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Lifespan Development and Personality of Princess Diana
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Lifespan Development and Personality of Princess Diana
Development is a life long process that describes the sequence of changes, transition and transformation that an individual goes through in the various stages of their lives. Human development and personalities are bound to be influenced by various factors such as heredity, environment and life experiences. What makes a person who s/he is depends on how one perceives the positive and negative influences of their lives and how they take them emotionally and morally. This paper shall critically analyze the life of a famous individual who I feel has undergone many adversities which have had both negative and positive impact in her life. Her environment and emotional upbringing have been influential to the decisions that she made in her lifetime. Her life is viewed by many as one filled with conflicts as she portrayed selflessness and generosity to those in need even though she came from a royal affluent background. This famous individual is Princess Diana. In order to understand a person’s personality, we must critically look back from where that person has come from.
Early Life
Princess Diana was born Diana Frances Spencer George in July 1, 1961 to her rich and affluent parents, the eighth Earl Spencer and Lady Frances Althorp. Unfortunately, they separated in 1967 and finally divorced in 1969. Diana was sent to a boarding school at a tender age and therefore she was also separated from her brother and sisters. However, this does not mean that Diana lived a lonely life. On the contrary, she was very social with a large circle of friends. These social activities were meant to bring her up in royal status and environment.
At the tender age of twenty, Diana Spencer married Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales and the prospective heir of the throne in Britain. The marriage to the Prince of Wales who was thirteen years her elder changed her status to Princess Diana. She bore him two sons, Princes William and Harry in the period between first and fourth year of their marriage. Their marriage lasted until 1992 when they separated and finally divorced in 1996. Princess Diana’s life ended tragically when she was involved in a fatal car accident in August, 1997.
Major Impacts in Diana’s Life
Childhood is a life development stage in the period between infancy and adolescence. Diana was privileged in terms of being born in a royal family where money and riches was in abundance. Her life seemed to be a quiet and reserved one as she was attended home school up to the age of nine. She loved swimming and dancing activities that matched well with her great sense of humor (Weiten, 2007). Her parents’ divorce when she was barely eight impact her negatively as she became a depressed and lonely child. Shyness became a big challenge in her entire life.
The adolescence stage is an individual’s phase of transition and development where physiological, cognitive and behavioral changes are seen to be in action. The generalized age for this period is usually the age from twelve to eighteen a stage that marks the transition from puberty to maturity. At this stage, the adolescent seeks to interact socially, and always has an urge to be independent away from the family’s protective nest. In other words, s/he seeks an identity. It is at this stage in Diana’s life that she became Lady Spencer after her grandfather’s death. As she struggled to cope with her parents’ divorce, she was even more isolated from the rest of the family when she was enrolled in a boarding school. This impacted her negatively as she underwent psychological changes evidenced in a lonely and homesick self.
The adulthood stage of development was marked with tremendous growth and twists in Diana’s life. She dropped out of high school and got married to Princes Charles. Her status at this point changed again this time as Princess of Wales. Diana became a media limelight during her marriage. Shortly after the birth of their second son, her marriage started to fall apart. She became even more depressed and lonely and at one point was diagnosed with bulimia. Bulimia is an eating disorder that is as a result of one psychologically perceiving themselves as not physically perfect and thereby inducing vomiting after meals (Schimelpfening, 2007). The divorce was a blow in her life and she faced her tragic death a year after the divorce.
The psychological development of Princess Diana’s must have definitely been influenced by the fact that she came from a royal and noble family. Her moral development was positively influenced in that as a child and an adolescent, she was trained and made to engage in social activities with the royal and noble individuals and therefore bred to fit in the royal status. It is therefore true to state that her heredity played a major role in enhancing her moral development. Her expectations from the society were of great help in shaping her moral development as she got the various titles of Lady and Princess. In contrast, her emotional development was severed from a tender age when her parents divorced and also when she herself got divorced. She is supposedly thought to have begged her father,” If you love me, please don’t leave me here” (Weiten, 2007). Diana therefore grew up as a lonely and insecure child who experienced had eating disorders as an adult due to depression. She grew up a shy child which proved to be a great challenge in her adult life as she was always on the public limelight. However, she was seen to overcome this in her involvement in charity work. It is evident that she sought her own happiness by helping others in need.
