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Understanding Puberty
Introduction
It is a common knowledge that all the living things on earth undergo growth and development processes until they reach maturity. All of us have also witnessed someone grow, either our siblings or someone out there. Fortunately, we can also attest to these changes if only we reminded ourselves how we looked like back at the elementary school and high school. Comparing your recent photos with those taken around five years ago, you will not fail to notice the physical changes in appearance as well as increased height and weight. Belsky (2007, p.238) asserts that this process of development, where the body transforms from childhood to adulthood with the capability to sexually reproduce and enable fertilization, is referred to as puberty. This essay will discuss the issue on puberty and the stages that young people go through while advancing to adulthood.
According to Hayward (2003, p.1), the puberty process originates from the brain, which is signaled by some hormones, to the gonads (ovaries and testes). This process produces more hormones that stimulate libido, transforms the brain, as well as the entire body. For girls, puberty starts as early as 10 or 11 years of age and end when they attain the age of between 15 to 17 years. On the other hand, boys commence their puberty stage at the age of either 11 or 12 years and complete this stage by the time they get to the age of either 16 or 17 years. As such, girls are seen to mature and develop at a faster rate as compared to the other party. Nonetheless, these processes have altered over time due to the changes in the environment and the kind of nutrition used because girls used to reach their puberty at the age of 15 and 16 for boys. In girls, the onset of the menstruation period (occur between the age of 12 and 13) marked their beginning of puberty. Consequently, the first experience of ejaculating landmarked the beginning of puberty in boys (occur roughly at the age of 13). In case puberty commences before the anticipated time, it is referred to as precocious puberty while that which occur at a much later stage is called delayed puberty.
Girls who experience delayed puberty respond positively in life than those who have the precocious poverty because early puberty tend to affect them psychologically as they are embarrassed by their body image. These girls end up having low self-esteem and are more depressed as boys tend to tease them about their visible breasts and bodies that have gained weight (Thurston, 2014, p.258-259). On the other hand, boys who experience precocious puberty respond more positively to adulthood and life than those with delayed puberty as exhibited by their leadership qualities in high school and success in life. As much as they are aggressive, law-breakers and troublesome at school and home, these boys gain popularity among their peers, and this boosts their self-esteem. Moreover, the positive perceptions created in these boys because of their physical appearance in terms of tall height, the masculine physique, and athletic bodies, give them more confidence in whatever they do.
Puberty denotes the physical developments to sexual maturation that involve morphological developments of a child in terms of size or composition, to adulthood. As the hormones flood the body, the brain is affected, and this makes the individuals more emotional and the tendency to take risks (Belsky, p.241). Scientist divided the physical changes of teenagers into primary and secondary sexual characteristics as well as according to growth spurt merits. The primary sexual characteristics involve reproductive developments like the growth of penis and menstruation. The secondary sexual characteristics involve all other developments in the body accompanying puberty including growth of pubic hair, change in voice as well as in the texture of the skin. The growth spurt in puberty leads to a tremendous increase in height and weight of the teenagers.
According to “Encyclopedia of Children’s Health,” puberty has been divided into five Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) stages based on the several physical feature of the development. These stages are also known as ‘Tanner Stages’, and they are essential when determining whether the changes in these teenagers is as anticipated. For that reason, this essay will discuss the stages that both girls and boys undergo.
The puberty stages in boys
Stage 1: this stage occurs between the age of 9 and 12 years in boys where no much physical changes are visible, except a little growth spurt that is only beginning at this time. However, many other developments are taking place in the body of the boy as the male hormones are stimulated more actively.
Stage 2: at the ages of 9 to 15, the height of the boy escalates as well as broadening of his body due to the increased muscle tissue and fat development. The dark skin around the nipples enlarges in size and becomes darker while the testicles and scrotum grows. In spite of almost zero growth in penis size, there are some bits of pubic hair that could be seen growing around the base of the penis.
