Phillips, F. B. (1990). NTU Psychotherapy: An Afrocentric approach. The Journal of Black Psychology, 17, 55-74.

This article explores a kind of a therapy known as NTU, commonly pronounced as ‘in-too’ found on a central Africa ideology of a functional unit that reaches all aspects of being. The main focus in its approach is based on a natural order that looks at the emifiaction of body, soul and mind. The critical issues of this African philosophy are perceived to be affected and influenced by the culture of African American. These issues are congruent to a Hemonistic view. And due to this, the core objective of this therapy study is congruence with oneself. The therapeutic understandings and relationship is key to the success of psychotherapy. African fundamentals of Narigo Saba are highlighted as the spiritual procedures for persons to abidance and acceptance of these opinions allowing the process of healing to start. Numerous values and aspects involved in the therapeutic process are greatly discussed. This provides credible and resourceful materials for the discussions and understanding of abnormal psychology.

Green, R., Mandel, J. B., Hotvedt, M. E., Gray, J., & Smith, L. (2005). Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 167-184.

This article investigates and presents the reports from a comparative study of two kinds of a single parent household setting with children ages 4-12. The objective of the study was to compare the sexuality identity development of children in household where fathers are absent but live with their mothers who are either homosexual or heterosexual; the research was conducted in ten states. The survey was done through mothers completing their sex- role and personalities by mail. The children were examined with the age equivalent Weschhler Scales, test of family relationship and sexual identity were also carried out. A significant quantity of qualitative information is recorded about the mothers’ background. The observations and results from interviews and questionnaires reveal that there was no supporting evidence on gender identity disorder. Daughters displayed a wider array of gender-role behavior compared to sons. The study also revealed that to a certain extent daughters of mothers who are lesbians were observed to portray a lesser feminist particularly on how they dress.

Neighbors, H. W., Jackson, J. S., Campbell, L., & Williams, D. (1989). The influence of racial factors on psychiatric diagnosis: A review and suggestions for research. Community Mental Psychological Journal, 25, 301-311.

This review article provides the prevalence factors and figures to substantiate a notion that Blacks are more frequently misdiagnosed with schizophrenia and not as often as their White counterparts who manifest identical symptomology. The basis of the review looks at the DSM-II system but not DSM IV where a comprehensive discussion of symptomolgy was done. Among the objectives of the research was to work out a proper design of alternative investigative modalities to reduce misdiagnoses specifically among Blacks as it has happened. It also touches on ways of improving cultural mannerism and language on issues relating to symptomology. (i.e, the use structured interviews by both Black and White Clinicians when diagnosing their clients). Given the date of this article and its merits, this review would be the most call for invitation to students to study these developments and ideas and point evidence and support them with the present literature. The article discusses the importance of clarification cultural functions and context of diagnosis. The author categorically illustrates the early learning experiences and symptoms. And so doing, he undermines the challenge of the DSM III-R nosology that only permits diagnosis which is upon the symptomoloy manifestation. For a psychology specialist, this study offers the significance of information of cultural context and also a very useful source of information concerning maladaptive symptoms.

This article describes the need for clarification of cultural context and function of diagnosis and the development of a syndrome indigenous to Japan of Taijim Kyofusho. The author describes the symptoms and early learning experiences in Japan which seem to foster this social fear of interpersonal relations. In doing so, he underscores the limits of the DSM III-R nosology which allows for a diagnosis based on presence of symptomology. To the psychology educator, this work provides both a source of information about maladaptive symptoms in Japan and emphasizes the importance of knowledge of cultural context.

This review article presents prevalence figures to substantiate the point that Blacks are misdiagnosed more often with schizophrenia and less often with affective disorders than Whites who exhibit similar symptomatology. The article is dated in that it refers to the DSM-III system rather than DSM-III-R or DSM IV where a more explicit definition of symptomology has been accomplished. Specific suggestions of research designs to investigate alternate ways to decrease misdiagnoses among Blacks and increase cultural awareness of the language and mannerisms of Blacks related to symptomology are given (for example, the use of structured interviews by both White and Black clinicians to differentially diagnose Black and White clients). Given the merit of these ideas and the date of the article, this resource would best serve as an invitation to students to discuss these ideas and locate evidence to support and refute them in the current literature.

D’Augelli, A. R., & Patterson, C. J. (Eds.). (2004). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

This book contains 15 chapters that cover the full range of developmental issues for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. Chapters include multicultural issues, biological and social constructionist views of development, couples and families, adolescents, mid-life, aging, and community issues. The chapter on bisexual identities will be especially useful to those having difficulty finding material on this topic, although bisexuality is addressed in many of the other chapters as well.

Falk, P. J. (1989). Lesbian mothers: Psychosocial assumptions in family law. American Psychologist, 44, 941-947.

This compelling work explores the relevant issues surrounding homosexuality and motherhood. Falk describes the dominant legal premises and then presents research from the last ten years that has evolved from such assumptions. This review provides the reader with substantial evidence to reexamine and reject myths associated with lesbian mothers. The legalistic writing style and completeness of the literature review on this provocative subject matter would be a useful resource material for discussions of homosexuality, gender roles and societal influences on the development of stigmas.

Gay and Lesbian Parents Coalition International. (Current year). A bibliography on gays and lesbians and their families. Washington, DC: GLPCI.

This organization is very active, with chapters in most states. Many chapters have a speakers bureau and will do guest speaking for classes. Their bibliography is very comprehensive and updated regularly, and much of it is annotated. Also contains information regarding related organizations and community resources.