Erickson’s personality theory states that development is a sequence of changes that are bound to take place throughout one’s life. Each stage of development is marked by conflict a determiner whether the resultant influence is either positive or negative. A successful resolution in a specific stage results in a favorable outcome (Franz & White, 2006). According to this theory, stage five of development is the adolescent stage that is between the ages twelve and eighteen. He describes the ego identity as a major driver of development. It is that sense of knowing who we are as at now, where are heading and knowing our place in society. This stage for Diana was characterized by conflict between identity and confusion. The end result for this was loneliness, insecurity and depression. The fact that her newly acquired title brought with it new expectations and the engagement into marriage at such a tender age proved exhausting to a girl who wanted to be independent and seek her own identity.
Her young marriage was a period where Diana’s life experienced conflict between intimacy and isolation. Erickson’s theory states that achievement of an identity is likely to influence positivity on intimacy. The lack of an identity during her adolescence can be seen as the factor preceding her failed marriage. She was rumored to have also engaged in several love relationships which were also a failure. This caused her more depression and psychological disorders such as bulimia.
The second personality and development theory is the humanistic psychology theory. Although there is no aggregate definition of this theory, there are major statements that are always there in its discussion. The emphasis it presents on personal responsibility, the “here and now” perspective and the critical analysis of personal growth. The theory basically states that one is personally responsible for the events in their own lives, s/he should focus on the events that are happening in their lives now and not the past or the present and finally, looking at life from the perspective that there is more to life than just the urge to make your immediate needs catered for. Diana is the perfect example of this personality theory in that she did not try to blame anybody for the events of her life. She focused on her present life and finally sought to make herself happy by helping others. She presents an individual who believes that life is not about meeting our own immediate needs but finding happiness in the activities that engage in, in the present.
Erickson’s theory in my view best explains the individual behavior and achievements of Princess Diana. This does not mean that it fully explains her personality but the fact that it presents the identity crisis which seem to be the cause of conflict in her overall life is proof of it being the best theoretical approach to describing her personality. Diana did not have a chance to create a personal identity in her adolescence stage due to the various titles that came with different expectations. The depression evidenced in her childhood was with her throughout her life and therefore she was unable to hold on to intimate relationships. Instead, in search of personal happiness, she ended up in charity work where millions of desperate cases benefited.
References
Franz, C.E & White, K.M (2006) Individuation and Attachment in Personality Development: Extending Erickson’s Theory. Journal of Personality Vol. 53(2) pp. 224-256Nieboer, S. (2007) Diana, Princess of Wales: Learning To Give Retrieved April 28, 2010 from http://www.learningtogive.org
Weiten, W. (2007). Psychology: Themes and Variations. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Schimelpfening, N. (2007). Depression Retrieved April, 29, 2010 from HYPERLINK “http://depression.about.com/mbiopage.htm” http://depression.about.com/mbiopage.htm
Toilet Assistance
Toilet Assistance Equipment for Individuals With Restricted Mobility
Many patients all over the world need aids in performing normally, everyday functions normally due to their restricted mobility and other disabilities. People with disabilities rely heavily on their caregivers so that they lose much of their sense of independence. One of the most independence-robbing requirements of all is toilet assistance and most home cares try their best to equip disabled people with the means to help themselves as far as possible.
Many care shops out there provide much of the equipment necessary to achieve this. Simple handicap devices are now available that greatly help in making bathrooms more accessible to the disabled as well as increasing the user’s mobility. Given below are some of the common bathroom installations that can effectively help people with restricted mobility.