Stage 3: this stage takes place at around the ages of 11 and 16 years where the penis begins to increase its size in terms of the length rather than in width. The pubic hair also continues to spread, as it gets darker and thicker. Other features include: an increase in their height; more mature facial look; broadening of the shoulders that makes their hips look smaller; as well as a general increase in their muscle tissue. The underarm, upper lip, and sideburn hairs begin to show as their voice deepens with time (Belsky, p.242).
Stage 4: At the ages of 11 to 17 years, the testicles, and scrotum progress, their growth as the penis increases in width with a more adult-looking texture is evident. More hair develops on the face, underarm and the anus as the skin becomes oilier.
Step 5: at approximately 14 to 18 years of age, the teenager reaches their full adult height with hairs and genital that resembles that of an adult man. As such, it becomes necessary to shave and need to be more cautious as they are more sexually active. Some may still grow in height past this stage and progress into their 20s.
The puberty stages in girls
Stage 1: it ranges between the age of 8 to 11 years where the ovaries grow, and stimulation of hormones begins in their bodies. There are limited secondary sexual characteristics that are visible at this stage.
Stage 2: the stage occurs between the approximate age of 8 and 14 years where the first secondary sexual characteristic visible is the emerging breasts. As breast buds develop, the nipples become soft and elevated while the dark skin around this area enlarges. Some pubic hairs are evident (Belsky, p.242). At this stage, the girl gains more weight, their height increases while the general body becomes rounder and curvier.
Stage 3: the stage takes place between the approximate ages of 9 to 15 years. There is a continued increase in breast growth, thicker pubic hair and discharge of a thick virginal fluid that is white in color is observed. It is at this stage that some girls start experiencing menstruation to mark the puberty phase.
Stage 4: at the ages of 10 to 16 years, the region around the nipple becomes darker and starts to rise above the rest of the breast as some develop a triangular growth of the pubic hair. Menstruation is more pronounced at this stage as ovulation also commences, although not at regular intervals.
Stage 5: This is the final stage of puberty and ranges between the ages of 12 to 19 years. Here, the girl is a complete young woman of full height, regular ovulation, thick pubic hair, curvy and breasts that have attained full development.
Conclusion
Puberty is a period that is quite stressful, both physically and emotionally, and could be disastrous for the teenagers who were not given proper guidance. As such, parents should equip their children with information about the changes they are to experience in future while they are still at the age of 7 or 8 years. Providing reading materials on puberty to children and giving them room for any questions they may have, is a way of dealing with any awkwardness between the parent and the children.
References
Encyclopedia of Children’s Health. (n.d.). Puberty – stages, average, Definition, Description, Common problems. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.healthofchildren.com/P/Puberty.html” http://www.healthofchildren.com/P/Puberty.html
Belsky, J. (2007). Experiencing the Lifespan. (Third Ed.). New York, NY 10010: Worth Publishers.
Hayward, C. (Ed.). (2003). Gender differences at puberty. Cambridge University Press.
Thurston, C. (Ed.). (2014). Essential Nursing Care for Children and Young People: Theory, Policy, and Practice. Routledge.
Understanding Project Failure
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Understanding Project Failure
Introduction
Project failure takes place when a business fails to deliver what was expected of it at the right time. Consequently, the success of a project is evaluated in terms of quality, cost, and timely delivery. The needs for excellence in business are right, but they are difficult to achieve (Baltzan 6). Even if the detailed designs are delivered on time, without including vital elements that stakeholders desired, the project is regarded as a failure.
Causes of Project Failure
Unclear objectives
If Stello has more chances and project objective than they could fulfil, there is a possibility of the company embarking upon the initiatives, thus breeding overworked team members. For instance, executive management plays a major role in companies and if overall management becomes unclear on priorities, the entire organization becomes unclear and the projects fails (Haag et al., 100). Also, inappropriate leadership and vision by project managers could make team members to be over worked and leave the job to search for a less hectic environment.
