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Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorization
Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorizationName:
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Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorizationUnder the constitution, the president has the power to veto legislations, command the armed forces, convene and adjourn congress, ask for the opinions on cabinet which should be written, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive and dismiss ambassadors. However, in the second paragraph of Article II, Section 2, the constitution provides that the President shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concurs with the negotiations of the treaty in question. Furthermore, the president shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, he shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not included in the mentioned categories above, and which shall be recognized by law. The president basically depends on the senate in making major decisions such as legislations. CITATION Art l 1033 (Article II ) The president’s power to take the U.S. forces into situations of hostility is limited under the constitution; however, since the founding of the republic, successive presidents have used military force without congressional authorization over two hundred times. This paper will focus on the cases in which the president has taken the U.S. troops into a foreign military situation without congressional Authorization and the legality of the president’s actions for each case presented.
Firstly is the quasi war between the United States of America and France between 1798 and 1800. John Adams was the president during this war which is viewed to have helped shape the American foreign policy. The American and the French government conflicted over the signing of a supposed peace establishing treaty with England. According to the French, this treaty would violate the 1778 Treaty of Alliance made with the Americans during the American Revolution. Amidst the mayhem, the American government also failed to make debt payments to the French on the basis that the current government was not the government that had signed the treaty. Following this, the French seized Americas merchant ships and upon intervention by the U.S. government the French made so much demands that America could not meet. The U.S. Navy went into war to protect America which was considered to be under attack. The president in this case was obliged to make a decision that favored America. The president’s actions were in line with the best interests of the nation which is legal. CITATION Kat17 l 1033 (Eschner, 2017)Secondly is the Utah Expedition between 1857 and 1858 which was basically an armed confrontation between the United States armed forces and the Mormon settlers in the Utah territory. This confrontation occurred during the time of President James Buchanan who attempted to use force with the Mormons in the Utah territory and ended up stirring a rebellion. American government was particular against the polygamy nature of the Mormons and considered it un-American like. Troops were sent in to install the typical American government and establish law and order. The president’s action was aimed at uphold law and order throughout its jurisdictions and the president was just doing his job which is substantially legal because that is what a ruler is expected to do. CITATION Bla18 l 1033 (Stilwell, 2018)Thirdly are the Indian wars which basically broke out because Indians acquired Christianity and civilization and thus became a threat to the Native Americans. The war was based on racism and religious backgrounds that disguised Indians as barbarians and child killers in the eyes of the Native Americans. The Indians on the other viewed George Washington as a town wrecker because the attack had been through his orders. The last war between the Indians and the American government happened in 1812 under the leadership of Andrew Jackson. In the Indian wars, the president had mobilized the troops to fight for the rights of the Native Americans which were then considered the right thing to do. A people of a different race could not have possible been allowed to take away what belonged to the Native Americans. Legally, the president is obliged to protect the citizens from any kind of invasion within his jurisdiction. CITATION And09 l 1033 (Gardner, 2009)The other war is patriotic war of 1837 with Canada. The patriots who consisted of the Irish and United States citizens in the upper part of Canada and the United States were determined to detach the peninsula lying between the Michigan frontier and the Niagara frontier in Canada and append it to the United States. The patriots marched to make their demands which led to a plot to capture of the United States Arsenal at Dearborn and seizure of its arms. To contain this situation, the Michigan Militia was assigned to watch over Arsenal. More defenses were expended later since the frontier troubles increased. The president in this case acted to fulfill the law of maintaining order within its territories which is a legal thing to do since the patriots were cause unrest and even attacked a militia base in Michigan. CITATION The l 1033 (ThePatriot War)Lastly, the naval skirmishes in Sumatra in the 1830s; was about the American expeditions launched against pirates in Indonesia. The American traders who had established their trading links throughout the Far East faced threats which led to the making agreements with the local leaders. This happened during the time of Andrew Jackson and he was so upset upon hearing this news. In reaction, he sent out troops to ensure the American traders were safe during their business operations and this led to the first expedition. The president acted in order to protect its citizens which is utterly the right thing every ruler would do and also legal. CITATION Ant16 l 1033 (Vanner, 2016)In summary, as much as the president acted without authorization from the congress, his actions were utterly for the best to safeguard the interests of the United States. By expending the troops to war, the foreign policy was enhanced particularly in the case of the war with the French.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Akkad, O. E. (2017). American War. Alfred A. Knopf.
Article II . (n.d.). Retrieved from Ineractive Constitution : https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii
Eschner, K. (2017, July 7). This Unremembered US-France ‘Quasi War’ Shaped Early America’s Foreign Relations. Retrieved from Smithsonian.com: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/unremembered-us-france-quasi-war-shaped-early-americas-foreign-relations-180963862/
Gardner, A. G. (2009). The Indian War. Colonial Williamsberg .