To start with, there is adjustable shower chair. This is one of the most popular bathroom aids to help individuals with disabilities into the shower. Normally, these chairs are installed into the bathroom wall as permanent folding fixture. Besides permanent chairs, there are also portable seats that are easy to adjust or fold. The design of the chair that you are going to install in your bathroom will depend on the person’s mobility and present situation.
Another important installation is bathroom grab bar. This should be installed around the shower, toilet and bathtub, and it is very crucial for seniors and disabled. These bars come in two types, and they are: permanent and detachable grab bars. Both types can be easily be installed in any type of bathroom wall. They can fit most bathroom walls and are very reliable. Bathroom grab bars are specifically designed to support heavier weights. Some of the grab bar can support up to 113 kilograms.
Bathtub lift is an excellent device that can be fitted in any conventional bathtub. This lift is installed over the bathtub’s top area, and this helps the user greater mobility. This lift is not only beneficial to the people with restricted mobility, but also to the caregiver, as well. This is because it lessens the physical assistance needed from another person. It also increases general safety when taking a bath.
There is also a sliding shower bar. This makes a great deal of difference to how the user takes a shower. This bar allows the user to be able to move the shower head the way he wants and to the to the appropriate height for easier use. With the sliding bar, the user can use a shower more efficiently regardless of their position when taking shower, whether the user is sitting or standing up.
There are lavatory seats that are specially designed for people with different disabilities. They are customized to provide the necessary aid according to their specific needs. You can buy a raised seat which is more convenient as it allows the user to sit down and rise back up without any The most common among toilet seats for disability use is a raised seat that makes it easier for external assistance.
The first step when it comes to purchasing any type of toilet aids is assessing what is actually needed. Compare various options and decide which aids would be of much help in your bathroom. Essentially, what you buy should provide the most efficiency in your bathroom.
The Toilet Assistance Equipment Benefits for those Having Moving Difficulties
Across the globe, there are many people living with disabilities. For them to run their normal day, they will require the help of some facilities. The ones who have mobility disabilities can use the toilet assistance apparatus. This will be a supper way of equipping your loved ones who are disabled.
These facilities are available in the care shops within the city. They sell all the necessary devices that will make the life of the disabled easier. The modest handicap devices will help these people access the bathrooms more conveniently.
Among the common restroom installations that are of help to the people with a restricted agility, is the modifiable shower chair. This greatly assists them to the shower without anyone’s help. It is better when the seats are fixed in the washroom wall. Alternatively, you can go for the portable seats are also available and very easy to use and fold after use.
The other installation you will need in the bathroom is the grab bar. This should be put up around the toilet, shower and bathtub. This will also be applicable to the homes with seniors and the disabled too. These bars are of two types. These are the permanent and separable grab bars. All of them are easy to install in all bathroom walls. They can fit most bathroom walls and are very reliable. They are reliable as they support all the heavy weights of up to 113 kilograms.
The Bathtub lift is a very useful device that can be fixed in a conventional bathtub. It is set up above the bathtubs top part. It will help the user to achieve greater mobility. It will also make the work of the caregivers easier. It will reduce the physical assistance which they will have to make for the disabled persons. It is important to note that it will improve the general safety when one is showering.
To show your care and love for the disabled family member or friend, you can buy them a sliding shower bar. It will make the users have a very new and pleasant showering experiences. It will be suitable as they can move the shower head as they please and adjust it to the right height which will make its use simple.
Since the disabilities vary from one person to the other, the facilities are as well different to suit each and every one of them. They can also be custom made to give the required aid when someone has special needs. A raised seat is the most commonly used as it will be more reliable because it enables the user to sit on it and up their back easily.
Before you buy any of these assisting toilet devices, it is crucial to evaluate the needs of the user. You can walk in the shops and make comparisons of their designs and prices too. After a proper search, you can go ahead to own the one that will best suit the bathroom that the disabled person will be using.