Lack of projection into the resource workload
Following inappropriate prioritization, the resources could be overloaded. Whenever executive management lacks the visibility of tasks, which the team tends to perform, the company may end up labouring just to fulfil the role by believing it could achieve more sheer workload since an average member works under pressure due to limited time. Once employees are burned out, they ultimately search for better jobs elsewhere (Baltzan 90).
Gaps in dissemination of information
After Stello company implements the basic projects, communication factor will be very essential. Most project members can use email to disseminate information about their tasks and projects (Haag et al., 17). Therefore, project communication is defined by the existence of the email box and when implementation of new customer relationship management system join the project, centralized perception of the history of the project could lack causing failure.
Unstandardized visibility
The most frequent explanation as to why projects end up failing is linked to visibility. The link of company team including the project managers, team members and executive management must acquire unbiased message as per the company schedule. If the company limits the executives’ access to reports, they may end up canceling the project (Baltzan 23). This is because management is concerned about cost as net output, which can overrun the company.
Strategies to eliminate failure of system development
Publishing the project in a visible area
Scholars argue that the best strategy is combining process, tools, and employee changes. The tool segment for this strategy is to offer the team a centralized area for publishing the project schedules. This is because one of the best methods of sharing company schedules is posting the files in the company network folder.
Ranking objectives of the project
The main duty of leading management is to define the company long-term objectives and the procedure for achieving those goals (Baltzan 120). After defining them clearly, the project initiatives can be gauged against the goals. If an initiative fails to fit with the set goals, the manager should embark upon it.
Creating a grid of resource control
Research maintains that an employee works for many hours in a day, the resource must be assigned two hours less of work in order to permit staffs to do administrative duties. If Stello works on challenges whenever they arise, instead of adopting mechanisms of prior planning, the cost of writing instrument will remain at $350.
Creating a central point of communication
Considering the bare minimum, Stello communication must be availed in a central location. This will enable new customer relationship management system to back up the company effort (Baltzan 200). Finally, this shall enable faster reviews of the whole project history.
Conclusion
The only way managers can understand project failure is by planning, coordinating, controlling, and regulating company strategies before embarking on the project.
Works Cited
Baltzan, Paige. Business Driven Information Systems. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009.
Print.
Haag, Stephen, Paige Baltzan, and Amy Phillips. Business Driven Technology. New York,
N.Y: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. Print.
understanding of the Global business
Introduction
Peng (2008) defines global business as business around the world. A proper understanding of the Global business of the world today requires accurate up-to-date information, intellectual analysis and interpretation. In a globe that is constantly undergoing rapid changes, it is only essential to accurately describe, explain and, if possible, predict the key events and issues unfolding in the current international affairs. These intellectual tasks must be performed well so that world citizens and policy makers can harness this knowledge and accurately position their decisions on the most pragmatic approaches to the global problems available.
Discussion
While making critical decisions, international firms such as Boeing usually apply a number of criteria. The issue here according to Hill (2010) regards whether Boeing is performing an activity more cost-effectively than its rival or is unable to meet the interest and needs of its clients as dictated by the market trends. For newly established and well established businesses venturing in global business, the basic objective is not to depend on single outside supplies for critical components.
Just like any other business, the laid down rules and regulations that dictate the business start up remain the same universally where proper documentation of all the business papers are required and most importantly a guarantee of the safety of the clients being targeted.
The global business today is closely related to world politics, which plays an important yet major issue affecting its trend and transformation. Politics dictates new sections in trade and discussion based on trade policies, economic sanctions etc. According to Kegley and Shannon (2010), trend and transformation of the environment in which the global business operates aims to put both changes and continuities into perspective by providing a picture of the evolving relations among all international relations. Furthermore, a critical analysis of trends and transformation prevalent in the globe provides tools necessary for understanding world affairs in our present period of history, for anticipating probable developments and subsequent critical thinking about potential long-term impact of those developments on countries and individuals across the globe.