Stilwell, B. (2018, September 19). That time Mormons accidentally went to war with the US Army . Retrieved from We Are the Mighty: https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/utah-mormon-war-with-army
ThePatriot War. (n.d.). Retrieved from Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs: https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,4569,7-126-2360_3003_3009-16956–,00.html
Vanner, A. (2016, January 26). The US Navy’s Sumatran Expeditions 1832 & 1838 . Retrieved from Dawlish Chronicles: http://dawlishchronicles.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-us-navys-sumatran-expeditions-1832.html
Administration in Healthcare Services HSA 320
Memorial Awaiting
Colorado Technical University
Administration in Healthcare Services HSA 320
Several components go into making an organization run effectively and efficiently. One of the many components requires managers to manage teams during projects or changes within the organization. In the healthcare industry running of teams or employees is even more imperative to running in an effective and efficient manner because they are dealing with the lives and health of patients.
There are times when an employee is not performing to the standards of the organization or facility, and corrective action needs to be taken to get the employee performing at the standards set forth by the facility. Corrective action is used within organizations with the purpose of identifying and eliminating causes of a problem by: correcting, molding, or improving performance or behavior that is job-related CITATION Ind10 l 1033 (Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 2010). A Corrective Action Plan allows facilities to take the necessary steps of action to correct the problem of performance. The goal of the corrective action plan is to discover what is causing the employee to have performance problems and give that employee a chance to correct this performance problem before taking the final step in the termination of the employee. The first step of the corrective action plan will be counseling of the employee. The next step in the corrective action plan would involve a written reprimand. The third step is suspension of the employee without pay. The last step in the corrective action plan is the termination of the employee CITATION Uni07 l 1033 (University of New Hampshire, 2007).
Communication has always been a vital component to an organization running effectively and effectively. Poor communication can be the determining factor that can bring an organization to its knees. Communication is also vital during changes within the facility or organization, so that the change will have minimal negative effective. This change can be in the form of implementing an EHR system. There are different types of communication we use, such as verbal and non-verbal. Using these different types of communication during change can ease the transition of the change. Change is an automatic switch for some people. People in general fear the unknown and this is what change brings; the unknown. Communication before and during an EHR system implementation can help answer employees questions, calm employees fears, and keep them focused and motivated CITATION Cro12 l 1033 (Crosnick, 2012). The key during this implementation is to be patient and supportive. Your employees are trying to deal with this change while fulfilling their job responsibilities. Let them know that you are going to be there to provide support, encouragement, and even gratitude during this stressful time.
Organizational charts provide employees a physical structure of the organization. Employees need to know whom they are reporting to if a problem should arise. Without a formal organizational structure, employees may find it difficult to know whom they officially report to in different situations, and it may become unclear exactly who has the final responsibility for what. In essence, an organizational structure gives guidance to employees by laying out the relationships that essentially govern the organization’s workflow.
Our mission at Memorial Awaiting is to provide and deliver healthcare services of high quality, integrity, and compassion to the members of the community. Our values are to assure a continuous quality of improvement, while providing excellent services to our patients and staff. Our values also include recognizing and valuing the members of the community, recognize a patient’s basic rights to respect, privacy, dignity, understanding, regardless of their spiritual beliefs. We vow to manage all fiscal responsibility with high integrity while meeting our charitable responsibilities as well.
The types of services offered at Memorial Awaiting include Heart and Vascular Services, a Cancer Center, Birthing Center and Maternity Services, Pediatric, and 24-hour Emergency Services. Memorial Awaiting is a licensed facility that has 350 beds and offer services as inpatient or outpatient. Our staff consists of 250, combining clinical staff and non-clinical staff. Our clinical staff consists of physicians, physician’s assistants, nurse, and medical assistants. Our non-clinical staff includes health care managers, health technologists, administrative and administrative support services. We will several departments located within the facility such as, Human Resources, Billing, and an IT team.
Even though each of these services and departments will function differently from one another, communication between these departments and the staff will be heavily relied upon in order to effectively and efficiently deliver health care services that match our mission and values.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Crosnick, M. (2012). EHR Implementation Process Requires Communication. Retrieved from HITECH: http://www.hitechanswers.net/ehr-implementation-process-requires-communication/
First Insight. (2013). Successful EHR Implementation: It’s More About “How You Manage People” . Retrieved from http://www.first-insight.com/downloads/Successful-EHR-Implementation-It’s-About-Managing-People.pdf
Healey, B., & Marhese, M. (2012). Foundations of Health Care Management Principles and Methods. San Francisco: Wiley.
Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. (2010). Corrective Action: A Supervisor’s Guide to Managing Performance. Retrieved from http://hra.iupui.edu/content/doclib/ProgressiveDisciplineGuide.pdf
University of New Hampshire. (2007). Performance Management Toolkit – Constructive Discipline, Corrective Action & Documentation. Retrieved from http://www.unh.edu/hr/sites/unh.edu.hr/files/pdfs/constructive-discipline-and-corrective-action.pdf
Most Abortions Are Moral
Most Abortions Are Moral?
