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Evolution of the Civil Rights Movement in the 20th Century
Evolution of the Civil Rights Movement in the 20th Century
Introduction
When a substantial number of people believe that civil rights enforcement is insufficient, a civil rights movement may emerge to demand that laws be implemented fairly and without prejudice in accordance with the Constitution (Dudziak n.p.). In this essay, the evolution of the American civil rights movements is discussed with regard to periods within the 20th century up to the present. The focus will be on the Civil Rights Movement period of 1954 and 1965, the Black Power Movement (1965-1972), and the Present-Day civil rights movements (2000-2021). Wholesomely, civil rights movement is not a singular period in history but rather a process structured between different social issues and within different time periods such as the recent Black Lives Matter movement or the Black Power Movement in the late 60s.
1954-1965 – Civil Rights Movement
African-Americans were denied equal legal protection throughout the civil rights movement in the United States, which took place mostly in the 1950s and 1960s and was aimed at establishing social justice in the nation. However, although the Civil War brought an end to slavery, it did not put an end to prejudice towards African-Americans (Hall 237), who continued to endure the effects of racism, notably in the southern states of the United States. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, African Americans were subjected to much more prejudice and violence than they were entitled to receive. Their actions, in conjunction with those of a huge number of white Americans, marked the beginning of a two-decade-long struggle for equality in the United States.
In the Reconstruction period in America, black citizens rose to unprecedented heights of power and influence. During their time in public service, they campaigned for legislative measures that would enhance equality and the right to vote. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified in 1868, provided African Americans with equal legal protection under the law and the 15th Amendment, passed in 1870, guaranteed the right to vote to African-American males (Forbath 697). The fact that people whom they had previously enslaved were now on a more or less equal footing, however, was met with unhappiness by many white Americans, particularly those in the South. The creation of “Jim Crow” legislation in the South began in the late 1800s with the goal of marginalizing Black people, keeping them segregated from white people, and obliterating the achievements won after Reconstruction (Bader and Warkentien 139). In addition to being denied access to the same public amenities as white people, African-Americans were also denied the opportunity to reside in many of the same areas and attend many of the same schools as white people. Interracial marriage was prohibited, and the vast majority of African-Americans lacked basic voting knowledge.
The United States’ post-World War II unity across racial lines was aimed at eradicating the country’s remaining prejudice and discrimination. In the decades leading up to World War II, a smaller number of Americans pushed for equality on a sustained basis. However, with the conclusion of World War II, a more organized Civil Rights Movement began to take shape. Throughout this time of American history, a variety of causes had a role in the establishment of the civil rights movement. Throughout World War II, hundreds of thousands of African Americans gave their lives in the service of their nation (Harris 19), discovering that in European nations such as the United Kingdom and France, racial prejudice was not nearly as prevalent as in the United States (Bader 136). Many people realized for the first time that the United States could be able to become a country free of racial discrimination.
I believe that the Civil Rights Movement in the 50s and early 60s must be credited with changing the social and political scenery in America as it is today. Following World War II’s conclusion, the G.I. Bill played an important part in the establishment of the Civil Rights Movement. Returning World War II soldiers were supported in their transition to civilian life by the federal government, which covered the costs of their college studies (Forbath 697). Despite the fact that thousands of African American veterans benefited from this program, they continued to confront discrimination in the workplace, which prevented them from moving to higher-paying professional positions. Untold numbers of African-American college graduates were driven to enter occupations that they would not have been able to acquire without a four-year college degree. A large number of African Americans and their allies created a much more organized campaign for equal rights as a result of their dissatisfaction with the United States’ failure to really guarantee freedom and equality to all people.
I find it important to mention Martin Luther King as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and early 1960s. When the Montgomery Bus Boycott took place in 1955, he was one of the co-organizers, with the goal of putting Montgomery, Alabama’s segregated public transportation system to an end (Hall 239). The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was established as a result of King’s actions. Established in 1957, this group intended to bring together churches from throughout the South in opposition to racial segregation and denial of other civil rights to African Americans, as well as other injustices. The importance of such actions are still felt today even as civil rights movements take shape. From then till the end of his life, King was a prominent figure in this group. He was a proponent of nonviolent protest. King thought that a movement that called for peace and equality while refraining from resorting to violence in reaction to injustice would be seen positively by people of all colors and ethnicities. King’s peaceful message inspired thousands of individuals from many walks of life, all of whom were convinced that segregation and the denial of civil rights to African Americans must remain.