Common Toilet Assistance Installations to Help Disabled People
A patient requires special help to accomplish the daily routines. They suffer from different conditions that restrict them in performing the basics because of disabilities. People employ caregivers with special skills to help these people. As a result, they become self-reliant. An important facility for such people is the toilet assistance. People suffering from different disabilities require these facilities given by caregivers so that they can help themselves.
For many people, they can get these facilities form care shops. You will find special equipments for handicap people. Which used properly, they help them access the bathroom easily and feel comfortable. This makes it possible for them to move. For people who have difficulties to move, they have to consider the following facility installations.
One bathroom installation to can buy for use is the adjusted showering chair. It is a common installation that helps people with mobility issues to take a bath comfortably. Users install them as a permanent installation in bathroom walls. You will get portable chairs easy to fold and adjust. Buyers shopping for these chairs must consider disability the person suffers from before purchasing.
Another installation needed in your bathroom is the grab bar built around the bathroom, bathtub or shower. This is crucial to people disabled or the senior citizens. You can choose the detachable of permanent grab bars installed inside your bathroom. When installed inside your bathroom they become efficient. The grab bars support heavy weights, and they cannot be compared with towel bars. You can get the grab bars supporting a person who weighs 113 kilograms.
If you want to increase the mobility of a disabled person, consider the use of a conventional bathtub. The bathtub lift is the ideal tool to fit. It is built at the top side of the bathtub to increase mobility. Apart from helping people with disabilities, you will find it useful to caregivers. This helps to reduce the assistance given to the disabled as they can be lifted using the bathtub lift. This secures people when bathing.
People have different experiences when taking showers. One facility that provides a unique experience is the sliding shower bar. This facility is flexible as it gives people an opportunity to move the shower head in any direction and position they want. In addition, it helps a person to adjust the height. This shower bar gives users efficiency when taking a bath. They can choose to take a bath when standing or sitting down.
Inside the bathroom, you will get lavatory seats. These help people who suffer from a variety of disabilities. You will also get these lavatory seats customized to your needs for users to feel comfortable. People will go for raise seats. These are comfortable because you can sit and raise the back without problems. The raised seat allows people to get external help.
When buying any toilet assistance installations, you have to research on what the user the user requirements. There are many options available, and you have to compare them before choosing the one with many benefits in your bathroom. Buy the installation that is efficient for your needs.
Distributed versus massed practice
Distributed versus massed practice
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Abstract
Memory is the core basis for ideally all cognitive brain functions. Hence, studies on functional memory systems are utilized to understand how learning takes place. Researchers are developing concepts and models to aid teachers and learners to retain the data for application in the practical field. There are two major types of learning that can be utilized in the learning process namely, distributed and mass practice. The two types have their pros and cons (Murray & Uderman, 2003). Distributed practice is better than mass practice. The purpose of this study is explain why distributed practice is better than massed practice.
Discussion
The study of human memory has been ongoing from the time of the Greek scholar, Aristotle. Aristotle made several contributions to the field of psychology. Aristotle believed that human beings are born devoid of knowledge and gather it over time and therefore their brain is a sum of experiences. The earlier scholars developed their hypothesis without conducting any research. It was not until the 1880s that a scientific approach was developed to study memory. Herman Ebbinghaus experimented on himself using nonsense syllables. He developed the concepts of the learning curve and the forgetting curve (Christophel, 2017). The concepts are still widely accepted in the world today. The other major findings of the study were on the types of memory. Herman’s concepts lay the foundation for future scientific studies on memory.
Distributed practice ensures a more conscious approach to learning. It recommends a more spaced out technique that allows one to study in intervals for a specified duration of time (Christophel, 2017). Students who depend on distributed practice are more likely to retain the knowledge beyond the exam which may facilitate a better understanding of those classes. Massed practice describes studies that are done occasionally but for prolonged periods. Massed practice is common in schools where the students study only a few days before the exam. Massed practice is quite efficient as many students often pass their exams. However, the massed practice encourages students to cram for the exam hence the increased propensity to forget the information once the exam is done. Consequently, if one needs to retain the information it is better to adopt distributed practice.
