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Academic Pharmacy in Tobacco Cessation and Control

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Academic Pharmacy in Tobacco Cessation and Control

Tobacco use is a leading cause of death in the United States due to its adverse effects on human health. Health care practitioners have the responsibility and ability to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use significantly. Educating people on the dangers of smoking tobacco is a positive measure towards tobacco cessation. Quitting has positive effects on patients struggling with tobacco use, and clinicians play a significant role in assisting patients quit smoking tobacco.

Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of death in the United States since it causes about 443,585 deaths every year. Tobacco use in America has been so prevalent such that, in the year 2010, the tobacco industry spent $8.5 billion promoting and advertising the product, an amount that surpassed the national budget for tobacco prevention. It is, therefore, a national concern to promote tobacco cessation since a majority of the adult smokers wants to quit smoking and some have even attempted to quit in the past. Pharmacists are the best-placed professionals to facilitate quitting by initiating the necessary efforts or complementing those initiated by other health providers. They can reach out to assist the marginalized groups that have a high prevalence for diseases associated with tobacco because their advice does not need medical insurance or appointment.

A guide provided by the US Public Health Service urges clinicians to incorporate the 5 A’s of tobacco cessation treatment intervention, which are:

Advise tobacco users to quit

Ask about tobacco use

Assess readiness to quit

Assist with quitting

Arrange follow-up care (McBane et al. 5).

In addition, the guide also requires that staff and students in the health profession receive relevant training on effective strategies to facilitate tobacco cessation among the population. All health providers will also be required to have the minimum qualification to offer counseling on tobacco cessation to the users.

The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy acknowledges that promoting health and preventing diseases through educating the public is indispensable. Hence, educating people on tobacco cessation will also be fundamental and should be included in the pharmacy curricula of health professional institutions (McBane et al. 4). This measure will ensure that pharmacy graduates will acquire the necessary knowledge that is evidence-based and requisite skills to assist patients struggling with tobacco use. In addition, professionals teaching subjects related with tobacco cessation should also be competent and enlightened on the content. They should be able to offer relevant counseling on cessation and screen patients for tobacco use as a component of care. The Tobacco Control Committee also urges academic pharmacy to make tobacco cessation and control a priority, and recognize pharmacists as inherent associates of the public health community because they play a significant role in helping patients quit tobacco use and offer them helpful counseling (McBane et al. 2).

Pharmacy organizations have initiated professional based resolutions and policies with the aim of facilitating tobacco cessation and control. However, the professional fraternity has not fully implemented the strategies and integrated them in their practice. All teaching professionals should unite in eliminating tobacco sale in all pharmacies and institutions rendering health care services such as clinics and hospitals (McBane et al. 5). In order to reinforce the policy, the government should discontinue the renewal of existing licenses or issuing of new licenses for pharmacies selling or intending to sell tobacco products. Moreover, only pharmacies and entities not selling tobacco products should be beneficiaries of government-funded prescription programs. This will ensure that sale of tobacco in pharmacies is flushed out completely.

Work Cited

McBane, Sarah, Robin Corelli, Christian Albano, John Conry, Mark Della Paolera, Amy Kennedy, Antoine Jenkins, and Karen Suchanek Hudmon. “The Role of Academic Pharmacy in Tobacco Cessation and Control.” American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 77.5 (2013): 1-8.

Academic monitoring and why it is important

Academic monitoring is necessary in all learning institutions for appropriate service to all students and special attention where necessary. This is due to the difference of learning abilities in students, which is evident in their performances. Therefore, educators especially lower school teachers should come up with strategies which will accommodate all students and make learning effective. Studies have shown that proper implementation of these strategies always yields positive results, thus distinguishes effectual schools from the ineffective (Avery, 2008). There are no specifically strategies required for implementation for learning to be efficient; however, the effective teachers use their professionally acquired skills to come up with flexible measures that relate to the specific group of students. These should be able to be adjusted when handling a different group of students since academic attention varies.

With sufficient knowledge of the group of students that a teacher is dealing with, formulation of strategies would be the next step. These are used to crosscheck and evaluate students’ performances of classroom assignment and check on them during lessons. For instance, a teacher may give random examination to the students to enquire whether they study for examination purposes or for understanding. These results give the actual performance standards and the clear picture of the students’ participation in classroom lessons. This may require a teacher to indulge students in class by posing questions which require them to critically analyze the lessons’ teachings. Allowing students to monitor themselves is also a strategy that the teachers can use; thus, discover those who mostly require attention from the teacher (Blerkom, 2004). This can be used during lesson by moving around the classroom to monitor reaction of the students to the teacher’s presence and how they are going about their assignments.