With regard to economics, entrepreneurs put into practise how scarce resources can be best effected so as to produce and distribute goods and services that not only meet the customer’s level of satisfaction but also meet the given ends. The given ends in this case may be measured through goals and objectives of the business. This involves the problem of choice where entrepreneurs and businessmen alike seek for measures on how best they can choose to produce, distribute and utilize commodities and services to meet certain objectives. One of the major economic tools being employed in the global business environment involves demand and supply.
Both newly and well established business involved in global trade in the global market aim at promoting good business relationship between the business firm and their clients. A good business relationship established between the two will subsequently result in realization of the intended goals and objectives of the firm. Demand is the quantity of a commodity that buyers are willing to and are able to buy at given price over a definite period of time. With high costs, the quantity of goods and services being sold worldwide will result in a decrease. Conversely, should the costs or price of goods and services being sold decrease and becomes affordable to many, the quantity demanded increase. On the other hand, supply is concerned with a schedule of various amounts of goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell at each specific price in a set of possible prices during a specified time period.
One of the challenging issues affecting the supply of goods and services in the global market is the amount of disposable income the government is willing to cash in. Furthermore, additional product features that can influence situation of a firm’s decision is concerned with whether the product being sold meets the universal needs and interest of the targeted clients. The universal needs, customer taste, interest, preference and choice are the same all over the world. Owing to the fact that national differences in consumer tastes and preference for universal products, such as cell phones and computers are the same the needs for local responsiveness is reduced. One trend observed and is still being employed is the business environment is the establishment of firms where huge markets exist. This strategy is aimed at reducing the cost of delivery and shortens the delivery time Kegley and Shannon (2010).
Culture calls for an adaptation of the products. Culture influences the purchasing decisions made on the basis of style, aesthetics as well as cosmetics. Cosmetics that sell well to another culture say, for example, the United States of America may not necessarily be acceptable in the Islamic nation of United Arab Emirates. This may be due to the opposing views dictated by the two cultures with regard to what is right from wrong. The same will also apply to colognes and perfumes that have a strong appeal in the European countries such as France but fail to attract customers in the United States of America. As regards the issue of culture and rules that define as well as dictate how we behave, language and colour are also vital yet critical issues that need be considered when either marketing or advertising new goods. In many cultures of the world, the colour black is associated with evil or as a dull colour, Kegley and Shannon (2010).
Products that therefore come wrapped up in these colours will obviously not be bought. Language coveys the right image for the product. When it comes to product modification, language plays an important role. In the line of production, there are certain products that often require instructions when being used should specific events occur such as a fire extinguisher, Kegley and Shannon (2010).
If a product is written in a language that is not easily understood by people, the words may have within it complex vocabulary, buying the product becomes questionable. On the other hand, a product produced or manufactured in Spain for the intended purpose of export should not have every little detail written in Spanish only but should also include English translation or an internationally recognised language. Another issue regarding language is concerned with changing the product slogan so as to blend in with the environment. Translating the slogans make the slogans have no meaning in the other language. The slogans therefore should be provided in appropriate languages to suit all cultures.
The government of the land may prohibit the import of a product or its local manufacturing. Conversely, the product may be required to be locally manufactured and not imported. In addition, the product modification becomes difficult if taxes being taking into effect by a country are high. An increase in tax on the subsidy materials used in the manufacture of goods and services or as a result of government legislations will subsequently result in an increase in the prices of goods and services. In business the law of demand states that an increase in price will obviously lead to a decrease in demand whereas a decrease in price of the goods and services being sold will subsequently result in an increase in price owing to the fact that the goods and services being sold are affordable.
As a measure of counteracting social and environmental challenges facing globalization, most countries partner up under certain umbrella bodies, with regard to geographical location, so as to address economic as well as environmental business challenges. The amount of disposable income brings about variations in the ability to buy. The disposable income levels differ from country to country thus affecting demand for inexpensive goods and services. Poor families, for example, find it difficult to buy goods and services despite discounts on goods. Such goods and services impose a substantial financial burden through the earnings foregone and out of pocket expenses for clothes, transport, fare, books, materials etc. therefore, so long as the level of individual disposable income continue to vary and continue to be low, demand for such products will invariably be low and vice versa.