1965-1972 – Black Power Movement
I believe that the Black Power Movement was one of the most important civil rights movements of the 20th century. Its effects are still evident today through the way Black People remain detached to government institutions including law enforcement. Black Power was both a political and social movement in the United States throughout the 1960s and 1970s that promoted racial pride, self-sufficiency, and equality for all African-Americans (Claybrook Jr 3). By 1966, thousands of African Americans had chosen a nonviolent means of demonstrating against racial segregation and seeking equal legal rights as the civil rights movement gained steam over the course of more than a decade. However, a rising number of African Americans, particularly young Black men and women, believe the existing strategy is inadequate. They contended that combating segregation was insufficient to overcome the poverty and helplessness instilled in so many Black Americans by years of institutional racism and discrimination on the part of the government. The Black Power movement, which began in the late 1960s and early 1970s, was inspired by Malcolm X’s concepts of racial pride, autonomy, and self-determination, as well as by African, Asian, and Latin American liberation movements of the day (Hughes-Watkins 29). According to the book’s premise, black Americans should concentrate on expanding their economic, social, and political power rather than attempting to adapt into a white-dominated society.
By the mid-1960s, a large number of them had abandoned nonviolent protests as a viable tactic for confronting racism and other forms of social injustice. New groups such as the Black Panther Party, the Black Women’s United Front, and the Nation of Islam established new cultural, political, and economic objectives, and their memberships mirrored this transformation. Among the first to do so were the Black Panther Party, the Black Women’s United Front, and the Nation of Islam (Rogers 17). Even if desegregation were successful, it was only through the destruction of white supremacist institutions that a place for the growth of a black political voice could be formed, culminating in the establishment of collective black power. Due to its dedication to these core ideals, the movement is sometimes depicted as hostile, anti-white, and anti-law enforcement.
Black power, more than any other kind of emancipation, increased black self-reliance and self-determination. According to proponents, African Americans should protect their human rights by organizing political and cultural organisations adapted to their needs and interests. They were steadfast in their determination to develop their own schools, businesses, community services, and local government. They were victorious. They sought to overcome decades of humiliation by exhibiting self-respect and racial pride, as well as by acknowledging and appreciating black people’s cultural accomplishments around the world. The majority of white Americans were terrified of the black power movement, and many black Americans were incensed by it. Apart from his genius and historical acumen, Malcolm X’s fiery speeches drew both supporters and detractors, and he served as a key motivator for the black liberation fight (Rogers 15). After visiting Mecca and returning enthused about social change, he climbed to the role of senior speaker for the Nation of Islam until 1964. Throughout his life, he saw the African-American liberation struggle as a vital component of a larger worldwide struggle for human rights and anti-colonial emancipation. Following his assassination in 1965, his memory has served as a source of inspiration for a rising tide of black power in the United States. Malcolm X’s message of black pride and self-determination has continued to resonate with and pique the curiosity of many African Americans decades later. When African American servicemen in Vietnam heard recordings of his speeches, they were inspired to organize GIs United Against the War in 1969.
2000-2021 – Present Day
In comparison to the preceding times, the current civil rights movement is one of the most significant and powerful movements in history. Civil rights organizations are increasingly attempting to eliminate our society’s less obvious, but no less significant, injustices. According to the notion of “opportunity,” everyone in America should have an equal opportunity to reach their full potential (Mazumder 923). To my opinion, our nation has not yet lived up to its potential in this area. Hurricane Katrina is an excellent example. The researchers discovered that racial gaps and extreme poverty remain in the United States. A significant portion of it derives from long-standing discrimination that confined black people to the poorest regions, which were the most prone to flooding, the farthest from respectable work, schools, and hospitals, and the most difficult to evacuate in an emergency, among other things. As a result, they bore the brunt of Hurricane Katrina’s devastation. When compared to more prosperous or white districts, our government did not see African American neighborhoods in the same respect.
