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Causes of Civil War
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Causes of Civil War
The American Civil War in the United States of America began on April 12th 1861. It wasn’t between just two states, but instead, many states against one another. One part wanted to keep the Union and believed that slavery should not be abolished, while the other part wanted to abolish slavery and break away from the Union. The major causes of the American civil war included sectionalism, slavery, cultural and economic change, expansion of the federal government, nationalism and populism.
In regards to sectionalism, at the time of the Civil War 1861-1865 there was a widespread agreement that slavery should be abolished. The Northern states had begun to pass laws which outlawed slavery in their own states, but Southern states continued to allow it in their own territories (Wilpone-Welborn, 2018). The majority of these were slave states and many Southern leaders had attempted to convince their state governments to adopt anti-slavery laws as early as 1829. Southerners argued that they could not survive without slavery and that their economy was heavily dependent on it. Northerners reacted to this by saying that slavery was morally wrong because it prevented people from working in whatever job they choose, rather than what they were naturally good at. They also needlessly mistreated those who were inherited into slavery and said that there was no excuse for holding another man as property. Southern leaders counter-argued that the North was trying to attack their rights as a state by banning slavery from their own territories and therefore had no right to dictate to them. This disagreement led directly to six separate states in the south deciding to form their own central government called the Confederacy, which meant simply ‘separateness’. Excessive devotion to their respective interests led to the civil war between the Northerners and the Northerners.
Slavery as another factor: the North wanted to abolish slavery whereas the South wanted to keep it. Prior to the Civil War, slavery was a huge part of the Southern economy. The South was very dependent on slave labor for their economy because of the nature of their work, and therefore could not survive economically if they had to free their slaves. It is important to remember that slaves were not only used for agricultural labor but also in mining and household duties amongst other things. According to David Williams, “Slavery provided an extremely strong motivation for secession, since states needed direct access to the international slave trade in order to grow and develop (Mathisen, 2018). In addition, the slave trade financed some of the costs of fighting a war”. In addition, “slaves were literally property and as such were considered to have certain rights under the Constitution. Thus, they had a monetary value”. The South also felt that they had been wronged by the North because before secession was declared, North Carolina’s governor and their legislature had made it very clear that if their state seceded “they would not sell or otherwise give away any portion of their slaves”.
Cultural and economic change affected the civil war in that the increase in Northern industry and the shift away from agriculture motivated abolitionists to call for the outlaw of slavery (Wilpone-Welborn, 2018). When the North began to undergo a lot of cultural changes, they also started to challenge slavery. Many people in the North felt that it was wrong to prohibit tradesmen and mechanics from working at their jobs, as well as forcing them into doing physical labor because they were a natural fit for it. They believed that this was morally wrong and that we live in a world where we should all be able to freely choose our future professions. Many Northerners also viewed slavery as an evil that they were trying to eliminate, but the southern states did not feel this way at all. The South disliked the fact that they were constantly being criticized for allowing slavery in their territory and believed that it was a local matter (Wilpone-Welborn, 2018). This difference of opinion led directly to the beginning of the American civil war between the north and south over slaves.
Expansion of the federal government was also a major cause of the civil war. It was important to the United States government that they were able to go into foreign territories and take hold of them by force, as well as bring them under their control (Wilpone-Welborn, 2018). They believed that if they did not expand west and take control over these new territories that other countries would take what is rightfully the United States’. They also felt it was necessary for the safety of the United States if this were to happen. This expansion of the federal government had been going on for a long time and was implemented by the party in power. George Washington tried to limit government, but former presidents Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson had both tried to expand it. This expansion stood in direct opposition to the concept of state’s rights that many southerners believed in, and as a result, aggravated the civil war.
The last major cause of the civil war was nationalism and populism (Wilpone-Welborn, 2018). The North and South had very different views on this subject as well, with the South believing that it was essential for them to remain one nation because they felt that they were one people. They also argued that since they were culturally similar, it was important for them to stay together because they would not be able to survive as two separate nations. The North felt that they were two separate countries and wanted to maintain this way of life. Many Northerners also viewed the South as “a sort of whipped dog” that was being held back by the dominance of the South’s slave labor. In these two countries, nationalism and populism were mainly being used as reasons to support their factions’ positions in the civil war.