Gill, C. (1993, August). Disability identity: Staying whole while straddling two worlds. Paper presentation at the Disabled and Proud: The 1993 gathering of college student leaders with disabilities, Minneapolis, MN.

This presentation addressed the disability identity process and the manner in which persons with disabilities come to know themselves through seeking a sense of community with others with disabilities.

Savin-Williams, R. C. (1990). Gay and lesbian youth: Expressions of identity. New York, NY: Hemisphere.

A good overview of issues facing youth, based on research as well as personal stories. Especially useful for secondary and undergraduate teachers, who are working with this age group.

Stevenson, H. W., & Lee, S. (1990). Contexts of achievement: A study of American, Chinese, and Japanese children.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 55(1-2), 1-23.

One of the largest and fastest growing ethnic populations in the United States is that of diverse Asian groups. Stevenson and Lee’s primary interest was in determining which differences between American, Japanese, and Taiwanese students and parents had a corollary with the Asian children’s higher scores on culturally free achievement tests. However, their monograph also provides useful insight to clinicians, in that respondent parents provided a variety of demographic information which includes their attitudes toward education, study habits, beliefs about effort and ability, and their abilities to understand aspects of their own child’s performance, motivation, and personality. Additionally, the mothers were probed as to what constituted satisfactory performance, what was their role correspondent to teachers, and how were educational problems to be handled

Adebimpe, V. R. (1981). Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of Black patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 279-285.

This article points out the subjective nature of clinical interview data collection and highlights that the possibility for error is greater in the areas of language differences, modes of communication and expression of distress which are salient to the diagnosis of Blacks with symptomology. The author points out that stereotypes of Blacks also confound the diagnostic activity, particularly for the White clinician. In doing so, he calls attention to the social and political implications of misdiagnoses. Although dated, this article serves as a good source for discussions of labeling related to the classification/diagnosis unit.

Jones, B. E., and Gray, B. A. (1986). Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among Blacks. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37, 61-65.

The article is dated in the sense that it makes reference to shortcomings in DSM III, however, important points about misdiagnoses concerning Blacks are made thus making it a worthwhile resource. Misdiagnosis occurs among Blacks and lower socioeconomic groups with respect to overdiagnosis of schizophrenia and underdiagnosis of affective disorders. Over reliance on the thought disorder symptomatology of schizophrenia diagnosis, underreliance on thought disorder symptomology for affective disorder, poor consensus in the field on the difference between normal and abnormal mood, and little understanding of language and mannerisms in these groups are identified as factors contributing to the misdiagnoses. Specific cultural factors in Blacks and Hispanics related to misdiagnoses are discussed. The establishment of baseline behaviors and symptomology for Blacks is suggested. This is an excellent source for discussions of clinical judgment, diagnostic systems, and the design of clinical research investigations to establish baseline behaviors in various cultural groups.

King, J., Beals, J., Manson, S. M., & Trimble, J. E. (1992). A structural equation model of factors related to substance abuse among American Indian adolescents. Drugs and Society, 6(3-4), 253-268.

A structural equation modeling was used to test alternative models of the relative influence of such life experiences (life stress, social support, & depression) on the nature and extent of alcohol and drug use.

Kirmayer, L. J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM III-R. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 19-28.

Kleinmare, A. (1986). Social origins of distress and disease: Depression, neurasthenia, and pain in modern China. New Haven: Yale University Press.

This world famous anthropologist/psychiatrist presents his findings from field-research studies of illness and care in Chinese society. Of particular relevance is his explanation for the low prevalence of depression in the Chinese culture.

LaDue, R. A. (1991). Coyote returns: Survival for Native American women. In P. Roth (Ed.), Alcohol and drugs are women’s issues. Volume One: A review of the issues. Metuchen, NJ: Women’s Action Alliance and the Scarecrow Press, Incorporated.

A sensitively written work about the issues pertinent in alcohol abuse for Native American women. The break in the cultural circle of life along with other alcohol abuse problems is identified as a factor that contributes to the destruction of native communities.

Manson, S. (1989). Risk factors for suicide among Indian adolescents at a boarding school. Public Health Report, 104(6), 609-614.

Just as the title suggests.

Moncher, M. S., Holden, G. W., & Trimble, J. E. (1990). Substance abuse among Native American youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 408-415.

Substance use and abuse poses serious risks for American-Indian youth, their families, and their communities. This article briefly reviews social epidemiological data followed by a discussion of culturally relevant etiological factors.

Strickland, T. L. (1995). Comparison of lithium ratio between African American and CaucAsian bipolar patients. Biological Psychiatry, 37(5), 325-330.

Findings suggest that African Americans may be more susceptible to the side effects associated with lithium treatment, such that lower doses may be necessary.

See, also:

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY:

Bronstein, P. A., & Quina, K. (1988).

INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING & THERAPY:

Garnets, L., Hancock, K. A., Cochran, S. D., Goodchilds, J., & Peplau, I. A. (1991).

Leong, F. T. L. (1986).

PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING:

Birren, J. E., Sloane, R. B. & Cohen, G. D. (Eds.). (1992).

Blazer, D. (1990).

McIntosh, J. L., Santos, J. F., Hubbard, R. W. & Overholser, J.C. (1994).

RESEARCH & MEASUREMENT IN PSYCHOLOGY:

Westermeyer, J. (1987).