The present civil rights movement is devoted to developing chances in order to avert future catastrophes. It is vital to ascertain what distinguishes the present from previous eras. In the United States, racial bias in society, even more subtle vestiges of prejudice from past generations, must be eradicated (Sugrue). Throughout history, the African American civil rights movement influenced a diverse spectrum of disadvantaged individuals. Recent immigrant rights marches around the nation are one example of this. When immigrants said, “We, too, are America,” it was a rousing declaration that echoed the civil rights struggle. The Black Lives Matter and the MeToo movements also resonated with the public (Edrington and Lee 289). Additionally, there has been a substantial Latino civil rights movement since the late 1960s, which has included both the agricultural workers’ movement and groups such as the Mexican American Legal Defense Fund, which is modeled after the NAACP’s Legal Defense Fund (Özbilgin and Erbil 121). Throughout history, the African American civil rights movement influenced the women’s suffrage movement. Without a doubt, the immigrant rights and homosexual and lesbian rights campaigns are critical. These are only a handful of the many possibilities. Although the campaigns were headed by vibrant individuals in their own industries, the African American civil rights movement serves as a good model for conducting effective campaigns in any subject.
Conclusion
The United States provides equal social opportunities and legal protection to all of its people, regardless of their ethnic origin, religion, or other personal qualities, according to the Constitution. The right to vote, the right to a fair trial, the right to government services, the right to a public education, and the right to utilize public facilities are all examples of civil rights. In a democratic society, civil rights are essential components; when citizens are denied the chance to participate in political life, their civil rights are infringed. Civil rights, in contrast to civil liberties, are preserved by government action, which is most typically manifested in the form of law. Those who have historically been subjected to discrimination on the basis of a group characteristic are seeking full and equal citizenship under the provisions of civil rights legislation. In the absence of equality, whether on the basis of race, gender, sexuality, marriage, children adoption, inclusiveness, and any other social or political realms, civil rights movements emerge.
References
Bader, Michael DM, and Siri Warkentien. “The fragmented evolution of racial integration since the civil rights movement.” Sociological Science 3 (2016): 135-166.
Claybrook Jr, M. Keith. “Black power, black students, and the institutionalizing of change: Loyola Marymount University, 1968-1978.” The Journal of Pan African Studies 5.10 (2013): 1-19.
Dudziak, Mary L. “Cold war civil rights.” Cold War Civil Rights. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Edrington, Candice LaShara, and Nicole Lee. “Tweeting a social movement: Black Lives Matter and its use of Twitter to share information, build community, and promote action.” The Journal of Public Interest Communications 2.2 (2018): 289-289.
Forbath, William E. “Civil Rights and Economic Citizenship: Notes on the Past and Future of the Civil Rights and Labor Movements.” U. Pa. J. Lab. & Emp. L. 2 (1999): 697.
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. “The long civil rights movement and the political uses of the past.” The Best American History Essays 2007. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007. 235-271.
Harris, Fredrick C. “It takes a tragedy to arouse them: Collective memory and collective action during the civil rights movement.” Social movement studies 5.1 (2006): 19-43.
Hughes-Watkins, Lae’L. “Filling in the gaps: Using outreach efforts to acquire documentation on the black campus movement, 1965–1972.” Archival Issues (2014): 27-42.
Mazumder, Soumyajit. “The persistent effect of US civil rights protests on political attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science 62.4 (2018): 922-935.
Özbilgin, Mustafa F., and Cihat Erbil. “Social movements and wellbeing in organizations from multilevel and intersectional perspectives: The case of the# blacklivesmatter movement.” The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Wellbeing (2021): 119-138.
Rogers, Ibram H. ““People All over the World Are Supporting You”: Malcolm X, Ideological Formations, and Black Student Activism, 1960-1972.” Journal of African American History 96.1 (2011): 14-38.
Sugrue, Thomas J. “White America’s Age-Old, Misguided Obsession With Civility.” The NewYork Times 29 (2018). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/29/opinion/civility-protest-civil-rights.html
Evolution of ocean transportation
Evolution of ocean transportation
For decades most communities have always settled close to water, the importance of living near water was vast, the communities were able to transport people and their goods across the world. Travelling by water was also cheaper and more efficient to the communities. Being near water also enabled the communities to have connections to various key ports in the world.
The oceans have been used for decades as a means for transporting both people and goods across the world. The vessels that have been used for transportation of people and goods include barges, sailboats, ships, ferries, and even canoes. Research has shown that the first vessels to sail in water were small canoes made from tree trunks of very large trees. The canoes were only used to transport people and goods across small water channels. That can be depicted from some drawings by the Aboriginal community from Australia. The exact origin of ocean transport cannot be pin pointed. Ocean transport can be traced to about 3000 BC; the Egyptians used very large boats to transport their goods across the ocean (Green, pg 210).