There are students who perform relatively below the average standards in both their examinations and classroom assignments. The tutor can evaluate this kind of trend and strategize on how to help these students. Here, it is clear that the students face difficulties in their assignments and need assistance. First, it is important to impose an accountability ethic on the students to help them realize they are responsible for their own performance (Zimmerman, 1990). Where students realize they are responsible for their studies, it becomes easier for them to seek academic assistance where they face difficulty, thus can be assisted. This is a method that will involve students in improving their own performance, thus, they regulate their own learning. With difficulty in class assignments, teachers can apply a one on one contact with class during lessons. The close relationship will enhance confidence and willingness to work harder on the areas they are facing difficulties. Giving of tasks to exercise on these specific areas and scores gives them a chance to practice harder (Avery, 2008).

For a teacher to carefully know the abilities of students, study of the performance trend in assignments, examinations, class participation is necessary. It is more likely that better performance is observed where there is a balance in all the three fields. They can therefore involve students by asking questions to review their understanding and willingness to attempt to respond (Avery, 2008). These strategies have been effective over the years according to researchers. This is because; special attention on a student boosts his/her self esteem which will give them the morale to try harder and be less fearful of failure. The encouragement of self regulation as a learning strategy also gives better chances for the evaluation of their own trends thus put more of extra effort on their own while getting assistance where necessary to improve their performance (Zimmerman, 1990). Academic monitoring strategies are clearly effective where team work between students and their tutors is evident.

References:

Avery S. (2008). Academic Monitoring. Educational Theories. Retrieved from http://www.mightystudents.com/essay/Academic.Monitoring

Blerkom, M., & Blerkom, D. (2004). Self-monitoring Strategies Used by Developmental and Non-developmental College Students. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 34. Retrieved from http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-126387139/self-monitoring-strategies-used.html.

Zimmerman, B. (1990). Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview. Educational Psychology, 25(1), 3-17.

Unresolved Conflict due to Unresolved Loss

Unresolved Conflict due to Unresolved Loss

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Unresolved Conflict due to Unresolved Loss

Many families face several issues about loss. Different members of the family grieve their loss in different ways. Failure to grieve may result in problems in the future. In this case, from the video, the problem arose when Michelle, the fifteen-year-old, started skipping classes. Guidance and counseling teacher, after having a short session with her, realized that there was a more significant issue other than Michelle skipping classes (Wicket, 2022. 00:06:33). Monica, the therapist guidance and counseling teacher, referred them, also saw that there was a problem based on unresolved loss and conflict.

The central conflict the family is dealing with is a lack of connection with one another. This problem mainly arises from David, who felt that Monica was not handling the matter as she should (Wicket, 2022, 00:19:25). He had lost his connection with his children from his first marriage with Diane. Michelle said everything had to revolve around her step-sister Jade, who was two years old. David had no connection with his father, who seemed reserved and died due to alcoholism. He also had no contact with his mother’s twin sister until Monica persuaded him to connect with her. Kathleen, David’s second wife, also had no connection with her side of the family. She was not even sure of her nephew’s age and name (Wicket, 2022, 00:14:28). Monica noticed that Michelle felt a lack of connection within the family which made her feel lost, resulting in her behavior of skipping classes. Another issue was the lack of communication. It took a lot from Monica to get the family members to speak up. David needed a lot of pushing since he did not see any fault in himself and thought Monica was wasting his time.

Diane’s death was never a topic of discussion in the family. David did not allow Michelle and her brother, Julian, to grieve the death of their mother. Michelle was not even allowed to attend her mother’s funeral. The only connection she felt to her mother was her grandmother Carmen whose death was hidden from Michelle. David married Kathleen a few months after Diane’s death (Wicket, 2022, 00:59:20). He did not give the children, let alone himself, time to grieve his wife. The children must have felt that their mother was being replaced since Kathleen took over the role of their mother. This is shown in her rules over Michelle, which Michelle is very intentional about not following. Since David did not address the death of her mother and grandmother, Michelle feels that that part of her is non-existent to her father.

After listening to the history, Monica decided to hold a session with Julian, Michelle, and David (Wicket, 2022, 00:57:28). From the session, David realized his fault for not being a parent to Julian and Michelle after the death of their mother. He also discovers that he is the problem and becomes more willing to open up. Julian plays a massive role in making his father open up by giving his story.

References

Wicket, H. (2022). The Legacy of Unresolved Loss: A Family Systems Approach https://youtu.be/LVeMDBNSrOI