References
Mathisen, E. (2018). The second slavery, capitalism, and emancipation in Civil War America. journal of the civil war era, 8(4), 677-699. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26520991Wilpone-Welborn, H. (2018). The Civil War in the United States ed. by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Civil War History, 64(4), 390-391. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/722204/summary
Mothers and daughters have been written about, criticized, publicized, condemned, and praised for a long time
Mothers and daughters have been written about, criticized, publicized, condemned, and praised for a long time. As more and more material becomes available on mother-daughter relationships, it becomes apparent that being a mother and being a daughter means different things to different people depending on race, economics, social status and blood type. This paper will explore the meaning of being a mother and being a daughter by combining all of these independent variables. A definition of motherhood and daughterhood will be clearer, however, as experience will tell us, not everyone can be categorized, or even explained.
In “Choosing Consciousness”, Elizabeth Minnich describes mothers as:
“.The people who take day-by-day care of children, the ones whose lives are intricately involved with their children, the ones who keep the children safe, who wrestle with their souls and fight with them and love them and try to heal them and give up on them and give in to them” (Minnich, 195).
In her opinion, as well as many other authors we have read, a mother does not need to be blood related. She only needs to care for her child, be there for her child, and love her child. She is the dominant woman force in her child’s life, influencing, teaching and setting an example for her child.
This idea is reflected in other cultures as well. In black communities, especially, a mother is not necessarily one who gave birth to her daughter. She is the person who sets examples for the daughter and is there to help coach the daughter through the trials and tribulations of life.
“Biological mothers or bloodmothers are expected to care for their children. But African and African-American communities have also recognized that vesting one person with full responsibility for mothering a child may not be wise if possible” (Collins, 47).
Collins believes that in order to be a mother, you only need to care for a child, and this idea has been central to African and African-American motherhood. Community outreach and the caring of adjacent women have been very important to the raising of daughters in black communities.
Although being a caring and nurturing force in a daughter’s life is central to becoming a mother, other pieces we have read have supported the idea that a mother needs to teach her child to grow, and then let her go to off to find herself and her own understanding.
In “Annie John”, by Jamaica Kincaid, Annie is stunned when her mother suddenly turns her cheek on her in order to let her go and become a “lady”. It is not until the end of the story that Annie realizes that her mother was only acting on what her conception of motherhood embraced; once a daughter reached a certain age, she was to start her own life, evolving into her own identity.
Susan Walters also discusses the concept of mothers enabling their daughters to grow into women, while sending them off to experience independence and break ties with their family. Her article emphasizes societies need for daughters to emerge from their mothers’ care and create their own lives, instead of keeping close ties with each other. In this case a mother is only a notch on the totem pole of their daughter’s life.
The existence as a daughter has been explored in depth as well. Is a daughter just an extension of her mother or is she an individual paired with someone to facilitate her emergence into the real world? Is she a friend or is she a student?
This central idea is explored in the Walters article as well. A story included in the article suggested that a daughter not be afraid to become affiliated with her mother. She said that “the sacrament of ‘separation'” from her mother was based on society’s perpetualization that a daughter must become independent from her mother and that a fondness for her mother was simply a clinging that wasn’t natural or healthy. However, a kinship with a mother is the most natural occurrence ever. The relationship that a daughter has with her mother should be one of the most formative ones of her life, and she should embrace the experience without the pressure to run away from it.
Of course a healthy relationship between a daughter and a mother is not always the case. In the novel “Ellen Foster” a little girl was faced with many woman figures that were not nurturing or facilitating to her growth. Instead of being nurtured, Ellen took care of all the women in her life until she found someone to ultimately fill the mother role in her life. She explored both the mother and the daughter roles in her witty narrative. Not only was she the sole nurturer, but she finally becomes the one that was nurtured and loved.
I think the explanations of what it means to be a mother and what it means to be a daughter also explain how we can fulfill each others needs, fantasies and desires. As a daughter, we need to look at what we would want in a daughter, what being a daughter means to us and reflect that on our mothers. If we feel that we should be students then we need to observe and learn everything our mother has to teach us. If it is a friend we feel a daughter should be than we should confide in our mothers, trust their instincts and also be there for them.