Phoenicians were the first people to have in place an organized system of transporting goods over the Mediterranean region. The goods that were transported over the ocean were of great value. Such goods included gold, spices, ivory, gems, silver, and handmade works. Animals were also transported by ocean. Ocean transportation then expanded to countries such as Spain and Portugal. Water transportation later followed in Europe, and the various parts of North America, at the time the English dominated the water transportation (Green, pg 260).
The dominance of the English domination lasted only up to the First World War. After the First World War the United States of America took over, America became the leading country in construction of Vessels made of wood, as a result of promoting the construction sector. The vessels made of wood was to be replaced later by the steam ship which were made of steel, the steam ship were later to be replaced by the diesel powered ship (Massey, pg 260).
In the early days most people from different parts of the world never thought of using the ocean as a means of transport to different parts of the world. They all did not think that there were other people in the world who were different from them. Most of them thought the ocean was where the end of the world was as they could not see the end. Such notion is the reason why some explorers decided to travel the ocean to find out if indeed there was no more life beyond the ocean (Green, pg 250).
Ocean transportation was mainly used by the explorers to different parts of the world. In the early times of ocean transportation the ocean was used to transport slaves, goods. The vessels that were used had sails and depended on the direction of wind for navigation, most of the vessels capsized very easily and took a very long time in the ocean to move from one port to the other. Transportation by ocean was mainly for trade.
The ocean was used to get to different parts of the world when most of the countries did not have airports, the ocean played a vital role in the exploration of Africa, and Explorers such as Vasco Agama was able to explore different parts of Africa by the use of the ocean. The colonialists who colonized Africa were also able to access Africa by travelling by ocean as there was no other way to gain access to Africa.
Over the time ocean transportation has changed, the types of vessels have changed from ships that depended on wind to ships that use fuel power. The type of goods that are carried by the ships have also changed, the goods were much heavier and bulkier such as motor vehicles, and crude oil. The use of ship also changed, ships were initially considered as a means of trade, but the notion changed as the ships were now used for leisure and not necessarily for businessmen and women (Tarbuck, pg 210).
Tourism
Ocean transportation has now evolved and is being used to promote tourism. In Italy water buses and water taxis have been used in the cities such as Venice. Some companies have also invested in luxury fleets that have been used to transport tourist to various tourism destinations. Ocean transport is also cheaper than air transport, thus most tourist prefer to use the Ocean to reach various destinations. The tourists can also carry large luggage with them compared to when travelling by air, or any other means of transport (Massey, pg 200).
Economy
The world economy has been improved as a result of the ocean transportation, at the end of the World War II; some countries such as the United States of America took advantage of ocean transportation to improve their economy. The country improved their water ways that enabled the ships to venture more into the inland, thus enabling the goods to be delivered to various parts of the country. The method of that were used in handling goods at the ports also improved, thus making the loading and unloading of the ships much faster. The improvement of the ports led to the United State of America being the preferred destination for ships and trade. The ocean and better ports was the reason behind the United States of America becoming superior in terms of trade (Philander, pg 180).
The United States in the early 1920’s put in place an act known as the Jones Act. The act stipulated that the vessels used for their domestic transportation were to be owned by the United States citizens. The act further required that the vessels had to the ones built within the United States. The vessels also had to be registered in the United States of America. The act which covers about 42,000 vessels, about 124,000 jobs and furthermore $ 15 billion worth of economic activity within the water ways connected to the ocean (Dikötter, Bob, pg 180).
The need for ships for use in transportation in the ocean has lead to more development of the shipping construction companies. Countries such as Liberia which has the largest ship fleets in the world, as a result the countries economy has been improved by the revenue gained from the fleets of ship. Other smaller countries such as the Bahamas, Vanuatu, Honduras, and the Marshall islands have also gained from the ocean transportation (Dickinson, pg 190).
National Security
The ocean has been used to transport soldiers to various parts of the world, during the World War I and even World War II; but over the time the use of the ocean has changed in terms of National security. The United States of America has invested a lot in buying war vessels, the deployment of the war Vessels in the Oceans have been vital in Securing the United States of America. The vessels based in the ocean have landing pads for helicopters, and other war machinery. The United States of America has about 47 vessels deployed in the ocean to protect the country from external attacks.