The government regulation also can prohibit the importation of certain goods and services into a country. An example of this context is Islam. The Islamic community prohibits the use of alcohol by its members it is for this reason that no alcoholic drink being manufactured can get into the Islamic country. A first point to underline is that any policy instrument used to achieve global targets should cause changes in consumption and production patterns. If an instrument fails to create such changes, it simply cannot deliver any global improvements.
According to Hill (2010), in order for globalised firms to compete favourably in the international market, firms that form the global structure need to carefully plan their marketing strategy, prepare and implement it as soon as it is reasonably practical. This will ensure that the participating firms companies own certain projects and eventually drive its objectives forward. An effective marketing strategy will not only help the globalised industry in identifying their best customers but what their clients are looking for other than that, what will make their clients buy from them rather than their competitors?
The market share is important because it gives details about new trends, segmentation, distribution, and dictates control of the market. The better the service marketing strategy the more the orders. There is an expanded discussion of the globalization of production and enhanced emphasis on the contest between liberal and mercantilist economic philosophies. In the global market, standardisation helps save on costs as firms can easily reap benefits of economies of scale, which are bound to accrue owing to huge volumes.
With regard to competition, Peng (2008) is of the opinion that, it is only through competition that the customers will get what suits their interests and needs. In the service business, an international firm potential will depend on the areas the firm serves. Through promotions of technology and creativity, entrepreneurs in the global business produce quality goods and services in large quantities designed to meet their client’s level of satisfaction and taste. Manufacturing powerhouses that share similar vision statement in their line of work can also sit down and understand each other in terms of partnership.
Examples of such powerhouses that share similar vision statements include clothing industries. The partnership can also be viewed from a different angle where the final product of firm A becomes the raw material for firm B. To ensure that these processes are conducted in an efficient way, such kind of firms need to be adjacent to each other or rather have a smooth and efficient transport and communication system for faster delivery and better feedback.
Of the major contribution the global business brings along with it is development. Development can be defined as a continuous process of positive change, collectively defined and aimed at optimum distributive justice, economic growth and individual and collective self -reliance in politics, economics and cultures through the participating of that community and related communities. Development in this case may be viewed in terms of creation of employment opportunities of staff that make up the professional circles and the unskilled staff, construction of infrastructures such as roads and other social amenities, Peng (2008). Global business also establishes and promotes peace among member nations with whom trade is being conducted subsequently leading to exchange of ideas between neighbouring countries.
According to Kegley and Shannon (2010), the most successful global business transactions are always based on the well-developed personal relationships. The international business relationship where one has to meet with his strategic partners, clients, customers and even members of your own offshore team across geographical and cultural divides. In as much as all business getting personal, it does not go without mentioning that the quality of staff also matters when it comes to achieving the desirable outcome of results for any global business firm. The workforce in question therefore should be able to bring out their full productivity and competence at all levels of work assignments allocated to them. Since the workforce is in a competitive business field it is only right that the workforce is taken through a thorough training of good customer relationship.
Opportunities are in plenty in international business that entrepreneurs must be willing and able to seek should an opportunity arise. International firms also engage in seeking the type of teamwork that is capable of realising the vision statement of the global firm into reality. This is always forged through well-established business relationships.
Conclusion
We ca bring to a close that, the global business equips as well as provides the learner with a wider market share made up of global structures in the global environment. Global business intends to set up new standards for global business through an evidence-based approach. Thus ensuring that there is continuity in the learning process. Understanding how global business decisions are made may facilitate overcoming of future challenges in the business environment. Refusing to participate in global trade and investment will only end up breeding uncompetitive industries.
Reference
Hill W. L. C., (2010). Global Business Today. McGraw-Hill Companies.
Kegley, C. W. and Shannon L. B. (2010). Doing business anywhere: the essential guide to going global. Cambridge University Press
Peng, W. M., (2008). Global Business Today. Cengage Learning.