western thoughts regarding the mode of attaining happiness differ, both conclude that this is an ideal state that humanity works towards achieving.
Question 5
The theory of functionalism presumes that an individual’s mental states that range from desires and hopes to beliefs and pains are entirety constituted by the functional role that they play. In other words they are responsible for triggering other mental states, behavioral outputs and /or sensory inputs. Notably, these prepositions are similar to those presented in behaviorism and the identity theory of the mind. Further, the theory argues that since the various mental states are largely defined by their respective functional roles, they are realized on various levels. This means that they can be easily manifested in different systems provided the respective system performs the necessary and relevant functions. Just like computers whose output is entirely depended on the input, Pojman (2006) posits that human behavior is depended on the various inputs that are computed by the brain. According to this theory, the brain is responsible for one sole function that includes consciousness. By defining the mind from the functional view point, this theory fails to delineate the process that the brain assumes in functioning. Notably, these are complex and determined by various social, economic and political environments.
This theory has various inherent weaknesses that undermine its effective application. To begin with, it fails to provide a clear distinction between the conscious and physical states of the human perceptions. In this respect, it can be speculated that a person could be a renowned neurologist but fail to understand the relationship between the mind and the material aspects of his or her life such as the food that the person eats. Furthermore, functionalism theory has ascribed the human consciousness in relatively very simple terms. At this juncture it is worth acknowledging that the functions of the human mind are very complex and can not be likened to the functioning of machines such as computers. Scientific evidence ascertains that unlike the computer, the human mind does not entirely depend on the input to produce a definite output. In other words, it can not be programmed and its ‘computation’ of issues depends on multiple intricate and augmenting factors that can not be easily defined. This is because of the fact that they are also influenced by personality factors that are determined by various complex factors.
Thus unlike the computer whose functioning can be easily defined by observation the human mind can not be observed. Its physical processes can not be easily determined by another person as it is posited in psychology. At this juncture, it is also worth mentioning that there are some machines that seek to define the thinking process of a human being. Although medical studies ascertain that they are effective in determining the same, this can be contested because they do not address the consciousness aspect of the given individual. As such, their effectiveness in performing the relative jobs is largely at stake.
Reference
Pojman, L. (2006). Who Are We? Theories of Human Nature. Oxford: University Press.
The use of imagery varies among different poets with each author using imagery to their own benefit.
The use of imagery varies among different poets with each author using imagery to their own benefit. Poetry is a form of literature which uses the power of words and language in the form of using rhythm and rhyme, as well as textual devices such as alliteration, assonance, metaphor and simile to express a message; thus, use of imagery simplifies the understanding of the poem by the reader.
Use of imagery in poems helps the reader to clearly envision the scenes and participate in the meaning of the poem (Creely, 2019). This is because the author of the poem is able to create a vivid picture or influence a physical sensation which enables the reader to easily relate the intended meaning of the poem (Creely, 2019). Some poets use images to represent their feelings or ideas to illustrate different meanings with words, while others use images that evoke strong reactions from readers as they draw on their own personal experiences to interpret their symbols. In order for any work that includes imagery to be successful in assisting a reader’s understanding, it is important for the writer or poet to create an image that prompts the desired response from their audience. By doing so, the poet is able to affect the reader’s feelings and emotions; thus, enhancing the reader’s understanding of the message. Use of imagery in poems also enables incorporation of the reader’s senses which include seeing, touching, smelling, tasting, and hearing (Creely, 2019). This is achieved by use of images which are familiar to specific interpretations; thus, the reader is able to compare the discussion of the poem to real life actions or items. There are five types of imagery, and each one is related to every human sense. They include visual imagery, auditory imagery, olfactory imagery, gustatory imagery, and tactile imagery; the imagery types affect human senses of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching (Creely, 2019). Gustatory imagery is used by many writers especially those who use food in order to evoke feelings of hunger or satisfaction in their audience; while auditory imagery is mostly used by poets who describe sounds to convey feelings such as hearing thunder or birds chirping in order to elicit feelings such as anger or happiness from readers. The reader’s attention is also captivated by use of imagery in poems as it somehow gives life to the message; thus, making it effective enough to affect the reader’s emotions and feelings. As a result, the intended message of the author is successfully conveyed to the reader.
In conclusion, imagery is a feature commonly used throughout most verses in everyday language; therefore, it plays a very important role in poems. As a result, poetry has been regarded by many authors as equivalent to painting or drawing which also uses images to portray scenes and express various feelings from readers (Ramadhanti & Yanda, 2018). Besides, poetry is usually separated into genres, and imagery may determine the style of writing used by an author. For example, a poet who utilizes vivid description such as similes and metaphors when describing images or objects is considered to have a poetic license. By doing so, the poet is able to show a strong affinity for imagery and demonstrate their understanding of how to write in a style that causes strong response from their audience (Ramadhanti & Yanda, 2018)..
References
Creely, E. (2019). ‘Poetry is dying’: Creating a (re) new (ed) pedagogical vision for teaching poetry. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 42(2), 116-127. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/aeipt.223597Ramadhanti, D., & Yanda, D. P. (2018). Understanding poetry through the use of cooperative learning model. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 37(3). https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/cp/article/view/20675