The ocean has also proved very vital in transporting military supplies. During the gulf war the in the early 1990’s most of the supplies that was delivered to the United States of America’s army was delivered by ocean. Other countries in the world have also invested in their Navy, especially the countries that have access to the ocean. The use of the ocean as a means of transportation for the military supplies only, has changed as the ocean can be used as a “battle field” (Blanchfield, pg 105).
Conclusion
The evolution of the way people considered the ocean has changed over a period of time; the ocean is now looked at a variety of angles rather than as a source of food. The ocean is now used as way of promoting tourism, promoting the economies of different countries. The relevance of the ocean as a strategic point of national defense of various countries is seen in the numerous fleets of war ships that have been deployed by different countries. The sizes of the ships have also changed to adapt to the various uses of the ships. The materials used in the construction of the ship has also changed to fit the use of the ship, the materials used for the construction of a war ship is different from the one used to construct a luxury ship.
Work Cited
Blanchfield, Deirdre S.. Environmental encyclopedia. 4th ed. New York: Gale, 2011. Print.
Dickinson, Bob, and Andrew Vladimir. Selling the sea: an inside look at the cruise industry. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2008. Print.
Dikötter, Frank, and Ian Brown. Cultures of confinement: a history of the prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2007. Print.
Environmental engineering papers [electronic resource]: ASNE and SNAME papers through mid-2006.. New York: American Society of Naval Engineers and the Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, 2006. Print.
Philander, S. George. Encyclopedia of global warming & climate change. 2nd ed. New York: SAGE Publications, 2012. Print.
Massey, Anne. Designing liners a history of interior design afloat. London: Routledge, 2006. Print.
Tarbuck, Edward J., and Frederick K. Lutgens. Earth: an introduction to physical geology. 7th ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print.
Green, Jen. Indian Ocean. New York: World Almanac Library, 2006. Print.
(Green, pg 210)
Discussion 10 of 14 (2)
Name
Professor’s name
Course
Date
Discussion 10 of 14
The identifying details for the client I conducted a biopsychosocial assessment with are as follows. The client’s name is Susan Williams. She is 37 years old, and her sex is female. Susan’s ethnic background is African American. Susan is a divorcee. She was once married but has recently gone separate ways with her husband. She has one daughter from her previous marriage. Susan’s admission date is November 16th, 2021. The number of previous interviews that Susan has gone through is two, which took place at the beginning of the year. Regarding the source of referral, Susan was directed to me by Stella Centre, a private company that provides psychosocial support for victims of trauma through various procedures. The contact person for the agency is Tom Smith, the lead psychologist at Stella Center. The reason for referral is that Tom believes Susan can get more assistance from me than the counselor in charge of Susan’s treatment at Stella Center. The individual was going through a personal issue that was getting in the way of the client’s treatment. According to the NASW Code of Ethics, a patient referral is imperative when the client’s problems are beyond the counselor’s area of expertise or if they are not comfortable assisting a student with a particular issue. Susan’s problem has to do with community violence. She was a victim of a mugging and bulgary a few months ago. She was at a convenience store when armed robbers came and stole. The incident was traumatizing because out of the people that were in the store that day, she is the only one that survived. The store owner and all clients that saw the incident were shot dead by the robbers. She was lucky because she found a spot to hide from the robbers. Some symptoms that Susan has to deal with include feeling disconnected, irritability, shock, fear and anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and mood swings. The symptoms started the week after the incident took place. The weight of the trauma has led Susan to attempt suicide and she has resulted in taking alcohol to cope with the situation. Before the incident, Susan never used to drink alcohol. Susan has tried seeking assistance from Stella Center, who referred her to me. The purpose of carrying out a biopsychosocial assessment is that it helps counselors to better understand their clients’ subjective points.