Some researches support the use of distributed practice among learners. According to the stimulus sampling theory, the human brain accepts repeated materials more than when a study is conducted just once. Repeated signals amplify memory retention (Scette et al., 2015). Learners can relate to this topic. For example, studying the first time immensely stimulates the brain regions responsible for learning and retention of information. When the learner studies the same notes the second time, their brain can remember the concept and now can begin to retrieve the stored information. If one learns effectively, they can easily remember even the page numbers and location of a concept. The distributed practice provides breaks between learning activities hence permitting a person to recognize the learning practices as those that form the mechanism of a twice-studied concept thus enhancing memorization. Reminding and association processes are stimulated that ensure a better understanding.
Distributed practice warrants an enhanced conceptual thoughtful understanding of the studied stuff. Distributed practice adopts a conscious approach to study all materials. Hence, this allows for better memorization of concepts and also for a prolonged time. A reduction of distributed practice decreases the student’s understanding of the learning materials and thus leads to errors in the knowledge accumulated.
Distributed practice excels also in sports and music. One study reports that longer breaks between music sittings increase the procedural memory of an individual (Scette et al., 2015). Essentially, the drilling of musicians illustrates that the performance precision of the musical skills is better elaborated using the memory consolidation theory. When a musician conducts multiple training sessions the motor skills are better encoded and refined and also less likely to be forgotten. If one decides to practice all the musical skills once and for prolonged periods as in massed practice they are likely to be forgotten. One may easily forget a particular musical skill due to the allocation of information. There are also fewer repetition scenes unlike with distributed practice.
Within a limited time frame, a teacher should utilize distributed practice to allow students to train their multiple abilities instead of concentrating on only one repetitive deed. Murray and Uderman demonstrated the efficiency of distributed practice by the method of a football training session (2003). The practice permitted learners to indulge in multiple skills within a specified duration of time instead of focusing on one ability. Massed practice is effective for distinct tasks and is ineffective for long-term constant drills. Motor skills require stages of rehearsal, drills, and practice. In both practices, all the mentioned events occur. However, in massed practice, the rest intervals between practice sessions are minimal if any. Massed practice activists defend it by saying that frequent repetition enhances the method and effectiveness. However, from a psychological stand massed practice does not accommodate the motivation of an individual. The short resting intervals are not enough to distract the learner completely from learning (Haq et al., 2015). Consequently, in massed practice, the learners are likely to be bored and tired unlike in distributed practice that distracts them and allows for retention.
Conclusion
In conclusion, distributed practice is more effective for both intellectual and motor purposes. The effectiveness stems from the major difference between the two namely, the more resting intervals and repeated actions as in distributed practice. Distributed practice is useful for the functional and mechanical human intelligence organization. It should be promoted in sports, music, and statistical exercise. This is because it adopts a more mindful style to specific actions by giving an improved conceptual consideration of the substances and greater motivation to intellectual and motor learning. Distributed practice avoids the mental, emotional, and emotional exhaustion that is predominates massed practice.References
Christophel, T. B., Klink, P. C., Spitzer, B., Roelfsema, P. R., & Haynes, J. D. (2017). The distributed nature of working memory. Trends in cognitive sciences, 21(2), 111-124.
Haq, S. S., Kodak, T., Kurtz‐Nelson, E., Porritt, M., Rush, K., & Cariveau, T. (2015). Comparing the effects of massed and distributed practice on skill acquisition for children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(2), 454-459.
Murray, S. R., and B. E. Udermann. “Massed versus distributed practice: which is better.” Cahperd journal 1 (2003): 19-22.
Schutte, G. M., Duhon, G. J., Solomon, B. G., Poncy, B. C., Moore, K., & Story, B. (2015). A comparative analysis of massed vs. distributed practice on basic math fact fluency growth rates. Journal of School Psychology, 53(2), 149-159.