As a mother it is essential to throw out the cultural pressures that are put on us. We need to explore those things that were missing from our mothers and practice those things on our daughters. We need to create our own definition of mother and emphasize it to our daughter. I think that Minnich’s experience of being a stepmother epitomizes what a mother should do to fulfill her daughter’s needs:
“.being a stepmother means loving the children more than our society expects.less than we (who usually try to hard) fear the children need and often both more and less than we can accept because it hurts to love unreservedly).” (Minnich, 193).
There are many forces that bring us to these realizations as mothers and daughter, the most influential, I think, is our societies views on the roles mothers and daughters have. Walters discusses the effects that the media has on influencing our opinions of mothers and daughters.
“From this venerable Greek myth of Persephone and Demeter to the modern fable of maternal malevolence embodied in contemporary films such as Mommie Dearest, the narrative of mothers and daughters has largely been portrayed in terms of conflict and the ambivalent struggle of separation” (Walters, 20).
These images have manifested an invariable struggle between mothers and daughters that is not close to reality. Through these mediums we have lost the idea that a mother is someone to love and a daughter is someone to respect and cultivated a theory that we need to break free from our repressive mothers and that daughters are “greedy and insufferable.” The Hollywood portrayal of mothers and daughters is not accurate nor should it be thought of as normal.
It is not only this fallacy that the media has created that is the problem. There is little to no research and images of the black mother-daughter relationship or any other race for that matter. In a world that is so diverse and in a country that should be not racist, we are manifesting racism by not acknowledging the diversified mother/daughter relationship.
“We (white women) become complicit in the intersections of racism/sexism by not challenging the treatment of black mothers and by replacing purified images of white ones (nurturing, caring, empowering, ethical, etc.” (Flax, 68).
Our “eurocentric” perspectives on black mothers have debilitated society from seeing what motherhood really is in African-American communities. As Collins put it, “Adhering to these standards brings the danger of the lowered self-esteem of internalized oppression, one that, if passed on from mother to daughter, provides a powerful mechanism for controlling African-American Communities” (Collins, 45).
In all that we have read, I have expanded my knowledge about the mother/daughter relationship into realms that I never knew existed. Considering my close relationship with my mother, I was unaware that other relationships like mine existed and that relationships so different from mine were possible. I have enjoyed to opportunity to research into the lives and minds of so many scholars. Viewing these relationships from other perspectives, other cultures and other races has shown me what a mother means to different people with different experiences. The only thing that remains central is the idea that mothers and daughters should nurture each other, comfort each other and, most importantly, learn and grow with each other.
Adolph Coorss Competitive advantage
Management
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Introduction
Coors is one of the largest brewing companies in United States and has maintained high production level since its establishment almost two hundred and thirty years ago. The company specializes in production of high-quality brewed malt in U.S. through various management strategies. Some of the important aspects of production used by Coors are a quality water-source selection, stringent processing standards, and a well-strategized cold filtering brewing approach. The high competitive advantage enjoyed by the company has enabled it expand its distribution to new markets within U.S. in order to gain a higher market share (Ghemawat, 1992; 1). The following discussion focuses on the key aspects that made Coors brewing industry achieve a high competitive advantage and its strategies to invest in new markets.
Discussion
Coors’s Competitive advantage
Adolph Coors founded Coors Brewing Company after realizing that Colorado offered a source of fresh water for the brewing industry. Most of the company’s managerial achievements have been credited to Adolph’s family. However, in the 21st century, the beer market changed drastically calling for the company management to define newer methods of conducting production and marketing segmentation processes. The business evolved into a competitive industry that accommodated both local and international competitors. Coors developed various production strategies that would enable his company rank among the best beer producers in the U.S. by the year 1985 (Ghemawat, 1992; 2).
The main question that arisen from this situation was the ability of Coors to maintain his family culture while changing the company’s structure meets international standards. Another question was the ability of Coors to grow the company’s core products in order to compete effectively with other brands. Lastly, the company had to address its distribution logistic issues concerning product delivery from the processing firm to wholesalers and retailers across the country. Addressing these issues required that the company show a high performance index.