Discussion 11 of 14
The pain of grief that comes with losing a loved one, whether the death is anticipated or sudden can be disorienting and shocking. Grief is a normal internal feeling associated with a loss, and different people with grief differently. Grief takes place in seven stages. The first stage of grief is shock and denial. After learning about the death of a loved one, a person is likely to get numb with disbelief. To avoid pain, the individual often denies the reality of loss. The shock cushions the person emotionally and prevents them from being overwhelmed by emotions all at once. Shock and denial may last weeks. Pain and guilt are the second stage of grief. After the shock wears off, it gets replaced with feelings of unbelievable pain and it is important for the individual to experience the pain without hiding or escaping from it. Anger and bargaining is the third stage. Frustration leads to anger that makes the individual to lass out blame on another person. Depression, Reflection, and Loneliness is the fourth stage of grief. As other people feel that it is time to continue with life, the individual tends to fall into a long period of reflection (Social Work Tech, 2019). Worth noting, such feelings are normal in grief and they should not allow outsiders to talk them out of it. The fifth stage is the upward turn. In this stage, the individual begins getting used to life without their loved one and at this point, life is more organized and calm. The physical symptoms of depression reduce and the depressions tarts to wear off. The individual at this point, feels strengthened, awakened, and motivated. The sixth stage is reconstruction and working through. In this stage, the individual becomes more functional. The mind starts working again and they feel refreshed, inspired, and determined. Acceptance and hope is the final stage of grief. In this last stage, the individual learns to accept the loss and deal with the reality of the situation. Worth noting, acceptance does not mean instant happiness. At this point, the individual does not want to re-live the pain of their past and they start looking forward and actually planning for their future.
Source
Social Work Tech (2019). Intervention: The Seven Stages of Grief
Discussion 12 of 14
Early development has a significant impact on the development of an adult. Particularly, adverse encounters can cause lifelong problems. For this assignment, I will use Lulu to formulate a developmental history. Lulu has been struggling with anxiety for the past six months. Lulu was born into a loving family to her father and mother. Her mother is a stay-at-home mother, while her father is a pediatrician. Her father is always busy and is mostly traveling for work-related assignments inside and outside the country. Lulu is an only child; she does not have any brothers or sisters. Lulu was born on April 4th, 2000. She is twenty one years old. Worth noting, Lulu has always shared a loving relationship with her parents. She loves them both equally and she is the perfect child. Lulu will do anything to make her parents proud. She has always recorded exemplary grades in her education. However, recently, things have changed. Her parents have been having issues leading to their separation and divorce six months ago. Lulu blames herself for their separation and eventual divorce. She learned that her father was having an extramarital affair which caused the divorce, and somehow she blames herself for her parents’ failed marriage. This has been the reason behind the depression she has been going through. The situation is so dire that it has started affecting her social and academic life. She started getting a GPA of 2 when she is usually a 3.5 student. Additionally, every time her friends invite her out for hiking, or lunch dates, she comes up with excuses not to show up. She has started keeping to herself a lot more of late, and she spends most time locked up in her room. She has never had any significant events in her childhood that can be associated with the trauma. Her parents are decision primary decision-makers in the family. They even tried helping Lulu by enrolling her in a seminar but that did not help her because she refused to attend. As regards the history of psychiatric problems in the family, Lulu’s aunt from her mother’s side is the only one who has had psychiatric issues in the family. She suffers from obsessive-compulsive behavior, a condition she has been managing for the past five years. Without a doubt, family stresses often contribute to psychosocial problems, as evidenced in Lulu’s case. Her parent’s marital issues took a toll on her mental health, driving her into anxiety and depression.
Discussion 13 of 14
In the duration of this course, I have gathered a lot of information that has improved my understanding of social work intervention. To begin with, I have learned that as a counselor or social worker, it is imperative to conduct a psychosocial assessment on clients before anything else as it helps them learn more about them at a more personal level. Such an assessment helps in learning the client’s behavior which helps the counselor figure out the best way to help the client. The assessment helps professionals to relate to the subjective viewpoint of their clients. Additionally, I have also learned that family history and stresses have a lot to do with mental health. History of psychotic problems in the family can trigger future mental issues. As such, social workers must understand the family history of their clients to help them figure out the best way to help them. From the course discussions, I have also learned that people battling psychotic and mental issues display traits such as anxiety, irritability, anger, loss of appetite, and lack of connection with the outside world. Furthermore, as regards dealing with grief, I have learned that getting over the loss of a loved one is never easy. As counselor’s it is our duty to provide the necessary support to clients to ensure they recover. Moreover, I have learned that there is formula for dealing with loss. Different people handle grief differently. We should give grieving individuals the time and space they need to grief and we should not push them into getting back to their normal lives. The only way to overcome the loss of a loved one is to face the grief head-on. As they say, time heals wounds. It does not matter how long it takes for a person to overcome a loss; they should be supported in every way possible until they are ready to get back to their normal life.