Are abortions moral? This question has been stirring up debate between those who favor abortion (liberals / Pro-Choice) and those against it (conservatives / Pro-Life). Liberals believe that the woman should not only be able to choose matters that concern her body, but that a fetus is not a person. The conservatives argue that the fetus is a person from conception. However, when it comes down to legality, the Constitution states that a woman is able to make the choice for herself without government intervention on the basis of the right of privacy.
In Jane English’s article she shows that there are exceptions to every rule concerning why and when abortion is moral or immoral. For example, conservatives say abortion is immoral because it kills potential life but there are justifiable killings. Liberals think since a fetus is not a person it is a justifiable act to kill it. But during the final stages of pregnancy the fetus closely resembles a person.
What if a fetus is a person? Conservatives will consider abortion to be infanticide. If Judith Jarvis Thompson is able to prove that killing is always wrong, she can conclude whether or not abortion is immoral. However, there are justifiable killings. She uses self-defense as an example along with some scenarios. The defense may only equal the threatened injury in severity and should only be the minimum necessary to deter the attacker. Therefore, if the birth of a child poses threat to the mother, abortion may be considered as self-defense. A second scenario says to avoid an attack all together, suggesting to practice abstinence. A third scenario says use protection against the attacker, implying to use birth control. A fourth scenario says you may kill the attacker only if there is certainty he will kill you. Therefore, abortion is “acceptable” if it will save the woman’s life.
What if a fetus is not a person? Since a fetus is considered not to be a full-fledged person, conservatives fear liberals will treat the fetus any way desired hence the debate on abortion. However, when comparing a fetus to an animal, for example, the mistreatment of an animal can result to harsh punishment. Because animals don’t have the same rights as people do, that doesn’t suggest we tolerate the abuse.
When is a fetus actually considered a person? Mary Anne Warner says in order to be labeled a “person” he/she should have the capacities for reasoning, self-awareness, and complex communication skills. Baruch Brody argues brain waves, Paul Ramsey claims a certain gene structure, and Michael Tooley suggests having the concept-of-self distinguishes a fetus from a person. Biological, psychological, rationality, social, and legal factors are also considered to make a distinction between a fetus and a person.
When does a fetus go from a non-person to a person? A fetus’ similarities to a newborn is quite significant during the ending weeks of pregnancy, thus any careless treatment would be immoral. In the early weeks of pregnancy, right after conception, a fetus does not resemble a person enough for abortion to be considered infanticide or immoral.
In conclusion, English says “whether a fetus is a person or not, abortion is justifiable early in pregnancy to avoid modest harms and seldom justifiable late in pregnancy except to avoid significant injury or death” (449 C/D).
Upon reading this article, I was never completely certain about how I felt about abortion. After analyzing English’s views, alongside Thompson, Warner, Brody, Tooley, and Ramsey, I was easily able to come to my own conclusion.
Because I never knew the facts and technicalities of abortion, I was always hesitant to have a distinctive “yes” or “no” answer to whether abortion is immoral. In addition, I was lazy enough to ignore that this was ever even an issue. But somehow I hastily just “decided” that abortion was wrong. Before I read English’s article I read the following statistics that further implemented my decision that abortion is, indeed, immoral:
In Brazil, forty thousand women die each year because of blotched abortions. (449 D)
The United States have three times as many abortions per group as does England, Sweden, or the Netherlands.
Forty-two percent of pregnant women have an abortion in the United States. The average Russian woman has seven abortions during her lifetime. (450 A)
The structure of English’s article was designed well enough for me to focus on the important points of the topic. Agreeing with English that this will forever be an unsettled issue, important details and suggestions were addressed that made the decision that more difficult.
For instance, I never considered the fact that there are justifiable killings. I never even considered the feelings of the lives involved. My sole focus was that not only having a child was a blessing, but the pregnancy was as well. I ignorantly overlooked that all women don’t want to have children, and that the process could potentially be harmful or life threatening to the woman. Therefore, abortion was looking “less immoral.” After reading the self-defense comparisons, however, I was even more confused. If the woman did not want to have a child, she should have used birth control. Practicing abstinence was a good alternative for her as well.
The turning point came when biological factors were addressed. With that, I was finally able to make a decision wisely. Discussed were the stages during pregnancy and the condition of the fetus during each stage. I knew that a fetus least resembled a person during the early weeks of pregnancy apposed to the ending weeks, but that obvious knowledge slipped my mind completely. Once supporting the conservative side without any sensible understanding or reasoning, I can proudly say I have done some research and made a decision. I am neither a liberal nor conservative. Agreeing with English, there are appropriate times and reasons to abort and to not. Abortion is permissible during the early weeks of pregnancy if it is in the best interest of the woman or people around her. During the middle stages of pregnancy, abortion is only permissible when the continuing pregnancy or labor will cause threat to the woman’s well being. During the final stages of pregnancy abortion is immoral unless to save the woman from severe injury or death.
“A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree…opponents of abortion commonly spend most of their time establishing that the fetus is a person, and hardly any time explaining the step from there to the impermissibility of abortion.”Jane English (450 D/E)
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