Performance matters a lot in every organization since it indicates its value in relation to other organizations in the same field. In Coors Brewing Company, the performance was improved by introducing new management rules that ensured all departments show a high level of production irrespective of the prevailing situations. The financial performance measure of an organization is determined by the profit sharing plans, and progressive people management strategies, which creates positive effects. In addition, the company acquired an effective procurement process that ensured the cost of production was at the lowest possible value. The market structure adopted by an organization acted as an element of undertaking need analysis of the market share. In this, the market structure had to segment the potential market of the organization products for effective analysis of the needs, and formulation of measures that need adoption by the company (Ghemawat, 1992; 2-3).
On the other hand, production played a major role in attaining the competitive advantage of Coors Company. The management team at Coors recognized a need to expand their operations internationally by improving their products. The company opened new stores in major towns in U.S. to enable customers have access to their products. The company made use of demographic marketing selection strategy whereby product branding was used as the main marketing strategy. The market segment was developed in order to increase sales of products like, canned beer. In order to achieve high profit margins, Coors Company used cost effective production methods that made it more compettive among its rivals. The company aimed at produxing more barrels in order to increase its economies of scales. The cost of producing brewing barrels differed with time prompting the company to ensure a production of more than 100,000 barrels annually ((Ghemawat, 1992; 4).
The other aspect of production that enabled Coors Company achieve a compettive advantage was distribution of its products. The company made use of wholesalers and reatilers while other smaller companies made home deliveries. Coors is an established brewing company and many consumers had gained the trust on its products as opposed to the newerly established companies. Coors innovation strategy was promoted through offering branded products at consumer friendly prices in all stores countrywide. The retailing department that consisted of merchandisers and store operators ensured customers always received fresh drinks with different flavours at all times. Wholesalers liaised more frequently with buyers to ensure that the purchased products achieved the targeted sales plan. This involves devising the necessary techniques by delivering the production plan to buyers, who in turn, come up with decisions on the products to buy, brands, and the amount (Ghemawat, 1992).
Marketing was another factor that Coors management took into consideration in order to plan competitive strategies. The demand for beer in U.S. kept increasing between 1980 and 1985 due to the increased rate of population growth. The company had to devise effective marketing strategies because new beer brewing companies kept on emerging that offered distinctive products to potential consumers. To improve on marketing, the company ventured into a brand name creation of its beers. In line with brand name change, the company took an extensive promotion of its products. This called for the company to venture in as many places as possible, to create customer awareness of their branded beers. Advertising methods such as media campaign, and offering additional promotions to the customers brought high profits for the company (Ghemawat, 1992).
Coors’s brewing division
Coors always stressed on quality brewing and could not entertain any behavior that provoked the rights of consumers. He upheld effective corporate social responsibility and ethics in his business that made him receive many customers. Moreover, the company took good care of various farmers who provided raw materials (barley) for beer production. In his constitution, Coors developed policies that ensured the rights of persons were respected. The following policies aimed at achieving the following organizational objectives:
A perfect management regulations through proper distribution of rights and responsibilities among the company staff, managers, and stakeholders, customers and the society
Creating a strong company cultural structure and protect it in order to hold the business integrity and provide responsible practices, and
To encourage employees on how to make an efficient use of the available resources and using them to attain a competitive advantage
In addition, the company developed rules and regulations guiding the use of beer in clubs and at homes in order to promote responsible drinking (Ghemawat, 1992; 5).
Conclusion
Organizations undergo various challenges as they develop the necessary strategies to assist in managing the current business operations in terms of competitiveness and positioning. Managers should be capable of integrating best organizational behavior practices in carrying out their regular business operations, in order to achieve their specific organizational objectives. In every organization, people have the responsibility of providing leadership, stewardship, and follower-ship. People learn innovations and ideas that assist them transform their organizations into greater levels hence achieving a greater competitive advantage. Coors Brewing Company’s strategic approach enabled it maintain its lead in beer production in U.S. between 1980 and 1985.
Reference
Ghemawat, P. (1992). “Adolph Coors in the Brewing Industry”, Harvard Business School. 9-
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