Recent orders
EVALUATION OF SOURCE CREDIBILITY
TOPIC: ENGLISH COMPOSITION ASSIGNMENT 55.
AUTHOR:
AFLLIATION:.
DATE: 15TH JUNE, 2013.
In writing research papers numerous sources of information should be used to enhance the understanding of a given topic. However the validity and reliability of these sources should be established before referring from them. This ensures that the final work is credible and is comprehensive. In this bid to establish the credibility of sources, a series of steps should be taken.
The first step is determining the type of information source. Sources of information are can be categorized into two; primary and secondary sources. Primary sources contain first hand information whereby the author or Sources of information are can be categorized into two; primary sources and secondary sources. Primary sources contain first hand information. They can be reports from experiments or field researches. Secondary sources are those which have been synthesized from original documents. Examples are book reviews, scholarly articles, biographies and textbooks. On this perspective primary sources are more credible since they contain a pure record of facts.
The second step should be determining the age of the source. When dealing with current issues, recent publications should be used, on the other hand older publications would be suitable for historical researches. The third step should be establishing the publisher. Books published by scholarly institutions like universities are more reliable. Self and commercial published sources are less reliable. The fourth step should be determining the objectivity of the author. This is done by studying about the author to establish their qualifications and hence gauge their knowledge based on qualifications and reputation.
There are differences that occur when evaluating credibility of print sources and online sources. For print sources, the type either secondary or primary is crucial unlike for an online one where the creator of the website is more important to know. For print sources adverts are considered to make the content to be shallow unlike online ones whereby advertisements are considered to induce biasness of content. For online sources we consider the website sponsor as opposed to print ones where we focus on the publishers. Nature of the source example a journal is scrutinized for print sources unlike online sources where the purpose of the website is depended upon.
Similarities also exist between the steps taken for both. Age or the date of updating the online or print source is considered. Qualification of the authors of both sources is also a step in establishing credibility. Relevance to the topic of the content of both sources is another factor depended upon.
In short the above steps should be taken in establishing the reliability, validity and hence credibility of both print and online sources. With all this measures put in place, quality of the final script of the research paper is assured.
REFERENCES
Ebsco industries (2012) : Academic scholarly premier
http://library.mtsu.edu/libdata/page.phtml?page-id=32Anthony W. (2008) A rulebook for arguments.
Amazon publishers.
Harris. R. (2009): Evaluating internet research sources. Virtual salt.
http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.html
Discrimination in Policing
Discrimination in Policing
Name:
Professor:
Institution:
Date:
The police play a crucial role in society under their motto, protect and serve. Police officers are the people we call to rescue us from dangerous situations such as kidnapping, robbery, and domestic violence. Without them, the society would descend into chaos. Although the police promote law and order, protecting innocent individuals, there is a different dynamic between law enforcement officers and persons of color. The presence of a police officer should inspire confidence and a feeling of safety, but this is not the case for minority groups, especially African-Americans. Over the years, there have ben many reports of police discriminating against this particular group, inspiring racial protests in the country. Indicators of discrimination in the police force include likelihood of being stopped, reasons for a police search and the level of violence used.
The main cause of discrimination in policing is the implicit biases that individuals hold, as well as negative stereotypes. In the article titled ‘Policing in black and white,’ Weir explores the racial biases that many white officers hold, such as the tendency to associate black individuals with crime (Weir 2016). This bias occurs even when the officer in question does not hold any racist beliefs or attitudes. Society has just tuned them to believe it without even them realizing it. There have been multiple experiments designed to test racial bias among police officers. In one, officers played a virtual game where they were required to shoot at suspects of different races. It was found that the officers were much quicker to shoot at the black suspects while they refrained from shooting the white ones (Neil & Winship 2019). This is clear example of bias within controlled situations, but it is the reality in every day life.
The three main indicators of discrimination in policing are likelihood of being stopped, reasons for police search and the level of violence the officers use. African-Americans, especially males are more likely to be stopped by police than people from any other race (Swencionis & Goff 2017). A researcher from Stanford University analyzed data from Oakland, California with regard to police stops. Although African-Americans make up 28% of the population, they made up the majority of police stops, 60% to be precise (McClurg 2019). Second, police officers are more likely to conduct a search on African-Americans even without sufficient reasons, mostly because they are more likely to suspect them of crimes.
Third, police officers tend to use more force and violence on African-Americans during interaction than any other race. There have been multiple cases of officers using excessive force on unarmed individuals, leading to severe injury or death. Recent, widely publicized cases include the death of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Stephon Clark, Philando Castille, among many others. African-Americans make up about 13% of the total US population but they are more than twice as likely to be shot by the police (Holmes IV 2020). Most of the time, these individuals were unarmed and did not pose a threat to law enforcement, but police officers still used fatal force on them which is a form of racial discrimination.
In summary, discrimination in policing remains a serious concern in the country today. This discrimination is mainly based on race. Some of the ways to tell that there is discrimination is the likelihood of being stopped and searched, as well as the type of force used. There are some ways to address these forms of discrimination, the most important being recognizing the prevalence of racial bias then training officers how to counter this bias. Increased surveillance such as the use of body cameras also help in monitoring the behavior of officers, holding them more accountable. The police remain an integral part of maintain law and order in society, making a lot of sacrifices to keep us safe. However, just like any other person, they are prone to weakness that is quite harmful to others. To keep this from happening, there must be concerted efforts to treat all people with respect and dignity, regardless of race. `
References
Holmes IV, O. (2020). Police brutality and four other ways racism kills Black people. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal.
McClurg, B. (2019). Reducing the Impact of Racial Discrimination in Policing. J. Disp. Resol., 201.
Neil, R., & Winship, C. (2019). Methodological challenges and opportunities in testing for racial discrimination in policing. Annual Review of Criminology, 2, 73-98.
Swencionis, J. K., & Goff, P. A. (2017). The psychological science of racial bias and policing. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(4), 398.
Weir, K. (2016, December). Policing in black & white. Monitor on Psychology, 47(11). http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/12/cover-policing
CULTURE SHOCK
CULTURE SHOCK
Charmine Chery
Instructor
Introduction to Sociology
Course
2 May 2021
Culture Shock
Culture is a diverse part of humanity, and it tells us about the way different people live. Even though many people only recognise monogamy, in some places like Centennial Park in Arizona, polygamy is allowed. There are many ways to view culture, however family is the beginning of culture, and it is the place where culture is created. It means, therefore, without the family, there is no culture. It is a complex reality to encounter, especially for a person from a different culture, embraced by most people and giving undivided attention to one person. In the story about Isaac, it is clear that even though one of her wives decides to move away, he allows it, and the wife is entitled to go her way.
However, what is expected by most people is that these polygamous families might not live a good quality of life. Despite the common expectation of low-quality life, from the video, Isaac’s family is entirely okay with the issue. Culture shock becomes real when a person is presented with an opposite view of what they believed and held onto, like in Isaacs’s family. Culture shock encourages a person to have a broader perspective about life. Holding onto a certain particular perspective makes one think about them and other people, and they cannot have an open mind.
Families indeed form through romantic relationships. These polygomous families also form through the normal process. It is not easy to find these polygamous marriages, and it means that they are a clear depiction of these people. They are happy, and they carry on with their life in a good way even though in the US, which is one of the most developed countries and this practice least expected. These polygomous marriages get better as the days progress, and the culture shock to a certain extent stops becoming a culture shock but becomes an object of admiration.